LICH SU - VAN HOA - XA HOI CHAU AU
DI€M LRI QURN H€ HNH - MV THOI GOnDON BROUJN
^Difc Minh Hoai Phirong
Cong tdc vien Tap chi Nghien cii'u Chdu A u Neu viet ve quan he giira Anh va Hoa
Ky khi Tony Blair va George W. Bush cdn cam quyen thi qua sdm, nhung bay gid ta da cd the diem lai su khac biet gifla Thu tudng Gordon Brown vdi ngudi tien nhiem ve quan he giua hai nudc cung nbu gifla dng vdi ngudi dung dau nude My luc George W.
Bush ehua man nhiem. Nhung ngudi ta dat cau hdi, lieu Anh cd the than My trong khi chdng lai ngudi cam quyen nudc dd khdng?
Vi Gordon Brown trudc nam 2009 thay chinh phu Bush sap het nhiem ky, dang dem tung ngay chd rut lui, nen da lanh nhat vdi nudc My, ket qua la bj hai nha lanh dao mdi cua Phap va Disc vugt mat trong nd lire thu hilt su chii y cua My. Dap lai thai do lanh liing ciia chinh phu Brown, nudc My cflng chang man ma vdi Anh.
O Hoa Ky, chinh quyen Bush luc chua man nhiem da ed dau hieu met mdi va bat lire, mat uy tin trong nude va ben ngoai, nhieu cd gang dat muc tieu nhd hinh nhu cung that bai. Cac ddi thu cua Tdng thdng chan nan den mirc chd dng ra di chir khdng duong dau vdi dng true tiep. Trong chuyen
cdng du chau Au mua he 2008, Tdng thdng Bush khdng dugc cdng chung hoan nghenh ndng nhiet nhu dng Barack Obama d Berlin.
Thugng nghj sT Mc Cain cung xa lanh Tdng thdng Bush. Va cho dii Mc Cain thang cu trong cudc bau tdng thdng vua qua va tiep tuc theo dudi mdt vai chinh sach cu, thi dng cflng thay ddi thanh phan Chinh phii va each tiep can. Ong Bush hinh nhu tap trung vao viec trd ve Texas, va dii thdi gian cam quyen ciia dng luc dd chua bet, ngudi ta da d thdi ky hau Bush.
Tai nudc Anh, cdng chung cung cd cam giac dang d thdi ky hau Blair trudc khi dng Tony Blair ra di ngay 27/6/2007. Cam giae ve ehinh sach ddi ngoai that bai, do Tony Blair ung hd cudc tan cdng ciia My d Iraq, la dau hieu mong mudn thay ddi quan he vdi Washington. Mac dau ngudi ke nhiem Tony Blair la mgt ddng su lau nam, va tuy nhieu bd trudng va chinh sach cua ndi cac khdng thay ddi, ngudi ta da cam thay quan he vdi Hoa Ky khdng cdn nhu cfl. Ket qua la, thdi gian dng Brown lam Thu tudng dung la thdi ky hau Blair trong quan he Anh - My cung
4^ NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (107).2009
nhu trong quan he giua Brown vdi Bush.
Chinh phu Brown cd gang phat tin hieu ve quan he thay ddi gifla hai nude nham td rd minh khdng theo chu truong ddi ngoai cua Tony Blair.
Nhieu ngu'di d Anh nhac di nhac lai rang Tony Blair la ke theo dudi George W.
Bush. Ong Blair la ngudi benh vuc viec dung vu luc d Kosovo va Sierra Leone tham chi trudc khi dng Bush duge bau lam Tdng thdng. Va du Blair khdng thuc bach tin cdng Iraq, thi dng van iing hd viec giai quyet mdi de dga tieu bieu d Saddam Hussein. Chinh sach ddi ngoai cua Tony Blair dugc thuc day bang y dng mudn lam "cau ndi" giira My vdi chau Au, nhung trong khi quan he rieng gifla dng vdi Tdng thdng My lue do tieu bilu cho su thdng nhat ve gia trj va niem tin, thi quan he rdng rai hon gifla nude Anh va nudc My, hay gifl'a du luan d Anh vdi chinh sach ciia My, lai chang phai nhu vay. Q chau Au, cdng chung hau nhu khdng ung hg cugc chien tranh Iraq.
Trong thdi gian sap bung nd chiln tranh, Tony Blair cd gang thuyit phuc chinh quyen Bush theo mdt dudng Idi da phuong va ngoai giao. Luc khdng thuyit phuc dugc va chien tranh the nao cung xay ra, thi dng mudn Bush bao dam, de dap lai su ung hd cua Anh, rang viec tai thilt Iraq se dugc coi trgng va dugc giai quylt cd trach nhiem, rang nhfl'ng cdng viec cin xu ly d Iraq se cd su tham gia ciia Lien hgp qudc, va Bush se
giai quyet van de Israel-Palestine. Nhung cac yeu cau nay cua Blair hau nhu khdng dugc thuc hien, cho thay dng khdng cdn may anh hudng. Chinh sach cua dng bj ehi trich vi nd khdng dem lai Igi the nao cho nudc Anh trong khi lam tdn hai quan he va vj tri cua Anh d chau Au.
Tony Blair mudn can bang ve chinh trj, cd gang vua lam ngudi ban tdt nhat cua Hoa Ky, vu'a la mgt ngudi chau Au tan tuy, nhung chu truong nay da that bai trong cudc khung hoang Iraq. Luc Blair ung hg vd dieu kien cugc xam luge cua Israel d Lebanon nam 2006, dieu do da bao trudc each nhin cua dng ve ddi ngoai sap ket thuc. Do dng that bai ve chinh trj, nen nhieu ngudi suy doan ve chinh sach ma ngudi ke nhiem dng se thi hanh trong quan he giua Anh va My.
Su ra di cua Tony Blair cd bao trudc mdt dudng Idi md'i trong quan he gifla hai nudc khdng?
Chinh sach cua Thii tuotig Gordon Brown
Ngudi ta it biet quan dilm cua Gordon Brown ve ddi ngoai trudc khi dng lam thu tu'dng. Ong gan gui vdi Hoa Ky vl van hda hon vdi chau Au, nhung it ung hg chinh sach ddi ngoai cua ngudi My. Ddi vdi ca chau Au va My, dng mudn dat quyen Igi qudc gia vao trung tam chinh sach ddi ngoai. Phat bilu nam 2003, dng khang djnh rang, bang each dau tranh cho cac gia trj cua nudc Anh, nudc.
do khdng phai chi la mgt chiec cau gifl'a chau
ff)ient tai quan he. 43
Au va My. Cae gia trj ciia Anh se "bien chimg ta thdnh nggn hdi ddng cho chdu Au, My vd cdc nudc khdc " . Dieu Brown djnh ndi trong ldi tuyen bd nay la y dng mudn cd chuong trinh ddi ngoai cua rieng minh. Nudc Anh se la nggn hai dang chu' khdng phai mdt cai cau, vi hai dang du'ng va tda sang, chu khdng phai cai cau nam va bj budc len. Q doan khac, dng ndi rang 'Igi ich qudc gia ciia Anh Id dieu tdi vd eac ddng su ciia toi
. . ..2
quan tam .
Nhung tuy mudn chung td sir khac biet giua minh vdi ngudi tien nhiem trong cae uu tien ddi ngoai. Brown cung nhan biet gidi ban cua bdi canh chinh trj. Chirc vu cao cua dng d ngi cac Tony Blair rd rang ban che kha nang dng tu' bd mgt khia canh co ban nao do trong chinh sach ddi ngoai hien thdi ciia Anh. Chinh sach ciia My d Iraq cd the bj chinh phu Anh coi la mdt tai hga ve chien luge, nhung Brown cd phan trong tdi Idi tap thi ddi vdi cac sir kien tai dd, va cd trach nhiem ddng gdp vao tuong lai nudc nay.
Hoan canh qudc tl da thay ddi luc Brown len cim quyen. Cac dien vien chinh trong canh dien nam 2003 hau bet da rdi khdi san khiu, ban than dng Bush bj coi la mdt Tong thong sap man nhiem. No luc rd ret nhit cua Brown nham bao hieu la minh khac Blair trong quan he vdi Hoa Ky the hien trong viec dng bd nhiem cac thanh vien
' Paul Waugh, US relationship challenged by Gordon Brown, Independent, 29 Sept. 2003.
" Toby Helm. Brown to end Blair's terror strategy.
Daily Telegraph. 9 Jan. 2007.
cua ndi cae mdi. Ong de bat nhung ngudi kjch liet chi trich cudc tan cdng Iraq nhu John Denham (ngudi rdi bd ndi cac Blair de phan ddi tan cdng Iraq) va David Miliband (ngudi chi trich chinh sach cua Anh d Iraq va Lebanon). Ong cdn dua nguyen Phd tdng thu ky Lien hgp qudc Mark Malloch Brown, ngudi thang thd'ng chi trich chinh phu My, vao vj tri Ngoai trudng. Dgng thai dd lam Nha Trang rat e ngai, vi viec bd nhiem Malloch Brown chang lam dju bdt khuynh hu'dng ndi thang cua vj nay: dng ta keu ggi Hoa Ky true tiep thuong lugng vdi hai phong trao Hamas va Hezbollah d Iraq.
Brown cflng de cac bd trudng cua dng phe phan chinh sach ddi ngoai ma Hoa Ky thi hanh d thdi George W. Bush. Thi du, Margaret Beckett dugc phep phat bieu d Washington, keu ggi buy bd hoan toan vfl khi hat nhan. Douglas Alexander, Qudc vu khanh vl Phat trien Qudc te, cdng kich chinh sach cua Hoa Ky trong mdt bai ndi chuyen tai Hdi ddng Quan he Ddi ngoai. Ong Alexander khang djnh: "O thi ky 20, sue mgnh cua mgt nudc thudng dugc do d cdi gi nd cd the phd hiiy. Trong the ky 21, sire manh nen dugc do bdng cdi gi chung ta cd thi cimg nhau xdy dung. Vd vi the chiing la phdi thdnh lap nhirng lien minh mdi dua tren gid tri chung... " Ong ndi them: "Chiing ta cdn chimg minh bdng viic ldm, ldi ndi vd hdnh dgng rdng chimg ta theo xu hudng quoc te chu khdng biet lap, theo xu hudng da phuang chit khdng dan phucmg, lich cue chir
44 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (107).2009
khdng tiiu cue, vd dugc thitc day bdng nhimg gid tri cdt loi dugc dp dung mgt cdch nhdt qudn chir khdng phdi nhirng lgi ich dgc bief\
Y dd ro nhat cua Thu tudng Brown dugc phoi bay tai cudc gap go dau tien vdi Tdng thdng Bush d trai David. Cugc gap chi dugc thuc hien sau khi Brown gap cac ngudi ddng nhiem Phap va Due, Nicolas Sarkozy va Angela Merkel, nhu vay ha thap quan he Anh - My. Day chang phai la chi trich true tiep ma la tin hieu gian tiep cbo nhung ngudi iing hg dng rang mgi su da thay ddi tii' khi Tony Blair thdi giu chuc vu. Nhung Dai sir quan Anh tai Washington dugc lenh ndi rang su xuc pham nao cung khdng phai la cd y.
Ve chinh sach, nen tang eiia quan he van the, hgp tac quan su va tinh bao chat che van tiep tuc, va su thdng nhat quan diem ve nhieu van de qudc te van khdng ddi. Chi cd ve van de Iraq mdi cd su thay ddi Idn ve chinh sach.
Tuy nhien, trai vdi viec My tang them quan, ehinh phu Anh thdng bao y djnh cat giam sir cd mat d tinh Basra cua Iraq. Y nghTa ldi thdng bao nay da rd: Ong Brown dang xa lanh hoat dgng tai Iraq.
Nhung khdng gidng chinh sach cua Thu tu'dng Y Romano Prodi, ngudi da rut quan khdi Iraq ngay sau khi len nham chirc nam 2006, nd luc ciia Anh dugc giam din ca vl quy md Ian muc dich. Qua thuc. Brown tim
Patrick Wintour and Julian Borger, Brown message lo US: it's time lo build, not destroy: minister signals foreign policy shift ahead of PM's Washington trip.
Guardian, 13 July 2007.
each bu lai viec riit quan tai Iraq bang each thdng bao tang them quan Anh d Afghanistan. Dieu nay cd ve dugc tinh toan de bao hieu ti'nh chat nudc ddi ve chinh trj cua chinh phu trong viec ung hd hanh dgng quan su d Iraq, ddng thdi de chung minh rang nudc Anh la mgt ddng minh trung thanh nhung khdng mudn hd trg dng Bush trong cudc chien tranh nay.
Tuy vay. Brown nhan manh su iing hd chinh sach cua My trong nhflng ITnh vuc khac. Ong thdng bao rang ddi vdi Iran, nudc Anh "se dan dau trong viec dm kiem nhung each trung phat cung ran hon ca d Lien hgp qudc Ian tai Lien minh Chau Au, ke ca dau tu ve dau khi va khu vuc tai chinh". Ong ndi them: Iran "dung nen nghi ngd tinh nghiem chinh cua muc dich chung tdi"''. Anh van la nudc vien trg Idn nhat cho Iraq va Afghanistan sau Hoa Ky, va la ddng minh than can nhat cua My trong nhieu ITnh vuc khac.
Khi thi hanh chinh sach nay, Brown bj chi trich tu' phia ta vi khdng di xa hon trong viec tu bd lap trudng ung hg Bush cua Blair.
Mgt vien nghien cuu keu ggi Brown: Vut bd
"cac yeu td cdt Idi trong each tiep can cua Blair ddi vdi cac van de qudc te, ndi chuyen nghiem chinh vdi Syria hoac Iran vl vin dl Iraq"; Ngung tay chay vl kinh tl dai Gaza va Bd Tay, ap dung "sire ep nghiem khac ddi vdi Israel"; Thi hanh chinh sach ddi ngoai
nt.
lOient tui quan hi... 45
"dua tren cac gia trj" bang each cdng tae mat thiet hon vdi cac ddi tac chau Au. Cach lam do rd rang khdng phu hgp vdi lap trudng cua Brown ddi vdi Hoa Ky, mdt lap trudng tuong iing vdi sir thda hiep giu'a hai thai do ddi lap nhau, gidng nhu dja vj bat binh thudng cua luc lugng Anh tai Basra: tiep tuc ehinh sach cfl nhung rut bdt mdt phan. Anh vin cd mat tai Iraq, nhung vdi mgt vai trd thap hon: d day nhung khdng d day, khdng hoan toan rut lui nhung khdng hoan toan dinh liu, luong lu va do du. Trong chinh sach ddi vdi Hoa Ky, chinh phu dirng giua hai thai cue, chdng Bush nhung than My.
Dieu dac biet ky dj ve lap trudng nay la bdi canh thdi gian cua nd. Ddi vdi Iran, nudc My da chap nhan con dudng ngoai giao do EU dan dau, cu' phai vien cao cap den du cudc thao luan do EU khdi xudng nam 2008.
Trong chuyen cdng du den London thang 6/2008, Bush lap luan vdi mdt chut mia mai:
"Mdt trong nhung dieu tdi se de lai la xu hu'dng da phuong de xu ly cac bao chua, de cho cae van de dugc giai quyet bang ngoai giao"^ Thanh phin ehinh quyen My cung thay ddi: Rumsfeld di khdi Lau nam gdc, Phd tdng thdng Cheney hi cd lap hon, va Ngoai trudng Condoleezaa Rice mac trong qua trinh hda binh tai Trung Ddng. Nhung mac dau cd sir thay ddi dd, Thii tudng Brown van thi hanh chinh sach tir nam 2007 dudng nhu edn dnam 2003.
^ Ann Treneman, George Bush goes unplugged for the final leg of his farewell tour. The Times, 17 June
2008.
Viec dd dan tdi mdt trong nhung dieu ky quae cua dnh hudng hien nay. Nudc Anh ung hd Bush trong cudc chien tranh eua dng ta, nhung ed the khdng dugc My triu men bang Phap va Due, nhung nudc cdng khai len an cudc chien tranh dd. Giua nam 2007, Phap va Due da bau nhung nha lanh dao mdi thay the Jacques Chirac va Gerhard Schroder, xay dung lai quan he vdi Washington. Ba Angela Merkel d Due the chan dng Schroder true tinh va phi ngoai giao, trong khi ngudi ke nhiem Tdng thdng Chirac cua Phap la Nicolas Sarkozy, ngudi thien ve mdt chieu hudng chinh trj qudc te thuc dung, ke ca ke hoach dua nudc Phap trd lai CO cau quan su hgp nhat cua NATO. Ket qua la, phan ung tieu cue mudn man ciia Anh d thdi Gordon Brown ddi vdi Bush va ehinh sach Iraq cua dng nay cd ve khdng khdp vdi cac nudc khac tai chau Au, khdng hieu rang thdi gian da trdi di.
Ddi vdi nhieu nha quan sat Hoa Ky, Brown cd ve mudn trd lai nhflng nam thang cua Tony Blair, va hanh dgng theo each khac, nhung dieu dd hinh nhu vd ich. Nhieu ngudi chau Au cho ring y dinh dd mudn qua, va ching giup gi cho khdng khi hda giai.
Hinh nhu Brown gia djnh rang ehinh quyen Bush khdng cdn nua, chinh sach ciia Brown cd ve dugc nhim dl phat tin hieu cho dang Dan chu ddi lap d Hoa Ky, mong chd hg thing Igi trong eude bau cu Tdng thdng va Quoc hgi thang 11/2008. Tuy vay, trong khi choi trd nay, Brown da giam quan he vdi
46
NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (107).2009chinh phu My luc dd, mac dau ehinh phu dd cdn cam quyen den thang 1/2009.
Nhieu ngudi dat eau hdi giai doan nay ndi len dieu gi ve quan he Anh - My. Co le cau hdi dd cdn dang quan tam hon tac ddng cua chien luge do Brown thuc hien ddi vdi mdi lien he giua London va Washington.
Chac chan quan he kem than mat va gan gui gifla Thu tudng Anh va Tdng thdng My da de lai mdt khoang each ma nguyen thii mdi cua Phap la Sarkozy nhanh chdng lap day.
Vdi ngdn tu' gay thien cam, dng Sarkozy da trd thanh mdt "Tony Blair mdi" ddi vdi Hoa Ky. Ket qua, trong chuyen cdng du chau Au de tir biet chinh trudng, dng Bush da nghi lai hai dem d Paris so vdi mdt dem tai London, va dung thu dd nudc Phap de dgc bai dien van quan trgng nhat ciia chuyen di, trong dd dng ggi Phap la "ngudi ban thu' nhat cua My". Theo Idi mdt nha ngoai giao My, Sarkozy hien gid la "true chinh ciia quan he gifla chiing ta vdi chau Au". Dieu nay hoi khac vdi 5 nam trudc day, vi "bang gia da tan" ddi vdi nude Phap. Mdt ngudi phat ngdn cua chinh phu Phap ndi: "Chung tdi mudn chung td su ndng am hien nay gifla hai nudc sau vu va cham gan day"*^.
Quan he Phap - My ma Sarkozy bien ddi cung minh hga xuat sac cho tac dgng ma su thay ddi ngudi lanh dao tao ra. Paris cai thien quan he vdi Washington chang phai vi
Baldwin and Bremmer, Afters years of the special relationship, is France America's new best friend?.
The Times. 14 June 2008.
tap trung vao quan he song phuong, ma bang quan niem lai toan bd each tiep can cua nude Phap ddi vdi vai trd qudc te cua nd. Khdng gidng Brown, dng Sarkozy thuc hien mdt chuong trinh ddi ngoai day tham vgng, khi dng thi hanh mgt sd sang kien nhan danh ca Phap lin chau Au ndi chung. Cudc hgp thugng dinh Dja Trung Hai tai Paris thanh cdng trong viee dua cac nha lanh dao Palestine, Syria va Israel ngdi vao vdi nhau, va lam cho qua trinh hda binh Trung Ddng khdi sac. Ddng thdi, Sarkozy thdng bao trong chuyen cdng du cac nudc vung Vjnh rang, Phap du kien thiet lap mdt can cu quan sir thudng xuyen d cac Vuong qudc Arap Thdng nhat nam 2009. Day la mgt cd gang nang cao vai trd qudc te ciia Phap, va lam cho Washington nhan ra quan diem toan cau cua Paris.
Sarkozy da rut ra mgt bai hgc tfl' cugc tham bai Iraq, cugc tham bai hinh nhu khdng cdn tac dgng den chinh phu Brown, tuc la neu cac nude chau Au chia re nhau vi Hoa Ky thi dirng hy vgng xay dung mgt chau Au thdng nhat. Sarkozy nghT rang, dng da dem lai cho ehau Au mgt vai trd Idn hon bang each xich gan Hoa Ky. Tuy chang phai bao gid cung tan thanh dudng Idi ngoai giao eiia Phap, nhung Washington da td rd xu hudng de cho Paris thuc hien sang kien ngoai giao ddi vdi mgt sd van de. Dang chii y nhat, chinh Sarkozy da dan dau trong viec thuong lugng mgt thda thuan ngung ban khi quan dgi Nga xung dot vdi luc lugng Gruzia thang
IDtim tat quan hi... 47
8/2009, luc Phap lam Chii tjch Hdi ddng Chau Au. Trong khi Gordon Brown ddi ngudi Nga tra gia cho hanh dgng cua hg d Gruzia, thi Phap da lam trung gian thu xep cac dieu khoan eua cugc thucmg lugng ma tat ca eac ben trong khu vuc cd the chap nhan.
Hoa Ky tan thanh vai trd cam dau nay trong cudc thuong lugng hda binh, va thdng bao rang Washington khdng cd ke hoach thuc hien mdt hanh dgng trung phat don phuong ddi vdi Nga. Chinh phu Nga cung vui Idng thuong lugng vdi Phap hon nghe Washington va London phan ddi, dieu ma Moskva coi la dao due gia sau khi My xam luge Iraq nam 2003. Nhu vay Phap da thay the Anh lam ddi tac hang dau cua My d chau Au sau khi ehinh sach ddi ngoai cua Anh bien ddi dudi thdi Brown.
Dieu nay cho ta biet gi ve quan he Anh - My. Hinh nhu su hgp tac ve qudc phdng va tinh bao dugc thuc hien khac vdi quan he ca nhan giira hai nha lanh dao chinh trj, hinh nhu khdng the tach quan he vdi mgt nha lanh dao khdi quan he vdi mgt nha nude. Tir kinh nghiem gan day, ta thay nudc Anh cd ve rat tan tuy vdi viec giai quyet cac van de Iraq, Afghanistan, qua trinh hda binh Trung Ddng, va xay dung mdt che do triing phat Iran.
Nhung d nhieu trudng hgp, nhu trudng hgp nudc Phap dudi thdi Sarkozy, mdt ke da bd hang ngfl nay da trd ve lai dugc chao mung ndng nhiet hon mdt ngudi anh em chung thiiy. Sarkozy da mudn dua nudc Phap trd lai CO cau chi huy hgp nhat cua NATO, va nudc
Anh tuy cam ket chi nhieu tien hon bat cu nudc nao (ngoai Hoa Ky) vao cdng cudc tai thiet Afghanistan, nhung dieu dd khdng quan trgng ddi vdi Bush bang ldi Sarkozy tuyen bd: "Chiing ta khdng the nhugng bd nhirng ke tra tdn". Dieu trai ngugc nay lam nay ra cau hdi, quan he giua Hoa Ky vdi chau Au chju anh hudng den muc nao ciia quan he ca nhan. Chinh phu Brown da chi trich chinh quyen Bush, trong khi Tdng thdng mdi ciia nudc Phap td ra than thien, dua them quan sang Afghanistan va de cap den viec trd lai NATO.
Vai trd cua thdi gian cung la mgt van de nay ra tu tinh the bat thudng nay. Chinh phii Brown ddi xu vdi Nha trang dudi thdi Bush nhu the day la mgt chinh quyen dang chd ngay man nhiem, khdng tinh toan rang minh phai giao djch cd hieu qua vdi chinh quyen dd den thang 1/2009. Trong each cu xu nhu vay, chinh phu Brown da danh gia qua cao vj tri cua minh ddi vdi nudc My, vd tinh khien ngudi My ddi xu tuong tu vdi mgt chinh phu Brown ngay cang bj cd lap va mat Idng ngudi. Viec Brown chd Bush ra di bien thanh viec Bush chd Brown rut lui. Su lanh nhat trong quan he gifla hai ngudi, cung vdi viec Nicolas Sarkozy va Angela Merkel chilm dugc cam tinh cua My, cd nghTa la nudc Anh da thua nhung nudc khac mudn ve van Hoa Ky.
Trong khi xay dung quan he tdt hon vdi nudc My, Sarkozy va Merkel ndi chuyen true tilp vdi Washington, chang can den
48
NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (107).2009"chiec cau" ma London dua ra. Nhu vay, su ddng gdp quan su cua Anh vao cugc chien tranh cua My d Iraq va Afghanistan cd tinh chat tugng trung hon la huu ich. Ngudi ta cung cd the ndi rang, su chia re cua chau Au ve van de Iraq da thue day nhanh qua trinh hdi nhap quan su d chau luc nay qua Chinh sach An ninh va Phdng thu chau Au. Mdt sd ngu'di cdn lap luan rang, du djnh cua Sarkozy trd lai NATO da cho phep Phap dan dau trong viec cai thien quan he qudc phdng gifl'a Hoa Ky va chau Au, tu day nay ra cau hdi: Lieu quan he Anh - My cd thay ddi den muc khdng the cii'u van dugc khdng? Ngay cang nhieu ngudi suy doan ve vien canh quan he gifla London va Washington.
Ket luan
Vi dng George W. Bush bj mit tin nhiem, nen ngudi ta mong dgi Tdng thdng md'i cua nudc My se bao trudc budi binh minh eiia mdt thdi dai khac trong quan he gifl'a My va chau Au. Mgi ngudi cdn nhd ldi dng Barack Obama hira se mang lai mdt tinh hudng khac. Chau Au mong cham diit cae trudng hgp vi pham nhan quyen nhu giam giu va tra tan tu nhan d Guantanamo, tu' bd cau "cudc chien chdng khung bd" va trd lai dam phan da phuong ve thay ddi khi hau. Vl cac van de khac, chinh quyen mdi d My se khdng lap lai chii nghTa don phuong da bam chic sau su kien 11/9. Cdn vl tan Tdng thdng, dng mong cgng ddng qudc tl ddng gdp nhilu hon cac ddng minh chau Au cua Hoa Ky de mang lai dn djnh cho Iraq va
Afghanistan. Ong Obama mong cac nen kinh te ldn ddng vai trd trung tam trong viec tai trg cdng cugc tai thiet, de cho phep nudc My rut lui dan d Iraq va tiep tuc hanh ddng tai Afghanistan. Di san cugc chien tranh d Iraq va Afghanistan cung nhu cudc chien chdng khung bd cd the lam giam kha nang cua tan Tdng thdng mudn thuc hien nhflng gi cd the dat, va dng trdng mong nhieu d eac ddng minh chau Au. Ong mudn hg gifl' mdt vai trd mdi trong cac cudc thuong lugng qudc te de giai quyet nhung van de Iran, Trieu Tien, va Palestine. Xac lap lai vj tri ngoai giao ciia My trong bdi canh nay la dieu khdng de va ddi hdi tat ca cac ben deu phai dieu ehinh lai chu truong.
Ngu'di ta khd doan dieu gi se diln ra khi quan he gifla London va Paris gan day dugc cai thien, va quan he giua nudc Anh va Hoa Ky dang lanh nhat. Sau kbi Chiln tranh Lanh ket thuc, va nhat la sau sir kien 11/9, cac quy tac ung xu da dugc cac ben xem lai, khiln cugc khung hoang tdi te nhat trong quan he giua hai bd Dai Tay Duong chim dut. Trong bdi canh nay, tinh trang xiu di trong quan he giua nudc Anh va Hoa Ky cin dugc danh gia lai.
Chinh phii mdi cua nudc Anh, dudi sir lanh dao cua dng Gordon Brown tii' thang 6/2007, mudn td rd chu truong ciia minh khac vdi chinh sach cua ngudi tien nhiem.
Dieu do da tac dgng bat Igi den vai trd ciia Anh d Washington. Ong Gordon Brown cd the da bat ddng vdi chinh quyen Bush ve
IDiini Ifli quan he.
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eudc tan cdng Iraq, va bat ddng vdi dng Tony Blair ve nhflng cai ma nudc Anh gianh dugc khi ung hd Hoa Ky, nhung thdi gian de bay td thai do nay la luc cudc tan cdng dang dugc chuan bj va thuc hien, chu' khdng phai khi mgi viec da xong. Tao ra khoang each ve mdt van de cfl da khien chinh phu Brown khdng phu hop vdi khdng khi hda giai trong quan he giua hai bd Dai Tay Duong, nhat la luc Nicolas Sarkozy d Phap, Angela Merkel cua Dd'c, va Berlusconi tai Y dang tim each xich gan My. Duy tri quan he tdt vdi nudc My khdng phai chi ddi hdi Anh dep tue giu mdi lien he lau dai ve quan su, kinh te, va tai chinh vdi Hoa Ky, ma cdn yeu eau nha lanh dao nudc Anh duy tri quan he tdt vdi ngudi chu Nha trang, du do la Barack Obama hay Me Cain.
Quan he xiu giua Anh va Hoa Ky, khi dng Gordon Brown lam Thu tudng, la mdt djp tdt dl phan tich tinh chat quan he giua hai nha nude. Chinh sach cua Brown mudn tao khoang each gifla each tiep can ciia dng vdi chu truong cua Tony Blair khien ngudi ta dat cau hdi lieu cd thi lanh nhat vdi mdt ngudi lanh dao dang cim quyen trong khi than thien vdi qudc gia ma ngudi dd dung dau khdng. Ndi each khac, cd the chdng Bush va than My khdng. Chinh sach cua Gordon Brown ddi vdi My cung tao co hdi de phan tich vai trd cua thdi gian trong quan he giua cac qudc gia. Bang each hanh dgng nhu thi chinh phu Bush la mgt chinh quyen da hit thdi, dang dim timg gid de riit lui
trong khi nd cdn hoat ddng den nam 2009, dng Brown da de cho minh bj thua nhung nha lanh dao than My mdi cua Phap va Due trong nd lue thu hut su quan tam eua ngudi My, va khien Hoa Ky cflng xu su lanh nhat lai vdi minh. Cd the quan he Anh - My se ndng am trd lai khi dng Barack Obama da len cam quyen thay dng Bush d My.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Patrick Wintour and Julian Borger, Brown message to US: It's lime to build, not destroy: minister signals foreign policy shift ahead of PM's Washington trip. Guardian,
13 July 2007.
2. Irwin Stelzer, The special relationship is between Washington and Brussels, Spectator, 21 Nov. 2007.
3. Tom Baldwin and Charles Bremmer, After years of the special relationship, is France America' best friend?. The Times, 14 June 2008.
4. Eric Pape, Mediterranean bridge building, Newsweek, 8 July 2008.
5. Roger Cohn, France on amphetamines. New York Times, 17 July 2008.
6. Molly Moore, France announce base in Persian Gulf Washington Post, 16 Jan. 2008.
