DAO HOI VA Sir ANH HL/ONG DEN TRUNG DONG TRONG GIAI DOAN HIEN NAY
Hodng Giang^
T
dn giao la mdt ITnh vuc bet sire phong pbii, da dang nhung lai vd ciing nhay cam vii le nhi ddi cac ca nhan ciing nhu eae dan tdc tren the gidi.Tdn giao bao gdm nhieu loai hinh nhu Phat Giao. Do Thai giao bay Kilo giao...Hien nay. Hdi giao dang la mdl van de bet siic ndng bdng va thu bill sy quan lam ciia nhieu ngudi. dac biel la Hdi giao lai cac nudc Trung Ddng. Bai viet mudn dua ra mdt sd net khai quat ve dao Hdi vii anh huang cua nd lai khu vuc Trung Ddng.
1. Khai quat ve dao Hoi
Dao Hdi - mdl trong ba ldn giao Idn tren the gidi. cd sd tin dd hien nay len tdi 1 ly 300 trieu ngudi. Cimg vdi Kilo giao va Phat giao. Dao hdi da anh huong to ldn den lich su phat trien ciia xa hdi loai ngudi trong bang nghin nam qua. Dao Hdi gan lien vdi ten ludi nha sang lap Mohammed. Ong da sang lap ra dao Hdi tai tbanb Mecca nam 610 (nay thudc Arap Xeut) va dao Hdi khdng neirna ldn manh, cd tam anh huong den
Cpim uic \ iC'ii lap chi Ngiiien cuu Chau Phi va Trung Dong
nhieu qude gia tren the gidi, nbal lii cac nude Trung Ddng. Cting nhu cac tdn giao kbac, dao Hdi cung cd ba yeu td ca ban khdng tach rdi nhau, dd lii: Niem tin (tin ngudng), Hanh vi (nghi thirc). Ngi dung (giao ly), trong dd niem lin lii yeu Id quan trgng nhiit.
Giao ly Hdi giao tuang ddi dan gian nbimg luat le va nghi le rat phirc lap, nghiem kbac, ibam cbi lii khat khe. Giao ly ca ban eua Hdi giao lii Kinb Coran vi dd la nhung ldi ndi cua Mohammed dugc ghi lai \ii nhirng ldi day nav do tbanb Allah thdng qua thien sir Gabrien "khai thj" cho Mohammed.
Kinh Coran vd ciing phong pbii vdi 30 quyen, 114 chuang. ban 6200 liet, bao gdm nhimg lin ngudng, che do tdn giao cua dao Hdi, nhung ghi chep va tinh hinh xa hdi tren ban dao Arap duang thdi ciing vdi nhtrng chinh sach ve chu truang xa bdi, qu\ pham luan ly, dao dire. Giao ly Hdi giao bao gdm nhung diem ca ban sau:
+ Allah la dang tdi cao sinh ra irdi dtil.
+ Allah la dang ldi eao sinh ra mudn loiii trong dd cd con ngudi
22 Tgp chi nghien ciru I ' l l A l IMII A I I I I \ G » 0 > G so 07 (47) thang 7/2009
Dao Hoi va sUanh hudng den Trung Dong... Hoang Giang
+ Con ngudi binh dang trudc Allah nhung sd phan va tai nang tao nen su kbac nhau gitra nhiing con ngudi.
+ Sd phan con ngudi cd tinh djnb menh do Allah sap dat
+ Tin dd Hdi giao phai ludn ludn cd thai do diing: trong cdng ddng (Hdi giao) tbi phai kien nhan chju dyng, phuc timg Allah, doi vdi ngudi ngoai thi phai kien quyet bao ve mgi lgi ich cua Hdi giao.
+ Ve y ly: Khuyen bao con ngudi phai giu gin sire khoe.
+ Nhtrng ldi khuyen ve dao ly:
• Tdn thd than cao nbal la Allah
• Sdng nhan tir, do lugng
• Thudng phat cdng minh, trirng pbal chu yeu ddi vdi ke tbii.
• Kien dinh va nhan nai trong mgi Ibu thach
• Tin viio djnb menh vasu cdng minh cua Allah
• Cam mdl sd thiic iin: thjt heo, rugu bia va cac chat cd men
• Trung thuc
• Khdng tham cua, irdni cap
• Lam le va tuan thii cac nghi thirc Hdi giao.
Tin ngirdng Hoi gido:
+ Tin vao Allah: Day la ndi dung quan trgng cua dao Hdi. Theo Hdi giao, Allah la vj thiin duy nbal trong vu tru, ly sinh ra va bat tir. Allah sang tao ra the gidi va la cbiia te. Hdi giao khdng thd anh va lugng cua Allah vi bg quan niem Allah loa khap nai.
khdng mdt hinh tugng nao dii de the bien Allah.
+ Tin vao sir gia Mohammed: Giao ly Hdi giao cho riing Allah lirng cu nhieu sir gia den cac dan tdc kbac nhau. Cd 5 sii gia nhung
trong dd Mohammed lii sir gia eudi ciing mil Allah lua chgn. Dii\ ciing chinh la sir gia xuat sac nbal. Chi ed Mohammed lii dugc nhan nhirng ngdn luan eua .Allah mgt each day du nbal.
+ Tin vao Thien kinh: Bd Thien kinh mil Allah trao cho Mohammed la dav du nhat \ii la bd kinh dien cudi ciing. Dd la Kinb Coran.
Vi vay, Kinb Coran dudi con mat ngudi Hdi giao la kinh dien than tbanb duv nhat.
+ Tin va Thien sir:Tbien sir la do .Vllah tao ra. la mdl loai linh hdn. vd hinh trudc con ngudi. Mdi thien sir cd mdl nhiem \u.
Trong thien sir eiing cd su phan ehia eao thap. Cao nbal lii thien su' Gabrien. Con ngudi khdng phai phu phuc trude thien sir.
+ Tin \ a o hau the : Se cd ngav tan the.
Trong ngav- ay, mgi sinh linh se ket thiic de rdi tat ca sdng lai nhan su phan xet eua Allah. Dua vao bimh vi eua mdi ngui>i mil Allah quvet djnb eho len thien dux7ng hav xudng dja nguc.
Nglua Vll Hdi gido: He thdng ngliTa \u Hdi giao rat rgng va ehi tiet. dua viio Kinh Coran, sach thanh thiin, va ciie lin dd Hdi giao. Dd la niem, le, trai. khoa, trieu.
+ Niem: Tin dd phai thudng xuyen lung niem Ihiinh lin dieu co ban (Van \at khdng phai la Chiia, chi cd chan Chiia; .Mohammed la sir gia cua Chiia)
+ Le: Tire lii le bai. Cac lin dd phai hanh le ngay 5 lan (sang, irua, chieu. tdi va dem).
Thir 6 bang luan phai lam le tai thanh ducmg 1 lan vao budi trua. Trude khi lam le. tin dd phai rira mat, lay chan, quv xudng va hudng vao Kabab de eau ngu> en.
+ Trai: Tire la trai gidi. I'hang 9 theo lich Hdi giao la thang trai gidi cua Hdi giao.
Tgp chi nghien cdu CII At' PHI A TRI \ G » 0 > G sd 07 (47) thiing 7/2009
Hoang Giang Dao Hoi va sU anh hUdng den Trung Oong...
Trong thang nay, mgi ngudi khdng an udng.
khdng quan he linh due tir khi mat trdi mgc den khi mat trdi lan. trir mdl sd trudng hgp dac biel nhu phu nti cu thai, ngudi gia va tre em. Kel ihiic ihang nay la le pha bd su nhjn ddi. eac lin dd se ciing nhau cau nguyen. sau dd la lang qua cho nhau.
+ Khoa: Cac lin dd cd nghTa vu ddng gdp cho cac boat ddng tir thien. Sy ddng gdp dd cd the la ty nguyen, nhung cung cd khi la bat budc. dya vao lai san cua cac lin dd.
+ Trieu: Cac lin dd cd nghTa vu hanh huang ve Mecca il nbal mdl lan trong ddi trong thang 12 theo lich dao Hdi.
Vdi giao ly tren. dao Hdi da thich nghi.
ben re. ldn lai lau dai va da thyc sy trd thanh nhu cau ve ddi sdng tam linb cua tin dd Hdi giao tren the gidi. Giao ly dao Hdi da thyc su chi phdi va anh huong sau sac den ddi sdng cua hg.
Sau khi ra ddi va trai qua gan 14 the ky day nhung bien ddng ciia ljch sir. dao Hdi da cd nbu'ng anh hudng. lac ddng lo ldn den ddi sdng kinh le-chinb tri- v an boa cua cac nudc, nhat la cac nudc Trung Ddng.
2. Anh hudng cua Hoi giao doi vdi Trung Dong
Trung Ddng (hay cdn ggi la khu vuc Tay A) bao gdm cac nudc Bahrain. Ai Cap. Iran.
Israel. Jordan. Kuwait. Liban. cac viing lanh thd Palestine. Oman, Qatar, Arap Xeut, Sudan. Syria, cac Tieu vuong qudc Arap Thdng nbal. Kuwait. Yemen, nhung Afghanistan va lay Pakistan cung ihudng dugc linh gdp vao dd vi mdi quan he gan giii vd mat siic tdc va ldn giao. Trung Ddng giir mdl \i tri chien luge cue kv quan Irgng: ed ngudn dau md bet sire phong phii (chiem ban 2/3 trir lugng diiu loan Ihe gidi), lai nam d
cira ngd cua chau A, chau Au, chiiu Phi \a vdi kenh dao Xuve - dau mdi giao thdng van tai quan trgng nbal ciia loan the gidi. Trung Ddng cdn dugc biet den nhu cai ndi van minh ciia lich su loai ngudi gan lien vdi nen van minh Ludng Ha cd dai.
Trung Ddng ciing la nai sinh ra ba ldn giao Idn cua lich sir loai ngudi. Irong dd cd dao Hdi. Hdi giao ngav' tir khi ra ddi a Ibe ky thir VII da co nhung anh hudng ro ret den ddi sdng xa bdi viing Trung Ddng. Toan vimg Trung Ddng da dat ldi dinh cao cua sy phat trien lir the ky thii' VIII den the ky ibir XIIE Ljch su da ggi thdi ky nay la "thai dai Hoang Kim" ciia nbtmg ngudi Hdi giao Trung Ddng. Vao thdi dd. nhirng ngudi Arap rat ham chudng van hda Hy Lap cd dai. Hg chii trgng nghien ciru den loan hgc va thien van bgc. khoa hge thyc nghiem. Hg da thuc bien ldi day cua Mohammed Irong Kinh Coran:
"Ai bo nhd di tim sir hiiu biit Id di dung con dicang cua Chua. Lgy Chiia! Xin ngdi hdy ban them sir hieu biit cho con".
Diiu thd ky thir VIII, a Baghdad - thu dd ciia Iraq da xay dung mdl trong nhu'ng trudng dai bgc dau lien tren the gidi.
Baghdad da tra tbanb mdl trung tam van boa ldn nhat the gidi. Den dau the ky thir IX. cac tac pham cua Arislole va Platon dii dugc djeh sang tieng Arap. tir gitia den cudi the kv thir IX, sach y khoa va sach ve thien van va dja ly cQng da dugc djeh sang tieng Arap va phd bien trong loan viing Trung Ddng.
Trong khi dd. nhtrng cudn sach cua nen \an minh Hy Lap d chau Au da bj Giao bdi Cdng giao vil de qudc La Ma ra sire thu bdi vii ddt bo. buy diet. Qua day. chiing ta cd the khang djnh rang: dudi lac ddng ciia dao Hdi. ngudi Trung Ddng dii cd cdng lao rat kin trong \ iec
24 Tgp chi nghien cuu CTI.Al IMII A I'lllAG »0.\G so 07 (47) thang 7/2009
Oao Hoi va sU anh hudng den Trung Dong.. Hoang Giang
giir gin kho timg kien thirc vd gia cua Hy Lap thai cd dai cho nhan loai sau nay. Hg da dat dugc nhung thanh tuu van minh rye rd tren cac ITnb vye. ke ca tu nhien. xa bdi va y hgc. Lich su van minh nhan loai khdng thg quen nbtmg phat minh Idn ciia ngudi Hoi giao Trung Ddng thdi bay gid nhu :phat minh ra may Astrolaple diing de do do cao cua cac thien the, nam 1166 ve ban dd the gidi binh cau tuong ddi chinh xae. che lao ddng hd qua lac de xem gid. Ben canh dd.
nha khoa hgc Hdi giaa Albazen la ngudi dau lien tren the gidi giai Ibicb hien lugng cau vdng, bay trong y hgc, ngudi Hdi giao la nhtrng ngudi pbal minh ra bien phap phau thuat va ddng gdp to Idn cho nen y hgc nhan loai. Ngoai ra, trong van bgc, ngudi Hdi giao cung ddng gdp cho kho tang van bgc the gidi bg iruyen vT dai '"Nghin le mdl dem". Tac pham nay dd dugc djeh ra bang rat nhieu thir lieng tren the gidi. Ve kien triic, ngudi Arap Hdi giao la nhung ngudi pbal minh ra each .\ii\ nhirng chiec vdm nhgn diiu lii' the ky thii' VIII de kien tao ra nhiing chiec cau bac qua sdng va ngudi chau Au sau nay da bat chudc de lap ra khdi kien Iriic Gothic.
Qua nhirng ddng gdp lo Idn nhu vay, chiing la kham phuc thai do ham chudng bgc hoi va sang lao ciia nhung ngudi Hdi Giao Irung Ddng trong giai doan lir the ky thir VIII dim the ky XIll.
Tir nhung dieu tren. chiing la thav Trung Ddng Hdi giao dii dat den thdi ky boang kim cua nen viin minh tir the ky thir VIII den the kv thir Xlll. Sau dd. trai qua sau cugc Thap Tu Chinh dam miiu dien ra giin bai the ky.
him het eae nudc i rung Ddng da bi tim pha.
huy diet \ii lam vao linb Irang siiv' thoai ve mgi mat. Tidp theo dai boa eiia Thap Tu Chinh. Trung Ddng lai bj tham boa lir Mdng Cd. lir euoi the kv thir XIV den cudi the
XV. quan Mdng Cd hai lan trim tdi lim pha cac thanh phd \ii huv diet con ngudi.
Baghdad \ a Mecca cbi edn la nhimg ddng gach vun vdi nhimg xae chet la liet tren cac neo dudng. Sau dd ljch su Trung Ddng lai liep luc trai qua nhung tham boa tan cdng \ a ap birc dd bd lir de qude Hdi giao Ottoman cua Thd NhT Kv lir nam 1467 cho den dau the ky ihir XIX. Tir the ky XIX d^n ddu ihl ky XX. nhieu nudc Hdi giao Trung Ddng lai lan lugt rai vao su ap birc eua ibuc dan Anh vil Phap. Tir nhung su kien neu \an tiii a Iren, ehiing la lha\ xa hdi Trung Ddng Hdi giao da trai qua gan tam the k\ bi eae the luc ngoai bang tan pha. dd hd \ a liim huv diet di nen van minh. Do dd, sau kbi eac nudc Hdi giao Trung Ddng giiinh dugc ddc lap ihi dai da sd dan ebiing Trung Ddng mil chir, xa hcii Aap suy thoai \ e mgi mat.
Su tra lai Trung Ddng \iio niim 194(S cua ngudi Israel kim eho tinh hinh Irung Ddng ibcMii cimg thiing. Sau hai ngii> nhii nude Do Thiii Israel duge thiinh liip. chien tranh giira Israel va cac nudc the gidi Ariip biit diiu nd ra. Tir dd. nd danh diiu su bal niiin gav gal cua the gidi Arap \di nhirng ngudi Do Ibai Israel, vdi My vii ciic nudc phuang lav.
Viec Israel tan cdng chiem ddng thiinh phd Jerusalem liim thu dd rieng eua minh viio nam 1967 dii liim cho the gidi Hdi giao vd ciing phan no. Nhin lai lieh su Trung Ddng lir kbi ed nha nude Do Thai Israel ra ddi nam
1948 tbi Trung Ddng that su lii chao lua ndng bdng cua the gidi vdi cac cude chien tranh dien ra lien mien. Dd lii cugc chien Iranb giir ddc liip cua nhii nudc Do Ihai niim
1948, eudc chien tranh Kenh diio Xuve niim 1956, eudc chien tranh sau ngii\ cua nhii nude Do Thai tiin cdng lien minh cac nude Arap niim 1967 lam cho cac nudc Arap phai bal nud thua ea\ diing trirdc nhii nudc Do
Tgp chi nghien ciru €11 \ r IMII A Till \ G »0>G sd 07 (47) thang 7/2009 25
Hoang Giang Dao Hoi va sU anh hUdng den Trung Dong...
Thai. Nam 1973, Trung Ddng lai xay ra chien tranh khi cac nudc Hdi giao Trung Ddng di dau la Ai Cap va Syria bat ngd tan cdng Israel vdi muc dich tieu diet nha nudc Do Thai de tra Ihii. Song, hg lai mdl lan nua that bai irudc nha nudc Do Thai Israel dugc su bau ihuan ldn cua phuang Tay va My. Vi vay, sy thii ban ciia nhiing ngudi Hdi giao Trung Ddng vdi ngudi Do Thai Israel va My cang len cao. Cting lir cugc chien nay, cac nudc Arap da lim ra mdl ihir "vu khi"" mdi gay sire ep vdi phuang Ta\. dd la viec cam van dau md ddi vdi cac nudc iing bd Israel lir thang 10/ 1973 khien cho cac nudc na\' gap rat nhieu khd khan. Chinh viec nay cang gay cang ihang giiia cac qudc gia Hdi giao Trung Ddng vdi the gidi ben ngoai.
Ngay nay. the gidi phai ddi mat vdi nhieu van de va mdl trong nhung van de ndi len hang dau dd chinh lii chu nghia khung bd.
xung dot sac tdc. tdn giao. Ben canh dd. mdt sd td chue Hdi giao eye doan Idn cd cac boat ddng khiing bd cung cd ngudn gdc d Trung Ddng. Dd la: td chirc Ankeda. td chirc Taliban, nhdm tbanb chien Hdi giao EU d Ai Cap. Den nay. so vdi the gidi tbi nhieu nudc Trung Ddng van thua kem \ e nliieu ITnh vuc.
Nen kinb le cua Trung Ddng chu yeu dua vao xuat khau dau thd, irong khi dd dau thd lai cbi cd nhieu a mdt sd nudc viing Vjnh nhu Arap Xeut, Qatar. Kuwait, cac Tieu vuong qudc Arap thdng nhat. Iran. Israel.
Toan bd kim ngach xuat khau eiia the gidi Arap (khdng linb den dau thd) chi bang rieng dat nudc Ha Lan. Nhan dan cua nhieu nudc Hdi giao Trung Ddng sdng d mirc ngheo khd. trir mdl sd nudc nhu Arap Xeut, Qatar , Kuwait, cac Tieu vuong qudc Arap Thdng nbSt. Cac nudc nay cd mirc GDP dau ngudi kha cao nhung tdng dan sd cua cac nudc niiy
cbl khoang 40 irieu ngudi. chiem khoang 13.3% dan sd toan viing Trung Ddng. sdng chii yeu dya vao xuat khau dau md. Khu \ uc Hdi giao Tmng Ddng chu yeu van d trong tinh irang khd khan ve kinb le. bat dn. chien tranh. xung dot sac lgc. xung dot tdn giao.
khung bd. ndi chien. cd lap vdi the gidi ben ngoai. Trong nhieu thap ky qua. khu vye nay ludn la diem ndng ve sy bat dn. Nguyen nhan cd nhieu nhung ndi bat la nhirng mau thuan tdn giao tir ben irong va sy can thiep cua cae nudc ldn tir ben ngoai.
• f
Cho den nam 2008. lai nudc My. img cu vien tdng thdng cua Dang Dan Chu B.O-ba- ma da gianh chien thang vang ddi trudc ddi thil J.Mac-ken ciia dang Cdng Hoa. tro thanh Tdng thdng da mau dau lien trong ljch su nude My. Ong dd ibuc bien nhieu chinh sach ngoai giao dn hoii vdi cac nudc Trung Ddng.
kbac ban so vdi nhung ngirdi lien nhiem. Su kien ngoai giao dac biel chinh la chuyen cdng du Trung Ddng cua ldng thdng My B.O-ba-ma vdi muc lieu boa giai nhtrng bal ddng trong quan be gitra My vdi the gidi Hdi Giao. giai quyel nhtrng bat dn a Trung Ddng nhu quan he cang thang gitra Israel vdi the gidi Hdi giao Arap. Ben canh dd. dng cung ibiic day viec thyc hien nhirng muc lieu chien luge ciia My a Trung Ddng. dd la su dn djnh d Iraq va kiem che Iran. Qua nhtrng nd luc mdi day thien chi cua tdng thdng B.O-ba-ma, the gidi by vgng nhung bat dn a Trung Ddng ma nguyen nhan chinh la su kbac biel. dd ky ve tdn giao gitra dao Hdi va Do Thai, gitra the gidi Hdi Giao Arap vdi My va phuang Tay se dugc giai quyel.
Ngudi la cung hy vgng linh binh Irung Ddng se idt dep hon. cugc sdng cua ngudi diin se duac tu do. dan chu hc7n.
Tgp chi nghien cdu CII.Al I M I i A T i l l .\C » d : \ G so 07 (47) thang 7/2009
