Chapter IV To investigate the history of “Liao Songs” in Ping Guo ,Guang Xi , China
1. The origin of the Liao Songs (before 1400 years)
1.1.1 "Liao" appears multiple times in the sentence
When singing Liao songs, they all use the tone of "Liao", and they are two male and two female singers, singing one and one, alternating. Before each song (four sentences), the man sang a "wu ya hai" (guest) or "jiu ya di hai" (lover) to greet the woman before singing the text of Liao songs. Each song is also divided into two sections to sing, sing the last two sentences, pull a
"Liao" and sing the next two sentences. When singing the third sentence, add a sentence "biao ke ya" and then sing in the fourth sentence, I finally pulled out "Liao". When the man or woman sings four sentences, the other party sings in the above-mentioned form, so that the beginning and the end are connected, and this is repeated. Then the voice of "Liao" continued to linger, and for a long time, the locals called all the songs sung with the tone of "Liao", collectively called Liao songs. (Nong M, 2004)
1.1.2 Liao people's song
After the Three Kingdoms, the Zhuang ancestors who lived here were once called Liao people, and thus the songs sung by the Liao people, called Liao songs; There are also legends that the songs sung by Tiandong NaLiao people are called Liao songs. Tiandong NaLiao is the main singer of Liao songs, while those who sing Liao songs call themselves NaLiao people, also called Liao songs by NaLiao people. (Lan Y, 2015)
1.1.3 Play songs
In the Zhuang language of the local people, it is said that play and entertainment are
"Liao", and Liao songs is also "the song of Zhuang people playing."
25 1.2 Relationship with Folk Song Fair
Although the Liao songs and Folk Song Fairs are two different concepts, they have a very close relationship. Generally speaking, you will sing first and then have a Folk Song Fair. In the folk, there are some legends about the origin of Folk Song Fairs and Liao songs. We can explore their occurrence and circulation from folk legends. There are many sayings about the origin of the Folk Song Fair in Zhuang people in Pingguo County. For the Zhuang people in Pingguo County, it seems that the Folk Song Fair is the symbol of the Liao songs. The origin of the Folk Song Fair also means the origin of the Liao songs.
1.2.1 Legend of the ceremony
This said that all the Folk Song Fairs in Pingguo County were produced along with the past ritual activities. Because of the activities of worshipping the heavens and worshipping gods every year, people will gather there from all directions and actively participate in these activities.
It is very lively and has a feeling of mutual songs, so the young men and women will start to sing.
A regular Folk Song Fair is formed year after year. (Qin N, 2015) 1.2.2 Legends created by the government
According to Zhao Shengjie and other old people in Guohua Town, in the early 1960s, before the establishment of the Shanxin rally, there were not many people coming to the rally. At that time, the government organized the folk song competition in order to promote the prosperity of the rally. The winners rewarded the cattle, gauze and other materials, thus attracting many people to participate in the Shanxin rally, thus achieving the purpose of increasing taxes. This kind of activity is only once a year, and the time is the seventh day of the first month of the Guangxu period. From then on, the Shanxin rally will become a regular Folk Song Fair every year on the seventh day of the first month. (Bai X, 2009a)
1.2.3 Legend of the creation of fairies
According to local people's legends, there was a fairy girl with two daughters in ancient times. People called the fairy a Muniang (now there is still Muniang Mountain). Her two daughters are very hardworking, not only beautiful, but also able to sing very nicely. Every year in July, when the wild fruit on the hillside is ripe, the sisters go to the hillside to pick the wild fruit. The two of them sang folk songs while picking wild fruits. The songs were high and low, very nice. The song was heard far away, the young men heard it, and agreed to rest on July 14
26 (Zhongyuan Festival) to go to Mt. The folk songs sang for three days and three nights. The young people admire the songs of the two sisters on the one hand, and on the other hand they refused to accept the loss. Therefore, they agreed to sing the folk songs again during the Spring Festival.
From the first day of the first month to the third day of the first month, even for three days of singing, there is still no win or loss. From then on, everyone agreed to sing folk songs twice a year, and Muniang Mountain became a Folk Song Fair. (Xue L, 2016)
1.2.4 Legends of Sanbao Buddha Songs
Legend has it that there are three brothers of Liu in ancient times, the eldest brother is Daogong, the second brother is a scholar, and the third brother is a singer. Because they are smart and capable, people think they are Buddhas. Liu San, the third brother, is called the Sambao Buddha. It is said that wherever he went to sing songs, he became a Folk Song Fair. The people of Hengxu said: The reason why Hengxu has a Folk Song Fair is because the Sanbao Buddha has been here to sing songs. (Yu Zhi, 2017:38)
As can be seen from the above legends, there is no clear starting date for the origin of the Folk Song Fair. Except for the fact that the "government creation theory" has a clear era, there is a common understanding that the Folk Song Fair is a god creation or It was due to ritual activities. Although the “Government Creation” has a clearer age of Folk Song Fairs, it does not explain the age of the production of Liao songs. Because the government is to prosper the market, it uses material rewards to attract people to Shanxin to sing, indicating that before the establishment of the Shanxin assembly, people I have already sang Liao songs in other places.
1.3 Relationship with Yue people’s songs
"Yue people's songs" is the earliest translated works in ancient China, reflecting the harmonious coexistence of people of different nationalities and expressing the eulogy of love for different classes. The pronunciation of the ancient Yue language is recorded in the "shuoyuan" of Liu Xiang in the Han Dynasty. According to the analysis of historical data, it can be said that
"Yue people's songs" is the source of Liao songs, or that Liao songs is an extension of "Yue people's songs". Let us now understand the relationship between Yue people’s songs and Liao songs. (Li F, 2013)
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Figure 3 The book of Yue people’s songs
The "Yue people's songs" produced more than 2,000 years ago, the meaning translated in Zhuang language is exactly the same as the meaning of ancient translation. Most of the words in the song can be found in today's Zhuang vocabulary. Some words have disappeared in the modern Zhuang vocabulary, but they can be determined from the context of the original song and the ancient translation, and refer to other languages of the same language family. The specific meaning down. In addition, it is found in the study that the sentences of "Yue people's songs" vary in length, the longest is eight words, the shortest is four words, and the first, third and fifth sentences are rhyming (tail), second, third and fourth sentences are rhyming (waist). Mutual rhymes (waist and tail) are a feature of the Zhuang folk songs, which are found in all kinds of modern songs. (Wei M, 2013)
Here we have understood that this "Yue people's songs" is actually the song of the Zhuang people. The Yue people are the Zhuang ancestors who are active in the Chu area. During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were many Zhuang ancestors who were active in the Jingchu area, also known as the Yue people. They have both a boat as their home, a fishing and hunting, and also appeared in the mountains, rivers and lakes. They also have full-time singers in the courts of Chu.
(Hong G, 2015b)
The first sentence of "Yue people's songs" is "What is today xi" and "What is day xi", which is exactly the same as "What is tonight" and "What day is today" in Liao songs. The word
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"xi" is the temperament of Chu Song, the translator is chu, so the Chu song style is used for translation. Since the end of the sentence has "xi" sound, it means that the original song must have a modal particle at the end, and it is very standard. For one tone. From the structure of the modern Zhuang Liao songs modal particle, the modal particle of the "Yue people's songs" should be
"Liao". Moreover, the songs that start with the words "What night tonight" and "What day of today" are the songs that show love to each other, that is, the love songs in our current folk song classification. Many scholars believe that the singer who sang "Yue people's songs" is a beautiful yue woman. She boldly wooed "E.Jun zixi" with sweet songs. In the modern Liao songs, when singing the song "What day of today" is used in the first sentence, it is a song that men and women express their love. (Liu Q, 2015)
In the Zhuang countryside in Pingguo County, if a young woman comes, the young men in the village, whether they know it or not, will sing "What night is it tonight? On the surface, it is a sincere welcome to the guests. In fact, the young men express their love to the girl. Comparing the two, it is not difficult to see that some of the chapter format and content style of Liao songs have a transmission relationship with the "Yue people's songs" in the Spring and Autumn Period, and it is inferred that Liao songs existed during the Spring and Autumn Period. Zhuang folk songs like "Yue people's songs" and Liao songs are widely distributed in ancient times. Later, due to the changes of history and culture, many songs gradually disappeared or changed, but they were still preserved in Pingguo and other places. (Huang X, 2010)
To sum up: In order to fully understand the origin of Liao songs, from the perspective of folk, the relationship between Liao songs and Folk Song Fairs, and the relationship between Liao songs and Yue people’s songs, through the historical literature and oral analysis. The conclusion is: in the folk saying, combined with the analysis of historical documents, the Liao people appeared in the Three Kingdoms period, and it was confirmed that the Liao songs began to appear in the Three Kingdoms period. In the relationship with the Folk Song Fair, combined with the historical record of the government creation, the origin of the analysis of Liao songs was at least before the Tang Dynasty. In the relationship with Yue people’s songs, because Yue people’s songs are well-documented songs produced during the Spring and Autumn Period, the origin of the analysis of Liao songs originated at least in the Spring and Autumn Period. (Miao D, 2011)
29 2. Mature period (Ming Dynasty - Republic of China,1400--1950)
The general Zhuang folk song fair are mostly impromptu works by singers. They express their feelings, change year by year, and return differently. The Liao songs sung by the Folk Song Fair in Pingguo County is a self-contained system with its own procedures. Male singers, each with a songbook with them. The songs they asked to answer were based on the song book, and sometimes they were changed, but they were still in a certain frame. Years of Folk Song Fairs, singing these songs every year, and the beginning and the end, the requirements are stylized, marking the standard maturity of Liao songs. There are three points on the basis of the mature period of the Liao songs specification: One is the widespread application of ancient Zhuang characters in the folk; The second is the war-torn social background of the famous work “Zei Songs” by Liao songs; The third is the emergence of a dedicated Liao songs team. (Nong G, 2004)
2.1 The extensive application of ancient Zhuang scripts in the folk
Because the Liao songs songbooks are all copied in ancient characters, we have to consider the origin and development of the ancient Zhuang characters. Only the ancient Zhuang language is widely used in the folk, in order to have the emergence of the Liao songs ancient manuscript.
The appearance of the ancient Zhuang language appeared in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, it was used in the official language of the government. The ancient Zhuang scriptures are probably the first creation of the Zhuang intellectuals, because the ancient Zhuang scriptures were made up of the radicals of the Chinese characters. It is difficult for people who do not understand Chinese characters to make them. (Fan H, 2009)
During the Ming Dynasty, although the material rarely recorded the use of the ancient Zhuang characters, in the early Qing Dynasty, Wu Qi was able to receive so many songs of the ancient Zhuang script, indicating that the ancient Zhuang script was popular in the folk, and its popular beginning should be Ming Dynasty. During the Ming Dynasty, Pingguo, Tiandong, Mashan, and Wuming were under the jurisdiction of the "Si en" government. After the Ming Dynasty, the Zhuang government ruled the Confucianism. In the 12th year of the Ming Dynasty (1447), the "Si en" government built the "Si en" school, which was the beginning of the establishment of the school by the local officials. (Jin M, 2018b)
30 Since then, the "Si ming" government school, the "Tian zhou" government school, the "Gui shun" government school, the "Wu jing" government school, the "Tai ping" government school, and the "Si cheng" government school have been established. The establishment of government schools not only enables people to learn Chinese culture, but also provides conditions for the promotion of ancient Zhuang characters. It is just natural to record the Liao songs with Chinese characters and ancient Zhuang characters. (Lu M, 2018b)
Figure 4 Ancient Zhuang Scripts
2.2 Liao songs mature work " Zei songs " appeared
"Zei songs" is an important chapter in the Liao songs system and a masterpiece of the mature specifications of Liao songs. It is a song that reflects the content of war, describes the love story between men and women, and forms a stable singing content, reflecting the era of the mature norm of Liao songs. Regarding the issue of the age of "Zei songs", many scholars have done research and obtained a more consistent view. It is generally believed that "Zei songs" was originally produced during the Ming Dynasty. (Lu Y, 2018)
Mr. Lan Hongen was the first person to test the "Zei songs" era. He believes: "From the content of "Zei songs", it reflects the fact that government officials recruited soldiers to suppress the uprising of the Bazhai Yao people. In history, the Ming Dynasty suppressed the Yao uprising
31 and launched a war. These three times were all the struggles against the Yao people. They used the Zhuang nationality soldiers in the Youjiang area of Guangxi. Therefore, it is certain that the initial formation of this work was in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. (Jin M, 2018a)
Mr. Hong Bo believes that "Zei Songs" was born in the Ming Dynasty and is believed to be based on the "Si en" government's war. The chaos in the world described in "Zei Songs" is more consistent with the situation at the time. In the song, the official army dispatched will attack other governments. This time the scale of the war is the largest, affecting most of the entire area of western Guangxi, directly smashing several counties, so that many people around cannot rest. At that time, both sides of the war were levying the people, and people were stunned everywhere, so people fled to Yangyan, Tiandong County, which is relatively safe and relatively safe to hide.
Therefore, using folk legends to compare historical records, the background described in the long poem "Singing from Chaos" should be consistent with the historical fact that the "Si en"
government launched war. (Qin T, 2018)
Mr. Chen Wei also advocated that the historical background of "Zei Songs" was in the Ming Dynasty. At a specific time, he advocated the historical period from the "Si en battle" to the
"Bazhai Yao people Uprising" that began in the Ming Dynasty (1499), that is, Mr. Lan Hongen and Mr. Hong Bo’s views are combined into one. In the article, Mr. Chen Yu said: "Since the self-contained to Jiajing, for more than half a century, the Tianzhou area has been in the midst of war, and the people have suffered from burning and looting. This is the social and historical condition for the production of Zei Songs. Therefore, it is not surprising that "Zei Songs" was produced in the Yanyang Folk Song Fair and became the traditional repertoire of the Folk Song Fair. (Li G, 2019)
Based on the above viewpoints, although there are differences in the specific production time of "Zei songs", everyone thinks that "Zei songs" was first produced in the Ming Dynasty. It can be inferred that the era of the prototype of Liao songs appeared in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. The earliest singer should be someone who has had this life experience in war. We can even imagine that it is very likely that someone who was forced to participate in the “Si en war”
sang his own experience. Later, another person who was recruited to participate in the “Bazhai chaos” added his own feelings, so the two events were pinched together in the work.
32 2.3 The emergence of a dedicated Liao songs team
"Zei songs" has a variety of different manuscripts, which proves that it was created by many people, not someone at a certain time, a certain location. At the earliest time, it was created in the folk, and then gradually integrated by folk artists, and recorded in the song book upload.
Only the emergence of special folk artists can have such long-formed "Zei songs" with certain storylines. Therefore, we have created special folk artists as an important basis for the mature norms of Liao songs.
During the Ming Dynasty, the place where the Guangxi government ruled, the society was turbulent. There is often a war between the government and the government to compete for territory. Within the various government rulings, in order to compete for power, there are often soldiers and brothers between the brothers and the uncles, killing blood into a river. In addition, the Ming Dynasty often recruited local soldiers to fight in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Guangdong, Hainan and Yunnan. During the Ming Dynasty, two large-scale peasant uprising wars occurred in Guangxi, namely the “Datoxia Uprising” and the “Bazhai Uprising”. The Ming Dynasty levied a large number of local soldiers in the western Guangxi area to suppress. (Lu M, 2018a)
Years of war have made young men and young men in the western part of Guangxi have been out for many years, leaving only the elderly, women and children in the village. The land in western Guangxi is poor, the economy is not developed, and after a long war, life is even more impoverished. What is even more unbearable is that the war has been repeated in successive years. When the soldiers are fighting, they are going to die, their wives lose their husbands; sons lose their fathers; mothers lose sons. In the Guangxi area at the time, this was a very common social problem. (https://tv.sohu.com/20071031/n252973450.shtml)
Zhuang people have been good at singing. Those who died from the husband's wife and lost their sons will sing for crying, confessing their grief to the dead relatives, and seeking the release of inner sadness. This is the earliest "Zei songs". Because there are common sad experiences, the content of the songs compiled is roughly the same. Those folk artists live on selling sings. They use such social themes in a timely manner, unify the contents of many people, make a long song and make a living by singing. There is no doubt that folk artists sing higher art than ordinary singers, more artistically appealing, and sing to make people cry. Moreover, every time they sing in a village, they need a certain amount of time to guarantee that they can make an