LITERATURE REVIEW
2.3 Concepts, Causes and Policies in the Study of Psycho-behavioral Science
2.3.6 Analysis of Related Researches: Variables and Relationship Framework from Synthesis of Study Framework from Synthesis of Study
2.3.6 Analysis of Related Researches: Variables and Relationship
Creator/Year 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Moss, O’Connor, and White (2010) X X X X - - -
Piyachat Tailanadana (2010) X X X X - - -
Adulvita (2011) X X X X - - -
Khemika Paha (2012) X X X X - - -
Kamonwan Prapasrisuk (2012) X X X X - - -
Teera Kulsawat (2013) X X X X - - -
Sopicha Thakerngkiat (2013) X X X X - - -
Sorayut Wongchanglor (2013) X X X X - - -
Daniels (2014) X X X X - - -
Nuttaprachya Nantavisit (2014) X X X X - - -
Nuttaprachya Nantavisit (2016) X X X X - - -
Patarawat Pitiwan, Anongnart Srivihok, and Thepparit Banditwatanawong (2014)
X X X X - - -
Kamonwan Prapasrisuk, Sakeson
Tongkhambanchong, and Raweewan Panpanich (2014)
X X X X - - -
Kannika Kantaruksa and Preeyakamon Lerttrakannon (2015)
X X X X - - -
Wasupol Tresopakol (2015) X X X - - - -
Yami (2015) X X X X - - -
Chu and Chen (2016) - X X X - - -
Flenory (2016) X X - X - - -
Llanes (2016) X X X X - - -
Panchanok Maneemaitreejit, Warisa
Sukittipattanakul, and Sukwasa Nuntavipavong (2016)
X X X X - - -
Rattanaporn Siriwat (2016) X X X X - - -
Voegel (2016) X X X X - - -
D. P. Johnson (2017) X X X X - - -
Aroonothai Payakkapong (2017) X X X X - - -
Creator/Year 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Auttanung and Intojunyong (2018) X X - - - - -
Piya Boocha (2018) X X X X - - -
Minooei (2018) X X X X - - -
N.C. Sanne and Wiese (2018) X X X X - - -
Apiradee Pimsen, Virapun Wirojratana, and Narirat Jitramontree (2019)
X X - X - - -
Total of 48 studies results 46 46 43 44 3 3 3
Note: Remarks: 01 = Behavioral Intention, 02 = Perceived Behavioral Control, 03 = Subjective Norm, 04 = Attitude toward the behavior, 05 = Ability Control Belief, 06 = Normative Beliefs, 07 = Behavioral Beliefs
According to the synthesis in the table 2.14, there are 48 studies about the causes of occurred performance or behavior based on the requirements of organization or study by using the theory of planned behavior as a major conceptual framework and applying through the context in those empirical situations.
Additionally, it found that most of the results appear as the theoretical models that were mentions in the studies of Ajzen (1991) and are statistically significant over 90 percent of discovered studies. Most studies consisted of causal variables based on the relationship framework which total are 4 variables.
For each relationship framework that happened along with various activities based on the study of academicians in each department, this study does not still gain the findings of policy implementation based on the definition which means driven implementation by working behaviors, performance process and operations of individuals, groups or public and private organizations based on implementation plans and facilitated factors in order to reach the achievement of defined policies or strategic plans. As a result, it directly leads the benefits to populations. Nevertheless, the findings of study about the causes of undesirable behavior in several dimensions such as learning behavior through electronic medium, reading behavior of secondary student group, changing status from government official to university staff, the evaluation of postoperative patient and so on. Therefore, this study deduced each
factor based on relationship framework from revising literature reviews based on the table 2.14 which total is 48 studies as follows;
2.3.6.1 Behavioral Intention and Desirable Behaviors for Achieving the Purposes in Some Operations of Individuals, Group, Sector or Expected Organization
From compiling documents and researches that related with the theory of planned behavior, it found that behavioral intentions are highly important to learning and performance. It is obvious that if people do not pay attention to whatever they are studying, they will learn those things slowly. On the other hands, if people pay attention seriously to those learnings, they will learn those things quickly (Chancha Suvannathat, 2002). According to the theory of planned behavior as the plan of Ajzen, the behavioral intention means possibility or opportunity that people will express those performances or an effort of people to perform behaviors (Ajzen, 1985, 1991; Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980). Additionally, the behavioral intention was considered as an essential variable that have an effect on behaviors or actions that actually happened. Also, it was a variable to intervene the relationships between variables that have an influence on behavior or actions that actually happened. So, the measurement of behavioral intention is indicating the methods that people have planned for achieving the defined purposes as well as estimating the amount of effort that people have planned to act any behaviors (Ajzen, 1991).
Therefore, many scholars had applied the theory of planned behavior in order to study various behaviors widely and provided the definition of behavioral intention by adjusting the meanings to the context of those researches. For instance, Rattanaporn Siriwat (2016) provided the definition of behavioral intention to the readings which means level of intention or willingness of secondary students that they will express how much they love to read. Additionally, Piyachat Tailanadana (2010) provided the definition of behavioral intention which means government official’s intention to apply or not apply in changing position to be an university staff by measuring from possibility and impossibility. In addition, Wanchanok Juntachum (2004) provided the definition of intention to prevent smoking which means expressing in intention or desire or effort or planning of students to avoid smoking.
While Piyada Sombatwattana (2007) provided the definition of intention in saving
behavior which means intention or effort level of individuals that how much they will express a saving behavior. Similar with Kamonwan Prapasrisuk (2012) provided the definition of behavioral intention in using electronic journals which means intention or willingness level of university students that how much they will express a searching behavior and utilizing the information from those electronic journals.
Furthermore, there are many studies from overseas. For example, Francis et al. (2004) provided the definition of intention which means an individual impulsion in feelings about defined planning in order to operate the performance.
Moreover, Kielty (2010) mentioned that intention means an anticipation, curiosity or desire and intention of individual feelings that need the supports from Community College Baccalaureate (CCB) transition. Also, D. P. Johnson (2017) mentioned that information security behavior intention is intention, effort and plan in the future about feelings that want to follow the organization’s computer and information security rules.
From compiling the documents that related with the intentions or willingness in the behavioral actions as mentioned above, the definition of intention in behavioral action can be concluded that it means level of desires, interest, diligence and planning to operate the behaviors or express the performance for achieving the purposes in some operations of oneself, individuals, group, sector or expected organizations.
Results of synthesizing researches that intentional variable in behavioral action is considered as a causal variable or predicted variable that is crucial to those desired behaviors, it is shown in Table 2.15.
Table 2.15 Results of Synthesizing Researches That Intentional Variable in Behavioral Action is Considered as a Causal Variable or Predicted Variable That Is Crucial to Those Desired Behaviors
Creator/Year [01.01] [01.02] [01.03] [01.04]
Adulvita (2011) X X X X
Ajzen (2002) X X X X
Ajzen and Driver (1991) X X X X
Ajzen and Driver (1992) X X X X
Ajzen and Madden (1986) X X X X
Phanthip Amabootra (2010) X X X X
Auttanung and Intojunyong (2018) X X X X
Piya Boocha (2018) X X X X
Daniels (2014) X X X X
Patcharee Duangchan (2007) X X X X
Flenory (2016) X X X X
Holmes (2008) X X X X
D. P. Johnson (2017) X X X X
Kannika Kantaruksa and Preeyakamon Lerttrakannon (2015)
X X X X
Worrarat Khaektoob (2010) X X X X
Kielty (2010) X X X X
Teera Kulsawat (2013) X X X X
J. Lee et al. (2010) X X X X
M.-C. Lee (2010) X X X X
Liao et al. (2007) X X X X
Llanes (2016) X X X X
Borith Long (2010) X X X X
Panchanok Maneemaitreejit et al. (2016) X X X X
Minooei (2018) X X X X
Moss et al. (2010) X X X X
N.C. Sanne and Wiese (2018) X X X X
Creator/Year [01.01] [01.02] [01.03] [01.04]
Nuttaprachya Nantavisit (2014) X X X X
Nuttaprachya Nantavisit (2016) X X X X
Khemika Paha (2012) X X X X
Aroonothai Payakkapong (2017) X X X X
Thitipat Pichayathadapong (2005) X X X X
Apiradee Pimsen et al. (2019) X X X X
Patarawat Pitiwan et al. (2014) X X X X
Kamonwan Prapasrisuk (2012) X X X
Kamonwan Prapasrisuk et al. (2014) X X X X
Schifter and Ajzen (1985) X X X X
Rattanaporn Siriwat (2016) X X X
Kanit Sripankaew (2004) X X X X
Piyachat Tailanadana (2010) X X X
Sopicha Thakerngkiat (2013) X X X X
Tanarat Thiengkamol (2004) X X X X
Wasupol Tresopakol (2015) X X X X
Trost et al. (2002) X X X X
Voegel (2016) X X X X
Sorayut Wongchanglor (2013) X X X X
Sanan Wongdee (1996) X X X X
Yami (2015) X X X X
Total 47 studies 47 46 46 45
Note: Remarks: [01.01] = Desire, [01.02] = Interest, [01.03] = Diligence, [01.04] = Planning
When considering the researches that related with the behavioral intention and expression/ performance of those desired behaviors for achieving the purposes in some operations of individuals, group, sector or expected organizations in table 2.15, it will find the connection that variable of behavioral intention is considered as a causal variable or predicted variable that is important to those desired behaviors and is statistically significant. For example, the study of Piya Boocha
(2018) found that behavioral intention has an direct influence o learning behavior through electronic medium. Also, this study proposed the proof of previous studies from Šumak, Heričko, and Pušnik (2011) that was consistent. This would mean that the intention of using e-learning technology has a direct influence on the behavior of using e-learning technology as statistically significant with the highest influence coefficient of 0.75 and the lowest influence coefficient of 0.19. In addition, the average of influence coefficient is equal to 0.44. For the study of Trost et al. (2002), the results derived from studying variables that can foresee a workout movement behavior of 6th grade students that contain 213 students in Columbia. Also, the intention of behavioral actions can predict a workout movement behavior as statistically significant and so on. From compiling documents that related with the intention or willingness in behavioral actions, most has consistent with the behavioral intention in the theory of planned behavior by Ajzen (1991, 2002) in the table 2.15 and can demonstrate the relationship framework of variables in the figure 2.11. These results of study are the source of the second hypothesis. In this study, the variable of behavioural intention affects directly on the integrated policy implementation in the context of tourism administration and development in Thailand.
Figure 2.13 Factors in Behavioral Intention and Desired Behaviors That Actually Happened
2.3.6.2 Perceived Behavioral Control and Behavioral Intention for Achieving the Purposes in Some Operations of Individuals, Group, Sector or Expected Organization
According to the theory of planned behavior by Ajzen (1991, 2002), the perceived behavioral control is considered as an individual perception to the ease or difficulty in interesting behavioral actions or expected performances. In addition, the perceived behavioral control is also considered as an essential variable that has an influence on behavioral intention and desired behaviors that actually happened.
Moreover, Ajzen (1991) provided the causes of relationship between desired behaviors that actually happened and perceived behavioral control into 2 main points. For the first point, if behavioral intention is stable, people will have more or less efforts in behavioral actions depended on the confidence of those people that they can be able to control those behavioral actions. Then, it is possible that they will attempt to perform those behaviors rather than people who lack of their confidences that they can be able to control those behavioral actions. For the second point, it is the fundamental belief of theory about the achieved performance and one part will depend on an ability to control. Furthermore, the behavioral actions of individuals will happen more or less by depending on availability, opportunity and resources that support or interrupt the performances such as various materials, money, time, location and so on.
And the theory of planned behavior will estimate the perceived behavioral control from individual perception. Then, the perceived behavioral control is considered as a representative of ability in controlling behaviors that reflects on the actual behavioral control. Sometimes, it found that the perceived behavioral control might not reflect on behavioral control of individuals if those people lack of availability, opportunity and resources or existing resources that have been changed or unfamiliar new factors that increase in the situations under the conditions of those behavioral actions.
The perceived behavioral control based on the theory of planned behavior means an individual perception that is easy or difficult to perform those behaviors. Additionally, people who would like to make a decision to perform those behaviors must believe in themselves that they can be able to control those behaviors and have an opportunity to succeed (Ajzen, 1991, 2002). For the concept of perceived behavioral control which is consistent with the concept of perceived self-efficacy by
Bandura (1986b), it believed that perceived self-efficacy affects to individuals in various dimensions such as an individuals’ decision for considering to choose the actions or not perform the behaviors. Those people will estimate themselves that they have or not have a capability to perform or the circumstances that need to suffer can lead to those behavioral actions (Ajzen, 2002). Also, the perceived behavioral control focused on both of internal factors including information, skills and capability and external factors including opportunity, money and dependence on other people while the perceived self-efficacy focused only on internal factors of individuals.
According to the definition of perceived behavioral control based on the theory of planned behavior, many scholars have applied for studying several behaviors widely and provided the definition by adjusting to the context of research based on their departments. For instance, Mathieson (1991) provided the definition of perceived behavioral control that is an individual perception about their own behavioral control. Similar with the study of Chau and Hu (2001) mentioned about the definition of perceived behavioral control that is a perceived behavioral control of individuals as well as perceived capability, resources and opportunity that are important in behavioral expressions. Whereas Liao et al. (2007) mentioned that perceived behavioral control is an individual perception that is ease or difficult in interesting behavioral actions. Also, Francis et al. (2004) mentioned that the perception to difficulty or ease that express or perform some behaviors while Kielty (2010) provided the definition that covered all of four previous studies that it is about the perception to difficulty, ease and confidence that will express or perform desired behaviors.
Besides of the studies from overseas above, the studies in Thailand also provided consistent definitions. For example, Piya Boocha (2018) mentioned that perceived behavioral control means an individual perception to difficulty and ease, the perception of own ability as well as the capability in controlling external factors that lead to the behavioral actions based on personal purposes. Also, Rattanaporn Siriwat (2016) mentioned that the perception of ability to control reading behavior means a perceived ability of students that is easy or difficult to read and is considered as the reflection from previous experiences and the anticipation of supportive factors or the interruption in reading.
From compiling documents that related with perceived behavioral control, it can be concluded that it means the perception of feeling about difficulty, ease, possibility, impossibility, self-confidence and other matters from internal and external ability (e.g. skills, strengths, resources) including self-control that they can express or perform those behaviors successfully as expected.
Results of synthesizing the researches that the variable of perceived behavioral control is considered as a causal variable or predicted variable that are important to behavioral intention directly and those desired behaviors in both of indirect ways, it is shown in Table 2.16.
Table 2.16 Results of Synthesizing the Researches That the Variable of Perceived Behavioral Control is Considered as a Causal Variable or Predicted Variable That are Important to Behavioral Intention Directly and Those Desired Behaviors in Both of Indirect Ways.
Creator/Year [02.01] [02.02] [02.03] [02.04]
Adulvita (2011) X X X X
Ajzen (2002) X X X X
Ajzen and Driver (1991) X X X X
Ajzen and Driver (1992) X X X X
Ajzen and Madden (1986) X X X X
Phanthip Amabootra (2010) X X X X
Auttanung and Intojunyong (2018) X X X X
Piya Boocha (2018) X X X
Chu and Chen (2016) X X X X
Daniels (2014) X X X X
Patcharee Duangchan (2007) X X X X
Flenory (2016) X X X X
D. P. Johnson (2017) X X X X
Kannika Kantaruksa and Preeyakamon Lerttrakannon (2015)
X X X X
Worrarat Khaektoob (2010) X X X X
Kielty (2010) X X X X
Creator/Year [02.01] [02.02] [02.03] [02.04]
Teera Kulsawat (2013) X X X X
J. Lee et al. (2010) X X X X
M.-C. Lee (2010) X X X X
Liao et al. (2007) X X X X
Llanes (2016) X X X X
Borith Long (2010) X X X X
Panchanok Maneemaitreejit et al.
(2016)
X X X X
Minooei (2018) X X X X
Moss et al. (2010) X X X X
N.C. Sanne and Wiese (2018) X X X X
Nuttaprachya Nantavisit (2014) X X X X
Nuttaprachya Nantavisit (2016) X X X X
Khemika Paha (2012) X X X X
Aroonothai Payakkapong (2017) X X X X
Thitipat Pichayathadapong (2005) X X X X
Apiradee Pimsen et al. (2019) X X X X
Patarawat Pitiwan et al. (2014) X X X X
Kamonwan Prapasrisuk (2012) X X X X
Kamonwan Prapasrisuk et al. (2014) X X X X
Schifter and Ajzen (1985) X X X X
Rattanaporn Siriwat (2016) X X X
Kanit Sripankaew (2004) X X X X
Piyachat Tailanadana (2010) X X X X
Sopicha Thakerngkiat (2013) X X X X
Tanarat Thiengkamol (2004) X X X X
Wasupol Tresopakol (2015) X X X X
Trost et al. (2002) X X X X
Voegel (2016) X X X X
Sorayut Wongchanglor (2013) X X X X
Creator/Year [02.01] [02.02] [02.03] [02.04]
Sanan Wongdee (1996) X X X X
Yami (2015) X X X X
Total 47 studies 47 46 46 47
Note: Remarks: [02.01] = Perception of Feeling, [02.02] = Perception of Competencies, [02.03] = Perception of External Competencies, [02.04] = Perception of Self-control
When considering the related researches about the relationship between perceived behavioral control, behavioral intention and expression/
performance of those desired behaviors in table 2.16, it found that most results of researches that has applied the theory of planned behavior to determine variables demonstrated the direct influence of perceived ability in behavioral control to the behavioral intention and expression/performance of those desired behaviors. For instance, the study of Liao et al. (2007) that the model was integrated based on the theory of planned behavior and expectation-confirmatory model (ECM) found that the perceived behavioral control has a direct influence on the intention in using online services and has statistical significance at level 0.01. It is relevant with M.-C. Lee (2010) who found that the variable of perceived behavioral control is considered as one of variables that has an effect on learnings through electronic medium continuously. Additionally, the study of Kannika Kantaruksa and Preeyakamon Lerttrakannon (2015) had the findings of research in the same direction that the perceived behavioral control can foresee the intention in breastfeeding and the behavior of breastfeeding as well. Moreover, the study of Nuttaprachya Nantavisit (2014) found that the perceived behavioral control is considered as a factor that have an effect on the occurrence of sharing knowledge behavior in an independent management hotel in Chonburi province.
While Kamonwan Prapasrisuk (2012) and Kamonwan Prapasrisuk et al.
(2014) analyzed the causal relationship structure of behavior in using electronic journals, they found that perceived behavioral control is considered as a one of variables that has an direct influence on behavioral intentions and has an indirect
effect on behavior of using electronic journals through behavioral intentions as statistically significant. Similar with the study of Wasupol Tresopakol (2015) that was studying about the process and causal factors of commitment on Facebook fanpage in a group of Thai consumers, it resulted in that perceived behavioral control has a direct influence on behavioral intention and has an indirect effect on commitment behavior through behavioral intention as statistically significant.
According to the results of compiling related documents earlier, it found that most was consistent with the perceived behavioral control in the theory of planned behavior by Ajzen (1991, 2002) as shown in the table 2.16 and demonstrated in the relationship framework of variable in the figure 2.14. These results of study are the source of the third hypothesis. In this study, the variable of perceived behavioral control affects indirectly on the integrated policy implementation in the context of tourism administration and development in Thailand through the variable of behavioral intention, respectively.
Figure 2.14 Factors in Perceived Behavioral Control with Behavioral Intention and Expression/ Performance of Desired Behaviors That Actually Happened
2.3.6.3 Subjective Norm and Behavioral Intention
In daily life of human being, the behaviors of each person have often influenced from environments and society continuously. Some behaviors might perform without consciousness. As being under environmental influences, it might differentiate in each person. However, some people allow the environment to have a role in their life more than other people. As a result, there are different reactions based on situations and personalities. For instance, people will perform some behaviors if
they are ordered by their parents. Nevertheless, people will reject to perform the behaviors if they are ordered by strangers. This would mean that people in each circumstances need to select a decision to perform and follow the society or environment in the appropriate level (Nualsiri Paorohit, 2007; Piya Boocha, 2018).
From compiling and synthesizing documents and literatures that related with subjective norm based on the definition of planned behavior theory by Ajzen (1991), it means that an individual perception that is important to themselves is deserved to express in several behaviors to fit with the standards of group member or not. Additionally, lots of scholars provided the definition based the contexts that they have applied. For example, the study of Kiesler (1996) in the next era provided the attitudes that following the reference group is considered as a behavioral transformation of individuals that was resulted from a group pressure. When people follow a reference group, they will change their behaviors or beliefs from the origin to have feelings, beliefs or performances as same as the other group members perform (Nualsiri Paorohit, 2007). It was relevant with Viswanath Venkatesh (2000) who mentioned that most people make a decision to express some behaviors. Even though they do not want to express those behaviors, but they already consider that people who are surrounding them think that those behaviors ought to act. Additionally, Song and Kim (2006) provided the definition that the perception of each person to the norm and opinion of various references that are external things that they have known.
Besides of the studies from overseas above, many studies in Thailand provided the consistent definitions. For example, Sittichok Waranusantikul (2003) mentioned about following a reference group that it will appear in the situation that people change their own behaviors to fit with the standards or beliefs which are generally acceptable or fit with the norms of group. For instance, many adolescents often follow their friends very much. The more friends have same ideas, the more people of that group have been influenced to follow. Otherwise, Patcharee Duangchan (2007) provided the definition of following a reference group in terms of behavioral actions (subjective norm) that it is the perception that most of his/her important people perform those behaviors or want him/her to perform or not perform those behaviors. It is relevant with the study of Piya Boocha (2018) that analyzed the definition of subjective norm from compiling documents. And it means an individual