Chapter IV To investigate the history of “Liao Songs” in Ping Guo ,Guang Xi , China
4. The singing process of Liao songs
4.2 Requirements for singing
Anyone with a blood relationship can't sing each other together. Usually, a young rural men and women go to another village to find young men and women in the village, and they are both male-to-female and female-to-male. In addition to the "sports transition" in "road songs", the
"si ge Liao" tune is used. Others generally use the three tune "ha Liao", "di ge Liao" or "long Liao". . In particular, the two tune "ha Liao" and "di ge Liao" are more commonly used. The two
78 tune of "ha Liao" or "di ge Liao" are completely sung "March songs" and "sun songs" from beginning to end. It takes about 3 hours and more than 9 hours respectively. The three long songs,
"road songs", "the songs of war" and "house songs", will take about 8 hours, more than 6 hours and nearly 5 hours respectively. Therefore, the singers generally sing the content selectively according to the situation of the song at that time.
Figure 32 Requirements for singing
4.2.2 Requirements for day songs
The main occasion of day songs is the song Folk Song Fair. The protagonist of the song Folk Song Fair, nature is the young guys who are temperamental and the handsome girls who are full of enthusiasm.
After the young boys came to the Folk Song Fair, most of them would walk around in the crowd in groups, and while they were walking, they would sing softly to each other. At this time, the songs they sang were “lang songs” of improvisation. Most of the tunes used were
“culture songs” tunes, but some also used “Liao songs” tunes. They sing casually while walking, actually looking for the object of the song. If they don't find the right one, they will continue to sing while walking. The girls came to the song Folk Song Fair, and they also made friends with songs. They also wanted to find the people they like by singing songs. However, they are not like the boys who are also singing in the east, taking the initiative to attack, but standing in groups, and the eyes of the water are scanning around like a radar. Once the search finds the target, they are slowly approaching as the fish in the water find the bait. At this time, the boys will not be able to help themselves, and please sing with humorous words.
79 If the girls have a crush on the boys, they will make hints to the boys, follow the songs of the boys, and continue to sing with the songs of the boys, and confess the mind that they are willing to make good friends with them and are willing to sing with them. Thus forming a male and female pair singing. After knowing that the girls are willing to sing with their own songs, the boys will enthusiastically invite the girls to sing songs where they think fit, and get the invitation of the boys, the girls will generally be willing to accept. So they got together, looking for a cool place, each folding a leaf to sit and start singing "March song".
4.2.2.1 March Songs
Before singing "March song", the boys generally take the initiative to "send song" to the girls, that is, ask the girls who want to sing a long songs today, the girls will also answer the questions of the boys. In fact, there is no need to "send songs" because young people are singing in song Folk Song Fairs. Most of the songs are "march song", so they follow the "March song"
handwritten song book, using "ha Liao" or" Di ge Liao" and other tunes sing one after the other.
During the singing process, the boys may be sitting together two or three or four or five, and the girls may be sitting in a pile of two or four or five. However, the two men and two women are always singing. Others sit quietly like the reserve players who can play the ball, do not participate in the singing, on the way to singing, If an individual needs to rest or has something to leave, the
"prepare player" next to him will be replaced. At the same time, when singing, the singer will never change the content of the singing because of any influence of the surrounding environment, but always sing one by one according to the first song of the handwritten song book.
Both men and women of the song are very concerned about each other. That is to say, the boys are not only devoted to the songs, but also pay attention to the girls who are singing with them, to see if any of them are particularly concerned about themselves; the girls are also very concerned about singing with them. Young people. See if any of them pay special attention to themselves. If one of the men and women finds that one of the other party pays special attention to them, they will look at each other and then find an excuse, or if you don’t pay attention, the two will quietly leave and go to another quiet place. And sing it gently with the
"culture songs" tune. At this time, the songs that they both sang are no longer "march songs", but the "wave songs" that sings and expresses their feelings, confession, and confession, through the
"wave songs" chorus to achieve the purpose of choosing a lover with a song.
80 4.2.2.2 Sun songs
In addition to young people, middle-aged people and some elderly people, they are also very keen to participate in song Folk Song Fairs.
When they arrive at the songs, they usually don't walk around the crowd like young people, but a few old friends and old people get together to find a cool place to sit down and then sing softly. The songs they sing are generally "wave songs", mostly tunes of "culture songs".
Once you find someone sitting in the distance who has been liked before. They will pretend to be close to them in order to get their attention. Then sit down from where they are, and pretend to sing to each other without knowing each other. If the woman sings along the man's side, both men and women can sing down.
After singing a few words of the opening remarks, they sang one by one according to the hand-written songs. According to "sun songs", the songs they sang before singing one by one can use the "Liao songs " tunes or the "culture songs" tunes, but once they sang "sun songs", both men and women will naturally follow Instead, use the tune "ha Liao" or "di ge Liao" to sing.
4.2.3 Requirements for night songs
After the autumn harvest, the slack season is the main time to sing night songs. The night songs are all going to other villages to sing, usually after dinner, only to sing until the day will be bright, so for such a singing activity, people call it "singing night songs." Generally, female singers wait for the arrival of male singers in their own villages. There are also male singers who invite female singers to come to their villages for songs, but it is rare. First of all, when the male singer is approaching the female singer village, the male singers will start to sing
"come in the village songs", go to the village entrance, then walk into the village and then sing
"praise songs". "Welcome songs" is a song that a male singer sings when a female singer is invited to a village of male singers. If a male singer goes to a village of female singers, the female singer does not sing "welcome songs".
The family of the female singer and the villagers who heard the news will warmly greet the invited male singer into the room. After some greetings, the male singers enthusiastically praised the house, furniture and family of the female singer. This is "praise house songs". When the male singer sang "praise house songs", the female singer also sang on her own initiative and formed a chorus. "Family songs" sung by female singers is equivalent to "welcome songs" sung
81 by male singers. This is a welcome to the guest as a host. When both men and women sang to this time, even if they started to turn to the topic. According to the female singer's proposal, select
"road songs", "the songs of war" or "house songs" among the five long songs in "Liao songs ".
After the content of the singer is fixed, the male singer will take out the "road songs", "the songs of War" or "house songs" handwritten songs that have been carried in his pocket, using "ha Liao"
or "di ge Liao" and other tunes, sing one by one according to the song book.
In another case, after the completion of a new home in a village, you will usually choose an auspicious day to prepare a banquet. Please ask relatives and friends and neighbors to express their gratitude for the support and help they have given during the construction process.
On this day, the host usually invites several well-known male singers from the nearby villages and female singers from the same village to come to the house to sing a night song to celebrate.
The songs sung by male singers and female singers are naturally the song of "house songs". The songs usually start after eight or nine o'clock in the evening.
82
Chapter VI
To explore the trend of development”Liao Song” in Ping Guo ,Guang Xi , China.
Development
Current situation Problems encountered in the development
Specific measure
This chapter I will introduce related to objiective 3: The trend of development”Liao Song”
in Ping Guo ,Guang Xi , China. I will divide it into three part: Current situation, Problems encountered in the development, Specific measure.
I will make an analysis based on the literature and the information provided by the people I interviewed in the field work.
1. Current situation
The scholar Nong Min Jian said:Zhuang's Liao songs has been transmission since its inception, and its appearance has changed a lot. The new social environment and the background of the times also challenge the continuity and authenticity of the Liao songs transmission. Despite the great development of Liao songs, However, the influence of the new era has made the distribution scope and scale of Liao songs smaller and smaller, and the difficulty of transmission is getting bigger and bigger. The space for the survival and development of Liao songs is compressed.
Development results
Zhuang article writer Yu Zhi said: Zhuang's Liao songs has been protected and inherited in Pingguo County of Baise City. The local government has carried out specific protection measures for Liao songs and has achieved good development. Since 2006, Liao songs has been introduced to the primary and secondary school classrooms, and the local Liao songs combination formed by
83 Pingguo County has been repeatedly entered into China Central Television to record folk songs.
There were 2 performances at the Nanning International Folk Song Art Festival. He participated in the China Central Television Young Singer Grand Prix three times and achieved good results.
The Pingguo government has successfully held three national lyrics culture forums and 10th chanting festivals. The Zhuang folk songs culture series "Liao songs", which collected nearly 20,000 pieces of Liao songs, has also been published, and foreign friends are also attracted to it.
Come and enjoy the unique charm of the Liao songs. It also forms a variety of Liao songs singing forms, traditional forms, scientific singing forms and popular singing forms, which have great influence in Guangxi national music.
Figure 33 Performed at the Sydney Opera House in 2008 CCTV recorded Liao songs program in 2010
84
Figure 34 Pingguo County Second Primary School Liao songs group participated in Beijing Traditional Music Festival in 2010
Figure 35 Ha Liao band won the championship of Zhuang singer contest hosted by CCTV in 2013
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Figure 36 Gold Award in the International Chinese Chorus Competition hosted in Malaysia in 2018
Figure 37 English version of Liao songs publishing in 2012
86 2. Problems encountered in the development
2.1 obsolescence of Liao Songs and the influence of modernization:
With the acceleration of world economic integration, Liao songs, like other folk cultures, faces a serious impact. Modernization is a great change in the history of mankind. On the one hand, it promotes social and economic development, on the other hand it impacts the development of traditional folk art. Liao songs relies on the survival of the environment, the original social functions such as media functions, praise functions and entertainment functions are also gradually dying. The days of "singing friends with songs, conveying emotions with songs, and choosing lovers with songs" are gone forever. the content of Liao Songs, Libretoo, Lyrics, Rhythm, Structure are all obsolescence ,The script and the content stories from many years ago, which can no longer resonate with modern people.Lyrics, all are ancient strong words, modern people do not have the basis of zhuang language, it is difficult to learn.In addition, the rhythm is monotonous, without much change, and learning is very boring.
In the long run, the fate of Liao songs going to natural demise seems inevitable. The influence of Liao songs in the cultural life of the people is weakened, especially some young people do not like to sing Liao songs, and they are more likely to go out and work.
According to the survey, most people who are currently singing Liao songs are over 40 years old, few people in their 30s, and fewer people in their 20s. The number of aging and singers of the Liao songs transmission has been declining year by year. The development of the apparent beginning of faults, the wide-ranging and continuity of the Liao songs sung has become particularly prominent, if you do not take concrete and effective measures to protect and innovate, Liao songs is in danger of loss. Because people's understanding of it is still insufficient, the emphasis is not enough, and the protection mechanism has not yet been fully established. Liao songs still faces a very serious survival and development situation. For example, most of the traditional songs have not resumed activities, Liao songs passed the fault, the songs copied are incomplete, and the content is seriously lost. (Zhou X, 2011b)
2.2 Changes in the way of transmission, The development of Liao Songs is difficult Due to its regional cultural characteristics, Liao songs is currently limited to the middle reaches of Youjiang, which is centered on Pingguo County, Guangxi. Relying on a small number of inheritors to carry out their respective transmission. After Liao songs became a national
87 intangible cultural transmission in 2008, the identification and protection of its inheritors became an important part of the government's work on the protection of intangible cultural transmission.
In the field investigation, we found that the transmission of the people has been high for many years, and the level of education is not very high, mainly concentrated in primary schools and junior high schools. These old singers are unable to engage in singing activities because of their old age, and their level of education is generally not high, which will affect the quality of cultural transmission, let alone the innovation and development of Liao songs. Therefore, the Liao songs culture inheritor is facing a severe test.
The transmission of Liao songs currently relies on the teacher and apprentice to sing. This transmission model can inherit the continuation to the greatest extent, and at the same time guarantee its authenticity, but there are more uncertain factors and more obstacles. Compared to other material cultural transmission. The requirements for the transmission of Liao songs are relatively high. First of all, we must understand the ancient Zhuang language, and it takes a long time to practice repeatedly to master all the skills. The process is quite long. At the same time, combined with the investigation of the living standards of the Liao songs inheritors, Liao songs the first month of the lunar calendar. These traditional song Folk Song Fairs were very large in the cannot bring rich economic benefits to its inheritors, which is one of the important factors for the loss of talents. (Hong G, 2015b)
The singing Folk Song Fair is the carrier of the Liao songs culture and has played an important role in the Zhuang society. In the popular area of Liao songs, The Folk Song Fair of singing in history is very prosperous. For example, the Tianyang ganzhaung folk Folk Song Fair of the seventh lunar month to the seventh day of the lunar calendar, the ganyangyan Folk Song Fair of the lunar calendar on February 19, and the Pingguo sanxin Folk Song Fair of the first month of the first month of the lunar calendar. These traditional song Folk Song Fairs were very large in the past. However, with the development of the society, some of the venues of the Liao songs Folk Song Fair have been destroyed, or used for other purposes, or even stopped. Even if some song Folk Song Fairs are well preserved, there are very few participants. The song Folk Song Fairs are ineffective and naturally disappear. (Jin M, 2018b)
88 2.3 Because of its strong regionalism,Limitations of development
Liao songs is a folk song that reflects the region. Ping Min County Nong Minjian said:
"Liao songs has certain requirements. It will speak Zhuang language, understand Zhuang language, but it does not necessarily understand Liao songs." The performance form is single and the performance tension is not enough. Generally speaking, two men and two women follow the routine and perform a question-and-answer sing. Without the action of performance, it is difficult to attract the attention of audiences of all ages. The regional and limitations of Liao songs lead to the weak foundation of the masses and the lack of soil needed for transmission and promotion.
Once the public loses interest in Liao songs, it is very difficult to make them consciously participate in the protection and transmission of the Liao songs culture.
Funding is an important guarantee for the healthy development of the Liao songs cultural transmission. However, while the value of the Liao songs culture is gradually being recognized by people, the lack of funding is also apparent. Due to insufficient capital investment, the development of many basic work has been affected. According to the survey, Pingguo County only needs a large amount of funds for the work of organizing and publishing, song Folk Song Fair venue protection, singer training, and Liao songs competition every year, plus translation, brand building, etc., which is more expensive. With the increasing number of intangible cultural genetics in Guangxi, the financial burden at all levels has increased, and the investment in the cultural protection of Liao songs has not been enough to protect this cultural transmission. (Qin N, 2015)
2.4 Local school development Liao songs 2.4.1 Basic situation
Educator Lan Feng Ming said :For the sing of Liao songs, the local government has also cooperated with local universities, primary and secondary schools, and kindergartens, but basically they are all in their own right. Without a comprehensive plan to form a good synergy, the real life of Liao songs continues to be passed down from generation to generation. Local governments have some difficulties in the integration of Liao songs with the school. First, the traditional form of singing is different from the current "scientific" singing technique. Most professional teachers think that Liao songs is a self-entertainment of farmers in the mountains.
The form of singing is a kind of shouting singing, which is not conducive to the teaching of vocal