Top PDF Pemekaran Wilayah Analysis And The Development Of Centrals Of Economic Growth

Untuk menghentikan pemekaran wilayah yang terjadi sekarang ini tentunya adalah suatu persoalan yang sulit apalagi menggabungkan daerah yang telah menjadi daerah otonom. Namun upaya itu hanya bisa dilakukan bila kerangka regulasi yang mengaturnya di ubah atau revisi. Hal ini membutuhkan sikap kerjasama yang baik antar berbagai elemen dan stakeholder yang terlibat didalamnya. Usulan pemekaran wilayah saat ini berdasarkan undang-undang nomor 22 tahun 2009 yang telah direvisi dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 32 tahun 2004 dilaksanakan melalui 3 (tiga) pintu yaitu Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR), Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD) dan Pemerintah (Kemendagri). Dengan adanya 3 pintu pemekaran wilayah elite-elite didaerah mencari berbagai peluang untuk mencapai dan menggolkan tujuan politiknya. Pengamatan dilapangan, normatif usulan pemekaran selalu melalui pintu Kemendagri, yang diusulkan oleh kabupaten induk, lewat gubernur. Namun situasi tersebut akan berubah ketika proses usulan mengalami deadlock ketika melalui pintu Kemendagri. Elite-elite kemudian beralih pada jalur politik melalui wakil-wakil rakyat yang berada di pusat, pada kondisi inilah manajemen pemekaran tidak berjalan dengan baik. Karena disatu sisi ditegakkannya efektivitas manajemen pemekaran wilayah justru oleh sebagian elite memandang itu merupakan proses menghambat aspirasi yang berkembang didaerah. Sehingga ditempuh proses pemekaran melalui pintu/jalur politik yaitu DPR dan DPD, yang lebih banyak didominasi oleh kepentingan politik dan partai ketimbang pencapaian hakekat pemekaran wilayah.

Model geografi dan pertumbuhan memperlihatkan adanya posibilitas dalam spatial equity efficiency trade off. Namun masalahnya adalah lebih pelik dan seringkali ambigious ketimbang situasi standar win-lose yang merupakan akibat dari proses aglomerasi dalam model geografi statik. Model dinamik dari pertumbuhan dan geografi semacam ini menunjukkan bahwa munculnya ketidakberimbangan regional, disebabkan oleh menurunnya biaya perdagangan disertai oleh pertumbuhan yang lebih cepat di semua wilayah dan oleh karena itu dapat membangkitkan suatu tensi antara static losses (relokasi aktivitas perekonomian) dan perolehan dinamik (pertumbuhan yang lebih cepat) di wilayah perbatasan atau periferi. Selain itu, dalam model tersebut pertumbuhan mempengaruhi geografi melalui penciptaan suatu growth-linked circular causalty, gaya-gaya yang membidani tumbuhnya lokasi industri dalam suatu wilayah dan juga merangsang untuk investasi. Terlebih lagi, berbagai proses aglomerasi dalam model-model tersebut beroperasi melalui penciptaan kutub-kutub pertumbuhan maupun kutub-kutub penyusutan. Umumnya perusahaan ingin berlokasi di wilayah yang sedang tumbuh, untuk kepentingan dalam melakukan investasi sehingga pada akhirnya perilaku inilah yang akan menyebabkan wilayah menjadi tumbuh lebih cepat lagi (Igliori, 2008).

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Overall, the direct and indirect influence of economic growth on poverty is positive and significant, but the effect of economic growth on poverty through the inequality of income distribution does not have a significant influence in affecting poverty. Based on the analysis performed, it was found that the intervening variables that have the greatest influence on the relationship between economic growth and poverty is human development. This shows that the aspect of education, health, income levels and purchasing power is the most important aspects to solve the poverty issue in Indonesia so that the government should increase the investment in human capital that can be realized by building or improving the schools and universities quality on all over Indonesian region. In addition, the government should improve the quality of teaching staff, one of them through a certification program, also increase the distribution of teaching staff to the remote areas, so the inequality of education in Indonesia can be decreased. In health sector, the government should increase the number of health infrastructure such as hospitals and health centers, and make the treatment cost more affordable through BPJS program and improve the distribution of paramedic to the remote areas so that the limited access to health care can be minimized.

dapat keluar dari Ricardian Trap sekaligus mampu meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakatnya? (2) Kecuali itu, mengacu pada temuan Jha dan Murthy (2003) bahwa deforestasi akan terus berlangsung mengiringi proses pembangunan pada kelompok wilayah yang masih mempuyai indeks pembangunan manusia pada level medium (HDI antara 60-70), maka masalah yang terlebih dahulu perlu dikaji adalah berapa nilai toleransi ambang deforestasi yang masih dapat menopang terhadap dampak pembangunan ke depan? (3) Selain itu mengingat degradasi lingkungan merupakan salah satu wujud dari kegagalan pasar, maka rancangan praksis pembangunan ekonomi wilayah tersebut perlu dikaitkan dengan karakteristik fiskal (khususnya pajak daerah dan alokasi belanja) Pemerintah Provinsi Lampung, lalu apakah piranti fiskal tersebut efektif untuk menstimulasi pengembangan kinerja faktor endogenik yang telah ada di wilayah ini dalam rangka menekan kegagalan pasar sekaligus untuk keluar dari Ricardian Trap tersebut? Berkaitan dengan itu pula, (4) apakah perilaku fiskal tersebut akan lebih efektif jika alokasi pembelanjaannya disertai dengan skema reforestasi? (5) Apakah ada perbedaan nyata keefektifan tersebut jika reforetasi dilakukan di areal hutan rakyat ataupun kawasan hutan negara? (6) Di bawah skema reforestasi tersebut, apakah alokasi pembelanjaan Pemerintah Provinsi Lampung tersebut akan lebih berdampak positif terhadap peningkatan pendapatan pajak dan retribusi daerah jika alokasi pembelanjaannya dikombinasikan dengan bantuan sosial selain intuk belanja publik? (7) Apakah rezim desentralisasi tata pemerintahan telah dapat memberikan pengaruh secara nyata terhadap kinerja faktor-faktor endogenik, pertumbuhan pendapatan sektor pertnaian; pangsa sektor industri; pertumbuhan ekonomi; nilai tukar petani dan HDI?

Indicator of performance is an aspect to evaluate how successful local government is in carrying out development plan that had been established previously. The indicator is frequently referred to as Key Performance Indicator (Indikator Kerja Utama/IKU) stated in Medium-Term Development Planning of Local Government (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah/RPJMD), a document elaborating 5-year development planning. Implementation of development programs and activities by local government is an effort to achieve the targeted performance. Various, different factors affect successful achievement of the indicators of performance. The objective of the study was to describe several factors that affected the achievement of the development performance indicator, more particularly one for economic growth (Pertumbuhan Ekonomi/ PE) and open unemployment rate (Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka/ TPT). The descriptive quantitative study analyzed quantitative indicators to describe specific dimension of the economic growth and open unemployment rate. Based on the analysis, the determinant factors for the economic growth in Sidoarjo were financial services and insurance sector, as well as unemployment variable, while those of the open unemployment rate were number of unemployment supported by inflation rate, economic growth and education level. In other words, local governments should focus on the most determinant factors to get priority for intervention programs and local government activities.

theory are farther off from today’s playing field and they are readily overlooked by main- stream growth theorists, but all the same they are robust in placing growth in a historical context. One streak of that post-war growth theory adopts the Schumpeterian view of the disequilibrium nature of the development process and encompasses economies of scale, planned investment, and various planning tools. It eschews the simplifying Dixit–Stiglitz formulation of homogeneous preferences that makes imperfect competition tractable. It adopts, instead, sophisticated integer or dynamic programming techniques to solve central- ized or firm-level planning models. Its drawbacks, besides analytical complexity, were that it provided little concrete policy advice and that it placed limitless faith in the capacity of governments to intervene appropriately. Yet another variant of growth models emphasize limiting factors such as capital goods, foreign exchange, and the ability of turning nontraded goods into ‘tradeds’ to earn foreign exchange, without deep devaluations that give away the store. Such limiting factors are totally absent from the ahistorical version of mainstream neoclassical analysis. Yet another variant of growth theory, growth accounting, originated from the germination of the work of William Petty into Engel’s law, and was followed in the work of Kuznets, Chenery, Pasinetti, and others. These are much deeper roots than the Solow decomposition of neoclassical growth theory.

The objective of the research is to know the structure of economic growth and disparities between the cities in West Java province post orde baru. This research used secondary data, and than analyzed by Williamson Index, Location Quotient, Shift Share, and Klassen Typology. Klassen typology analysis result that West Java province in devided in to four classification catagories: rapid growth region, retarted region, growing region, and underdeveloped region. According to Williamson Index, the disparities between the cities in West Java province post orde baru shows the serious condition. Average of Williamson Index is 0,5778 (> 0,5), it shows that disparities of the cities in West Java province is very serious. Kuznets hypothesis showing the relationship between economic growth and disparity inverse U-shapes effect in West Java province. This researchs recommends to local goverments to implement and give more attention to the underdeveloped region without negelecting the rapid growth region, do the economic development in potential sector of each cities by optimalized the technology usage, also build the infrastructure and spread the growth central and investment.

The coefficient and significance value of competitiveness indicators explicitly reveals that stable, transparent, and accountable government governance are the main factor to propel growth. According to the Cato Institute, higher economic freedom promotes participation and collaboration (Cato Institute, 2006). Also claimed is that higher economic freedom is extremely significant in preventing wars, a basic condition to grow the economy. Governments promote economic freedom when they establish a legal structure that provides for the even- handed enforcement of contracts and the protection of individuals and their property from aggressors seeking to use violence, coercion, and fraud to seize things that do not belong to them. Governments also enhance economic freedom when they facilitate access to sound money. However, economic freedom also requires governments to refrain from many activities. They must refrain from actions that interfere with personal choice, voluntary exchange, and the freedom to enter and compete in labour and product markets. Economic freedom is reduced when taxes, government expenditures, and regulations are substituted for personal

The ASEAN’s entrepreneurship policies must be based on improving commercial conditions, providing incentives, and facilitating access to investment funding for start-up businesses. It means that ASEAN countries should create a national innovation policy that centres on a broad agenda to fuel a nation's innovative capacity and it seeks action from government, industry, academia and workers. A national innovation strategy builds on a contemporary understanding of innovation and tries to create a consensus to act on the changes required to establish an effective national framework. It requires to optimize the entire society for innovation with focus to three categories: (1) talent – the human dimension of innovation, including knowledge creation, education, training and workforce support, (2) investment – the financial dimension of innovation, including R&D investment, support for risk-taking and entrepreneurship, and encouragement of long-term innovation strategies, and (3) infrastructure – the physical and policy structures that support innovators, including networks for information, transportation, health care and energy; intellectual property protection; business regulation; and structures for collaboration among innovation stakeholders.

To tackle these questions, each city–Surat, Indore, and Gorakhpur–formed a City Advisory Committee (CAC), which consists of representatives from the municipal government, academia, the private sector, civil society, and the public. Surat and Indore also participated in a series of "Risk to Resilience" (R2R) workshops. By taking into consideration analyses to date, R2Rs identified the axis of critical uncertainties that the city could face, identified possible early indicators to address them, and yielded a range of technical, management and policy intervention options. The third R2R workshop presented the framework of the city resilience strategy to the CAC members and city stakeholders.

The ASEAN’s entrepreneurship policies must be based on improving commercial conditions, providing incentives, and facilitating access to investment funding for start-up businesses. It means that ASEAN countries should create a national innovation policy that centres on a broad agenda to fuel a nation's innovative capacity and it seeks action from government, industry, academia and workers. A national innovation strategy builds on a contemporary understanding of innovation and tries to create a consensus to act on the changes required to establish an effective national framework. It requires to optimize the entire society for innovation with focus to three categories: (1) talent – the human dimension of innovation, including knowledge creation, education, training and workforce support, (2) investment – the financial dimension of innovation, including R&D investment, support for risk-taking and entrepreneurship, and encouragement of long-term innovation strategies, and (3) infrastructure – the physical and policy structures that support innovators, including networks for information, transportation, health care and energy; intellectual property protection; business regulation; and structures for collaboration among innovation stakeholders.

Superovulasi pada induk yang menstimulasi hormon- hormon kebuntingan (estradiol dan progesteron) juga meningkatkan kapasitas plasenta yang dimanifestasikan melalui peningkatan bobot basah dan kering, massa sel aktif dan aktivitas sintetik sel (kandungan DNA dan RNA) serta sintesis nutrien (glikogen) plasenta dan terus meningkat sampai pada umur 70 hari kebuntingan. Peningkatan kapasitas plasenta sangat dipengaruhi oleh hormon kebuntingan terurtama estradiol dan progesteron serta faktor pertumbuhan seperti insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) (Wilson & Ford 2000) melalui pengaruhnya pada pemeliharaan korpus luteum dan produksi progesteron oleh plasenta (Niswender et al. 2000; Jennifer & Telleria 2003). Pada domba, plasenta juga berfungsi sebagai kelenjar penghasil progesteron dan estradiol yang konsentrasinya akan meningkat pesat selama periode plasentasi (Manalu & Sumaryadi 1998a; Manalu et al. 1998; Spenser & Bazer 2004; Sumaryadi 2004). Kapasitas dan ukuran plasenta sangat menentukan kelangsungan hidup dan pertumbuhan konseptus. Kapasitas yang lebih besar akan lebih potensial meningkatkan bobot dan litter size dibandingkan dengan kapasitas plasenta yang lebih kecil. Hal ini dimungkinkan karena plasenta yang lebih besar akan lebih efisien dalam memodulasi pertumbuhan fetus dan metabolisme induk melalui sintesis dan sekresi progesteron dan estradiol, serta faktor pertumbuhan yang mendukung perkembangan konseptus (Biensen et al. 1998; Vallet et al. 2004). Plasenta yang lebih besar juga menentukan terjadinya suatu konseptus bertahan hidup sampai lahir (Wilson et al. 1998; Wilson & Ford 2000; Spenser & Bazer 2004).

a) Date of Birth: Padang/ 8 February 1991 b) Parent’s Name: Syahrial and Sri Sunarti c) Faculty : Economics d) Department : Economics International e) Student No: 0810514020 f) Date of Examination : august, 8 th 2012 g) Graduate Standard : Satisfaction h) GPA : 3.05 i) Length of Study Period: 3 years 11 months j) Parent’s Address : Koto Rawang, Ken Koto Rawang, Kec IV Jurai, Kab Pessel.

Based on these meeings, several follow up meeings were held in the form of Working Group (Gugus Tugas) forum. This forum simultaneously was divided into six Economic Corridor Working Groups. Each Working Group forum aimed to create sector development strategy, considering spaial dimension, so that a concrete and speciic sector development strategy suitable for each sector`s potencies and advantages can be achieved. Thus, corridor development strategy could be developed integraing both sectoral and regional aspects. This forum also discussed the need of infrastructure development to support connecivity required by developments in each sector. This forum also allowed government to idenify the need of human resource development as well as innovaion development to improve each sector`s compeiiveness. Each Economic Corridor Working Groups’ discussion was led by senior government oicials who were competent in the ield of regional economic development and atended by more than 600 paricipants comprising of CEOs, experts and academics, and also other senior government oicials.

AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENTS OF THE MEMBER COUNTRIES OF THE ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ON ECONOMIC AND DEVELOPMENT COOPER[r]

From a top-down perspective this overarching framework or strategy including a clear and transparent leadership from organizations such as the United Nations is not clearly observable yet. The problem is not that clear goals are missing – as example Kofi Annan announced millennium goals on sustainable urban development regarding social, economic and ecologic development – the problem is rather the structural and organizational connection between overarching political goals and transforming them into reality. It needs to be accepted that a common vision is essential, but different local solutions need to be found. There is a lack of reliable instruments or even knowledge, on how to transfer these goals into implementation observable. Amongst others, this is caused by many scientific studies not including an implementation part. No doubt, this is a very difficult task from allocation of responsibilities and tasks for implementation and reflexive governance. Furthermore, ignorance of real situations such as denial of corruption, lack of political will or knowledge, lack of excellent open-minded staff, documentation of failures, etc. is common practice.

Between the 1970s and 2002, Indonesia experienced several distinct episodes of development, including the oil boom from 1972 to around 1981; the rice boom of 1978–83; a period of wide-ranging liberalisation throughout the mid- to late 1980s (Woo, Glassburner and Nasution 1994; Hill 2000); a second period of more cautious liberalisation (Hill 1997) – and some back-sliding on reform – during the fi rst half of the 1990s; the fi nancial and economic crisis of 1997–98; and, fi nally, recovery after the crisis, beginning in 1999. There is no clear consensus on when either of the two liberalisation periods started. One strand of the literature refers mainly to microeconomic reform – especially trade liberalisation – commencing in 1986 (Woo, Glassburner and Nasution 1994: 115) or 1987 (Hill 2000: 17), fol- lowing a sharp decline in world oil prices in 1986. Several liberalisation packages were introduced in 1986 to ease import and export procedures. They included a duty exemption and drawback scheme that allowed export-oriented fi rms to purchase imported inputs at international prices – the initial step towards an export-promoting path of industrialisation. But in addition to trade liberalisa- tion there had been some earlier fi scal reforms (such as tax reforms in 1983 and 1985) and exchange rate reforms (a devaluation in 1983). Soesastro (2006) dis- cusses these, and identi fi es liberalisation as commencing in 1982. Aswicahyono and Feridhanusetyawan (2004: 13) too have argued that microeconomic reform began in the period 1982–85, although they note that this reform was slower and less effective than the liberalisation of the mid-1980s. 4

Tourism is viewed as generator of foreign currency and investment. The contribution of tourism to economic growth is represented by steady growth of income from international tourist and international investment in term of infrastructure and complementary needs (Ansar 2016; Crescenzi 2012; Kim 2012; Mowforth and Munt 2015). The tourism industry which is shown in national and international tourism agent, international and national network hotels, and international and national food restourants, has become a major source of economic growth in developing countries (Ghaderi, and Henderson 2012; Palei 2015). Even though the contribution of tourism to economic growth is significant, managing globalization to yield more income especially for tourism sector remain a challenge for developing countries. Many developing countries struggle to manage demand and complimentary conditions (Kim 2012; Égert, Kozluk and Sutherland 2009). Lack of infrastructure is proven the major drawback of tourism development in developing countries (Harwood 2010). Therefore, necessary and sufficient pre-condition factors of tourism development will be investigated to foster tourism development. This study is important to map factors that determine international tourism destination management, especially in less-income countries.

Tommy Sulistyadi mendapatkan gelar sarjana Teknologi Pertanian dari Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto tahun 2004. Kemudian mendapat gelar Master of Arts dan Master of Economic Development program Master Linkage bidang Development Economic (Regional Development and International Development) di Universitas Gadjah Mada, DI. Yogyakarta dan International University of Japan, Jepang tahun 2012.

This research is motivated by learning to develop the overall capability of children group B TK pearl mother of fifty cities that still need to be improved learning. It is still seen that many children are still not fully developed. Therefore, developing children's overall capability in the right way, one of them by using holistic integrative approach. The purpose of this research is to know how to develop early childhood in an integrated and holistic with holistic integrative approach. Data were collected by interview in learning and documentation support.