HAN QUOC XAY DUNG VA PHAT TRIEN QUAN HE NGOAI GIAO VOTI ASEAN:
30 NAM NHIN LAI (1989-2019)**
PHAN TH! ANH THir
Tom tat: Tie sau khi thiit lap quan he Mi thoai vai ASEAN (1989), Han Qudc da dgt duoc nhimg buoc tien dai trong viec thite day hop tdc song phuong ciing nhu ndng cap, hoan thien vai tro ciia cdc nuoc Dong Nam A di tir doi tdc toan dien din doi tdc chiin luoc trong suot ba thap nien. Qua thtrc tien ndy, bdi nghien ciru tap trung ludn gidi nhirng yiu td tdc dong vd kit qud dat duoc trong chiin luoc hop tdc cua Hdn Quoc vol ASEAN tren linh vuc ngoai giao (1989-2019); qua do, riit ra mot so nhan xet vi thdnh cong vd hgn chi cua qud trinh ndy; dong thai gai ma hu&ng phdt trien cho ngogi giao Viet Nam trong ddng chdy hap tdc Ddng A.
Tu- khoa: Han Quoc, ASEAN, Ngoai giao, 30 nam 1. Nhirng nhan to tac dong den qua trinh xay dyng va phat trien quan hS ngoai giao ciia Han Quoc vol ASEAN (1989-2019)
1.1. Tinh hinh qudc ti va khu vuc Bdng A tit sau thoii ky ddi diu Bdng - Tay
Til cu6i thap nien 80 cua the ky XX, tinh hinh thi gioi co nhieu chuyen bien tich cue theo xu the d6i thoai va hop tac. Toan cau hoa va hpi nhap liinh ti quoc te phat trien manh me da thu hut sir tham gia cua hau het cac chu thi chinh tri tren quy mo toan cau.
Dae biet a pham vi Dong A, hoa binh - on dinh CO ban duoc tai lap va duy tri sau khi cuoc xung dot Campuchia dugc giai quyit bang bi6n phap chinh trj vao iku thap ky 1990. K a thiic thl ky XX, dja vi doc ton cua
' TS. Khoa Lich sir. Trufmg Dai lipc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan' van. Dai hpc Qu6c gia TP H6 Chi Minh
" Nghien ctxn dupe tai tra boi Trircmg Dai hoc Khoa hpe X3 hpi va Nhan v3n, Dai hpe Qu6c gia TP H6 Chi Minii trpng khuon lch6 dS tai mS s6 T2019-03.
nude My trong can can quyen luc the gioi dan tro nen mo nhat trudc xu huong gia tang phu thuoc lin nhau giira cac chu the quan he quoc te va qua trinh hinh thanh cac lien ket mang tinh khu vuc. Buoc sang thi ky XXI, nin san xuat the gidi vdi sir phan cong lao dong toan cau va tinh phu thupc lan nhau ve kinh ti dang tac dpng manh me den ket qua hpp tac giira cac quoc gia va lam xuat hien nhtrng xu hudng lien minh, tap hop luc lugng mdi. Tinh thi nay buoc cac nude phai chu dgng hgi nhap qu6c te vi hda binh, hpp tac vin se la ddng chay chii dao cua sir phat triin thl gidi hien nay. Trong bdi canh iy,
"chu nghia dan tpc", "chu nghia khu vuc" lai trdi day va trd thanh ylu td quyet djnh true tilp din thai do cung nhu mdi quan he gifl-a cac nude trong nhirng co chi hgp tae toan eau.
6 Ddng A, nhd vao sir phuc hdi nhanh chdng ciJa cac qudc gia trong khu vuc tir sau
NGHIEN (<'"' <'°'*'' °^^ ^- ^^2(22^) Z-2020 13
Nghien citu khoa hoc
cupe khiing hoang tai chinh - tien tg va sir thanh cong cua cac md hinh hgp tac da phuong ASEAN+3 ma ddng lyc tang trudng cua kinh te toan cha da timg budc dieh chuyin tit phuong Tay sang phuong Dong, trong dd cac qudc gia Chau A dang nam giir vi tri tSm dilm. Nhd dae dilm nay, tir dau nhirng nam 2000, Hiep hpi cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A (ASEAN) da tan dung va phat huy vi tri dia chien luge cua minh dl thich img va tir chit trong quan he quoc te dya vao ba lpi the: Mdt Id, vai trd "kien tao" trong xay dung cac co che hpp tac khu vyc do sy canh tranh chien lupc giita cac sieu cudng;
Hai la, vai trd "trung gian" hda giai va duy tri hda binh, dn dinh d Ddng A do uy tin va vi the ngay cang cao ciia ASEAN; Ba Id, vai trd "dan dat" hgp tac song phuong, da phuong vdi cac nude Idn do ket qua tang cudng doan ket va phat trien kinh te ngi khdi. Chinh nhirng dien bien mdi d ben ngoai va ben trong khu vyc cimg vdi cac nhan td Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban va vi the dang len cua ASEAN da tao ra ap lyc lan ddng lyc dl thiic diy Han Qudc sdm hoach dinh chien luge hpp tae va phat trien quan he thyc chat, dan di vao chieu sau vdi cac nude thanh vien ASEAN trong sudt the ky XXI.
1.2. Bac diem dit nit&c Han Quia vd nhu ciu hap tdc v&i ASEAN tit sau Chiin tranh Lfnh
Ket cue cham dilt Chiln tranh Lanh, cgng vdi sy kien thong nhat nude Diie va "ky tieh sdng Han" vl phat triin kinh te cua Han Qudc tir nhirng nam 1990, bat dau thdi thiic Seoul tich eye dieu chinh tu duy ddi ngoai va de ra ehinh sach mem deo, linh hoat. Mgt
trong nhiing hudng di mdi vl hoat ddng ngoai giao luc biy gid cua Han Qudc la chu ddng "md rdng cac kenh hgp tac qudc t l vdi nhiing qudc gia ma trudc day Han Qudc chua timg trao ddi hoac tilp xuc nhSm thuc day manh me ehinh sach ngoai giao hudng ve phuong BJc"'- Chu truong "di dudng vdng" - cai thign quan he vdi cac ddi tac truyin thdng cua CHDCND Trilu Tien dl trung lap quan dilm cua nhiJng nude nay v4 tao ra mdi trudng han gan dan tdc tir ben ngoai da giiip Han Qudc sdm thiet lap quan hS ngoai giao vdi Lien Xd (9/1990), Trung Qudc (8/1992), Viet Nam (12/1992). Tit kit qua ndi tren, dudi thdi Tdng thdng Roh Tae- woo, Han Qudc bat dau dieu chinh ehinh sach ddi vdi ASEAN di tit ngoai giao an ninh - chinh tri thuan tiiy (thap ky 1960) din chii nghia ngoai giao thuc dung (thjip ky 1990). Dudng hudng nay da dupe chinh quyen ke nhiem Kim Young-sam ciing co va phat trien thdng qua chiln lupc "toan cto hda" (Segyehwa) vdi mue tieu dua Han Qudc "trd thanh mdt qudc gia hang nh^t trong the ky tdi" . Trude mat, de cd dugc tieng ndi va vi the xiing dang tai cac dign dan khu vyc trong sy tucmg quan vdi cac sieu cudng, Han Qudc khdng chi can t?ip trung giai quyit van d l tren Ban dao Trieu Tign ma cdn phai tang cudng mdi lien ket vdi cac nude Ddng Nam A nham dam bao lpi ich qudc gia v l phuang dien ehinh tri -
' Roh Tae Woo (1988). "The Full Text of the Roh Tae- wpo's Inaugural Address in English", Korea and World Affairs, Vol. 12. No. 1. pp. 175-180.
^ Samuel S. Kim. "Korea and Globalisation (Segyehwa):
A Framework for Analysis" in Samuel S. Kim (ed), Korea's Globalisation (Cambridge: CUP, 2000), pp. 1-28.
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NGHIEN cdra OONG BAC A, S6 2(228) 2-2020lyghien ciiu khoa hoc
ngoai giao. Hon nira, dl khdng "cham chan"
trong cudc dua tranh pham vi anh hudng d Ddng A va tan dung tdt vi thl dang len cita ASEAN, Han Qude tSt ylu lya chgn td chiic nay lam ngudi ddng hanh chiln luge dg tao ra the can bing va kilm chi Nhat Ban, Trung Qude; qua dd, dinh hinh mdt khu vyc hgp tac uu tien eg chi va luat phap hon siic manh hay y chi ciia cac cudng qude^.
Budc sang nhijng nam 50 cua thl ky XX, ben canh nd lyc duy tri lien minh quan su vdi My thi viee tang cudng quan he vdi cac nude thupc the gidi thu ba va cac td chirc qudc t l trong khu vyc nhu ASEAN da trd thanh nhiem vu ngoai giao chiln lupc vi nd phil hgp vdi vi the qude gia tam trung cita Han Qudc. Thyc te, dii Han Qudc thilt lap quan he bang giao rong rai dgn d^u thi Ddng A vin cit la dia ban tac ddng tryc tigp dgn lpi ich chiln lupc ctia qudc gia nay; dae biet vj tti an ngit con dudng yet hau thg gidi tit Tay sang Ddng vdi lpi thl vg tai nguygn va sy hdi tu lpi ich chiln luge ciia cac cudng qudc d Ddng Nam A la dilu ma Han Qudc khdng thl bd qua. 6 gdc dp an ninh qudc gia, sy tang cudng hien dien tai Ddng Nam A khdng chi cung cd vj thl qudc gia hang hai cita Han Qudc ma cdn giiip nude nay giam thigu nil ro ttong cac mdi quan he qudc tg va timg budc doe lap hem vdi My trong viec hoach djnh chinh sach ddi ngoai.
v l phan minh, trong tuong quan so sanh vdi cac nude lang giing Ddng Bac A, Han
Qudc eiing hdi tu dugc nhieu dilm manh dg thu hut su quan tam cua ASEAN: Thti nhdt, ngn dan ehu hda cao, trinh do ky thuat tien tign va kha nang truygn thdng van hda manh;
Tha hai, vj thg qudc gia tam trung khdng uy hiep den khu vyc Ddng Nam A nhu hai nude Idn Trung Qudc va Nhat Ban; Thu ba, than phan thudc dia cua Han Qude trong qua khii dg ddng cam vdi hau hgt eae nude thanh vien ASEAN. Quan trgng nhat la, nd lyc phat ttien mau le vg mpi mat, trong do cd phuong dien kinh tg da gia tang si!:e hap dan eua Han Qudc nhu mgt ddi tac hgp tac day tigm nang cua cac nude dang phat ttien.
2. Qua trinh xay dirag va phat trien quan he ngoai giao cua Han Quoc vdi ASEAN (1989-2019)
2.1. Th&i ky quan he ddi thoai den ddi Idc hap tdc toan dien (1989-2004)
Hoat ddng ngoai giao etla Han Qudc vdi ASEAN tir sau Chiln ttanh Lanh phan anh xu hudng kit hpp nhay ben giira cac thyc thg vita va nhd nham can bang quyen lue cita cac nude Idn va han chg nhiing tac dpng tigu eye ciia kha nang phan tang ttong khu vyc . Nhan thiie nay da ttd thanh dpng lyc de Han Qudc thilt lap quan he ddi thoai theo timg linh vyc vdi ASEAN tit nam 1989; ddng thdi thanh lap Uy ban Hgp tac Linh vyc ehung ASEAN - Han Qudc (JSCC) danh eho thuong mai, diu tu va du lich vao nam 1990.
Nhd quan he Han Qudc - ASEAN dugc djnh hudng dl phat triin toan dien dudi mgt co chi hgp tac chinh thirc nen ngay trong ky
^ Rhee Yeong-Seop (chLi bien) (2016),/^/)d//wa« ve */«/) ^ , ti chinh tri Han Qudc, bien dich: Khoa Dong phuong ' Hoang KhSc Nam (2007). "Han QuSc voi ASEAN ttong
• • " 1 hpi vd Nhan van HS chiln tranh lanh: Tir ASPAC toi quan he dm tac", ffg/uen hpc - Trufrng Dai hoc Khoa hpc Xa hpi \
Npi. Nxb Dai hpc Qu6c gia Ha Npi, tt. 546. cihi Song Bdc A, s6 5(75), tt. 35.
NGHItN CflU B6N<i BflC fl, Sd 2(228) 2-2020 15
Nghien cvcu khoa noc
hop thd hai eiia JSCC, van de phat trien ngudn nhan lyc va ehuygn giao cdng nghe cung lin lugt trd thanh nhirng Hnh vuc hgp tac tiep theo. Hai nam duy tri quan he ddi tae chirc nang vdi nhieu budc tien quan trpng la tign de de den thang 7/1991 tai ky hgp cita Hdi nghi Bg trudng ASEAN (AMM) lin thir 24 d Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Han Qude ehinh thirc trd thanh ddi tac ddi thoai day du dau tien ciia ASEAN ke tir sau nam 1977.
Cdt mdc nang cap quan he cd y nghTa chien luge ddi vdi muc tigu nang cao vj thg Han Qudc trong cae dien dan khu vye Ddng Nam A; ddng thdi md rpng pham vi anh hudng chinh trj eiia qude gia thdng qua kgt qua hgp tac kinh te da phuong. Quan trgng hon, Han Qude cung da thu hep Idioang each vdi Nhat Ban, tham chi vugt qua Trung Qudc trong viee tiep can ASEAN vdi tu each thanh vien ddi thoai thil hai d Ddng BSc A ciia td chu:c nay. Ket qua ay gdp phan tao ra sy khdi sac eua quan he Han Qudc - ASEAN trong cac khuon khd hgp tac cua Hiep hdi tir sau nam 1991.
Trong thdi ky Tdng thdng Roh Tae-woo nim quygn, Han Qudc da chinh thirc thiet lap quan he ngoai giao vdi ASEAN, tich eye md rdng quan he song phuong vdi cac qude gia thanh vien cita td chirc nay, nhd dd, vj thl qudc te ciia dat nude khdng ngimg dupe nang cao. Ddng hanh vdi My, Nhat Ban, Australia va Lign minh Chau Au (EU), Han Qudc da ciing ban thao van de an ninh Chau A trong khudn khd Hdi nghj Bd trudng Ngoai giao ASEAN (1992) va tham gia Diln dan khu vuc ASEAN (ARF) lan thu nhat tai
Bangkok - Thai Lan vdi tu each qudc gia thanh vien (1994).
Tren co sd kit qua quan he ban diu vdi ASEAN, chinh quyin Kim Young-sam da chu ddng ddn nhan co chi hpp tac ASEAN+3 ngay khi sang kiln nay dupe eac nude Ddng Nam A de xuat vao nam 1997.
Md hinh lign kgt giiia ASEAN vdi ba nude Ddng Bac A (Han Qudc, Nhat Ban, Trung Qudc) dugc Tdng thdng Kim Young-sam ky vgng tao ra mdi trudng thuan lgi thite day cai each, md cira kinh te d Binh Nhudng, tang cudng hgp tac lign Trieu, tao co sd thdng nhit dat nude, dua dan tdc Trieu Tien hdi nhap vdi khu vyc va thg gidi. Chinh nhan thuc nay da djnh hudng cho ngoai giao Han Qudc di theo con duimg ddi thoai hda binh, trong dd coi ASEAN va quan he Han Qudc - ASEAN tir sau nam 1991 la ddng chay chii yeu eua xu hudng hpp tac ttong khudn khd ASEAN+3 nham giai quyet cac van dg an ninh cua Han Qudc va that chat spi day lien kit khu vyc d Ddng A.
Quan diem ciing ed chu nghia khu vyc, xay dyng quan hg toan dien vdi ASEAN tren CO sd hieu bigt va ddi ben "eimg thang" da trd thanh ndi dung ngoai giao cdt ldi trong nhiem ky tdng thdng cua Kim Dae-jung (1998-2003). Nhan thire viec tim kigm giai phap cho vin dl ciia CHDCND Trieu Tien phai thdng qua nhtrng nd lyc trudc hit d Ddng A nen chign luge "ngoai giao toan eau" do Kim Young-sam khdi xudng tir nam 1993 da dupe chinh quyin Kim Dae-jung thu hep dg dat trgng tam vao cae hoat ddng ngoai giao trong pham vi Ddng A. Theo do, cac dg xuat va sang kien nham tang cudng
16
NGHIEN Cdu DdNG BflC ^. SO 2(228) 2-2020Nghien cvcu khoa hoc
hop tac khu vyc, lin diu tign tir sau Chiln tranh Lanh, da dupe Han Qudc dua ra, trong dd cd y tudng thanh lap Nhdm Tim nhin Ddng A (EAVG) vao nam 1999 va sang kiln thanh ISp Nhdm Nghign ciiu Ddng A (EASG) vao nam 2000. Nhiing ddng gdp ndi tten cho thay Han Qudc da thyc sy dat niim tin vao tiin trinh hgp tae vdi ASEAN va mong mudn duy tri lgi ieh eiia qudc gia d Ddng Nam A.
2.2. Th&i ky ddi tdc hap tdc toan dien din ddi tdc hap tdc chiin luac (2004-2010)
Khdi ngudn tir mong mudn "ciing cd hon nila lien ket vdi ASEAN va vach ra dudng hudng tuong lai nhim dua mdi quan he ddi tac nay len mgt tam cao mdi trudc nhirng thach thirc cita the ky XXI"', Tdng thdng Roh Moo-hyun da ky "Tuyen bd ehung ve quan he ddi tac hgp tac toan dien Han Qudc- ASEAN" vao cudi nam 2004 tai Vientiane.
Ngay trong van ban quan trgng nay, Han Qudc da thdng nhat vdi ASEAN eac ndi dung quan trpng ve hpp tac chinh tri - ngoai giao song phuang theo djnh hudng; (1) Hpp tac vi mye tieu phat triin qudc gia tten co sd tin cay lin nhau, binh ding va citng cd lgi;
(2) Hgp tac thdng qua trao ddi can bd cap
|cao va duy tri cac co che ddi thoai; (3) Hgp tac khu vyc thdng qua ARF va tiin ttinh ASEAN+3; (4) ASEAN ling hd nd lyc cua Han Qudc nhim duy tri an ninh va hda binh ttgn ban dao Trilu Tign; (5) Han Qudc ling hd, tham gia Hiep udc Than thien va Hpp tac
Ddng Nam A nhim ciing cd Idng tin vdi ASEAN va duy tri hda binh khu vyc'.
Thanh tuu ban dau cita Roh Moo-hyun ve viec phat trign khudn khd chien luge cho mdi quan he ddi tac toan dien vdi ASEAN tigp tyc dugc Tdng thdng Lee Myung-bak ke thira theo quan dilm: "Khi hgp tac ttong khu vye Chau A dang ngay eang trd nen mat thiet do xu thl toan ciu hda cua thl k^ XXI thi ciing la luc can Han Qudc tao ra bude ngoat mdi trong quan he vdi ASEAN"'.
Khing djnh ndi tren tai Hdi nghj cap cao ky nigm 20 nam quan he ddi thoai vdi ASEAN (2009) vdn di dupe phat triin dya tten "Sang kign ngoai giao Chau A mdi"^ do Lee Myung-bak cdng bd tir nam 2008, nd cho thay budc di cy thl cita qudc gia nay trong qua trinh hd trp ASEAN hdi nhap khu vyc, ddng gdp vao tign trinh xay dyng cpng ddng Ddng Nam A va thiic day quan he ddi tac hgp tac vdi 10 nude thanh vign. Dae diem nay dugc thl hien cu thl va nhat quan tir nam 2009 bing cac cam kit cila Lee Myung- bak v l viec Han Qudc "ung hp vai trd hd trg va cimg cd lgi cita cau trite khu vyc nhu Hpp tac ASEAN+3, EAS va ARF, qua dd hd trg tiin trinh lien kit ASEAN, gdp phin hinh thanh edng ddng ASEAN vao nam 2015,
Asspciation pf Sputheast Asian Nations (2004),
"hairman's Statement of the 8th ASEAN + Republic of Korea Summit Vientiane: "Deepening ASEAN-Republic if Korea Relationship", https://asean.org/chairman-s- Jtatement-of-the-8th-asean-republic-of-korea-summit- .•ientiane/. accessed on 10/9/2019.
*" Association of Southeast Asian Nations (2004). "Joint Declaration on Comprehensive Cooperation Partnership between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the Republic of Korea", https://asean.org/7static_
post=joint-declaration-on-comprehensive-cooperation- partnership-between-the-association-of-southeast-asian- nations-and-the-republic-of-korea. accessed on 13-9-2019.
' Lee Myung-bak (2009), "Speech of Lee Myung-bak President at the Summit to Celebrate 20 years of Korea- ASEAN Dialogue Relations", http://www.president.go.
kr/kr/president/speech. accessed on 09/9/2019.
^ Chinh sach ngoai giao hop tac doi ben, ttong d6 dat ttpng tam vao viec tang cuang quan he gifia Hin Qu6c va c^c nuoc Chau A Idng giing.
NGHIEN Cdo OONG BflC fl. S6 2(228) 2-2020
17
Nghien cthi khoa hpc
dong thai dong gop vao viec thuc hien muc tieu lau dai la xay dung mpt cpng dong Dong A"^
Khi Han Quoc chua the khang dinh vi the lanh dao Chau A voi cac nuoc Ion thi viec ling hp thanh lap cpng dong ASEAN de t6 chue nay giu vai tro "cheo lai" tien trinh hpi nhap Dong A la mpt lira chon khon ngoan va thuc te cua Lee Myung-bak. Do vay, trong Tuyen bo ehung ve quan he doi tdc chien luac ASEAN - Han Quoc vi hoa binh va think vuang (2010), Han Quoc da chu dpng dua ra cac duong huong ve hop tac chinh tri- ngoai giao, trong do xac dinh; (1) Tang cudng hop tac chinh tri va an ninh voi ASEAN, gop phan hinh thanh Cpng dong an ninh - chinh tri ASEAN vao nam 2015; (2) Tham gia vao cac ca che doi thoai da phuong a khu virc nham thiic day hoa binh, on dinh, an ninh, phat trien va thinh vupng tai Dong A; (3) Ho trp vai tro trung tam cua ASEAN trong cac hap tac ASEAN+3 (APT), Hpi nghi thuang dinh Dong A (EAS) va A R F ' ° . Nhiing npi dung nay the hien su ro rang va thong nhat trong tu duy doi ngoai ciia Han Qudc nhim phat huy toi da vai tro doi tac hgfp tac toan dien cua ASEAN vi hoa binh, thinh vupng ciia hai chii the tham gia
^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Korea (2009),
"Joint Statement of the ASEAN-Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit", Jeju Island, Republic of Korea, http://www.mofa.go.lcr/eng/brd/m_5467/view.do?seq=341 626&srch Fr=&.amp; srchTo^& srch Word^ifeamp; srch Tp=&multi_itm_seq=0&,amp;itm_seq_HO&itm _seq_2=0&company_cd=&company_nm=, accessed on 17/10/2019.
'" Association of Southeast Asian Nations (2010), "Joint Declaration on ASEAN-Republic of Korea Strategic Partnership for Peace and Prosperity", Ha noi, https;//asean.org/?static_post^joint-declaration-on-asean- republic-of-korea-strategic-partnership-for-peace-and- prosperity, accessed on 19/10/2019.
va khu vuc Dong A trong thap nien dau the ky XXT
2.3. Tir sau khi tr& thanh ddi idc hop tdc chiin Iwffc ain nay (2010-2019)
Vao thang 9/2012, Han Qu6c da thanh lap phai doan ngoai giao voi ASEAN tai Jakarta voi mong muon phat tri^n quan he sau sac va toan dien hon. Dieu nay tao ca so ngoai giao viing chac dl den nam 2014, trong chinh sach "chinh tri niem tin"
(Trustpolitik), T6ng thdng Park Geun-hye cam ket hap tac voi 10 nuoc Dong Nam A theo chien lupc tuong ty "Sang kien Chau A moi" cua nguoi tien nhiem Lee Myung-bak.
Voi nhan thuc rang sy 6n dinh, thjnh vugng ciia Dong Bac A va Dong Nam A co moi gan ket vai nhau, Tong thong Park Geun-hye con ling hp thyc hien Ke hoach tong the ket ndi ASEAN (MPAC) den nam 2025; ddng thai thdng nhat vai ASEAN ndi dung Tuyen bd ehung (2014) ve Tdm nhin tuang lai cua quan he dot tdc chien luac ASEAN - Han Quoc. Trong van ban ngoai giao nay, Han Qudc nhan manh ba npi dung cdt loi: (1) Nhan thuc vai trd trung tam cua ASEAN va vai tro lanh dao ciia td chue nay nhu la ddng lyc chinh trong viec phat trien cau true khu vyc; (2) Tang cuang hgp tac trong cac chuong trinh va thoa thuan khu vyc do ASEAN lanh dao nhu ASEAN+1, ASEAN+3, ARF va EAS; (3) Tang cuang hap tac an ninh chinh tri bang each tiep tuc phat trien ddi thoai v6 cac van de lien quan den an ninh nhu mot phan ciia Ddi thoai Han Qudc-ASEAN.
Mong mudn nai rdng hon nua quan h6 quoc te d Ddng Nam A tren ca sd nln tang ngoai giao cua Park Geun-hye, nam 2017,
NGHIEN cHra 0dNG B^c a s6 i{iiz) 2-2020 18
[\ghien ciru khoa hoc
Tong thong Moon Jae-in da de xuat sang kiln hgp tac voi ASEAN thong qua chinh sach "huong Nam moi". Chinh sach nay duoc dua ra voi muc tieu liien tao va duy tri hoa binh trong khu vuc hem la chi tap trung vao cac van de an ninh, quan su. Ben canh do, Moon Jae-in con thiic diy xay dung moi quan he doi ben cung co lgi huong toi nguoi dan, su thinh vugng va nSn hoa binh a Dong A chir khong chi coi trong hgp tac kinh te nhu nO t6ng thong tiin nhiem. Quan trgng hon het, chinh sach "huong Nam moi" dugc ky vgng se giup Han Quoc thoat khoi "cai bay" cua viec phai lua chon giOa cac sieu cucmg khi dung truoe sang kien "Vanh dai va Con duong" cua Trung Quoc (2013) va
"An Do Duong - Thai Binh Duong" cua My (2017) boi tren thtrc te du chgn diing ve phia nao thi khdng gian sinh ton va nang luc tu chu ctia Han Qu6c ciing deu bi gioi han.
Birac dieu chinh nay cho thay tu duy doi ngoai "da chieu" cua Moon Jae-in trong viec han chi cac tac dgng tieu cue cila tinh hinh khu vuc va qu6c te Ien chinh sach doi ngoai Han Quoc; ddng thdi tan dung xu the dang len cua ngoai giao da phuong de bag ve va phat triSn dat nude.
Cudi nam 2019, Han Qudc ehuin bj budc vao giai doan thii hai trong qua trinh trien khai chinh sach "hudng Nam mdi" cua Tdng thdng Moo Jae-in (cdn ggi la "hudng Nam mdi 2.0"). Vao thdi diem quan trgng nay, Hdi nghi thugng dinh ky nifm 30 nam xay dung quan he ddi thoai song phuong da diin ra tai Busan (11/2019) vdi chu di "Hgp tac vi hda binh, thinh vugng cho ngudi dan"
nhim nang quan he vdi 10 nude ASEAN len ngang tam bdn ddi tac Idn (My, Nhat
Ban, Trung Qudc, Nga), ddng thdi dua ra phuong hudng hgp tac trong 30 nam tiep theo. Hgi nghi cap cao lan nay cd y nghia dae biet quan trgng ddi vdi viee tao dgng lire dl hai ben hd trg nhau phat trien va hien thuc hda giac mo ve mdt cdng ddng ehung hda binh, thinh vugng vi chinh ngudi dan cua Han Qudc va ASEAN.
3. Mot so nhan xet va ggi md cho Vift Nam
3.1. Nhitng thdnh cdng vd hgn che cua ngogi giao Hdn Qudc v&i ASEAN (1989- 2019)
Jit sau Chien tranh Lanh, Han Qude da tCmg bude xich lai gan Ddng Nam A bang viec thiet lap quan he ddi thoai theo tung Hnh vuc vdi ASEAN tu nam 1989 va thanh lap Uy ban Hgp tac Linh vuc ehung ASEAN-Han Qudc cho thuong mai, dau tu va du ljch vao nam 1990. Hon thl nCra, cac dl xuit va sang kien nham tang cudng hgp tac Ddng A nhu y tudng thanh lap Nhdm Tim nhin Ddng A (1999) va Nhdm Nghien ciiu Ddng A (2000) cung lin lugt dugc Han Qudc dua ra vdi mong mudn duy tri igi ich cua minh d Ddng Nam A trong cudc canh tranh pham vi anh hudng vdi Nhat Ban va Trung Qudc.
Budc sang thl ky XXI, Han Qudc bat diu d?t dugc nhung budc tien chua timg ed trong Iich sii khi dua quan he vdi ASEAN Ien tim
"ddi tdc hap tdc todn diin" (2004) va "ddi tdc hap tdc chiin lucre " (2010). Cac cdt mdc nang cip quan he cd y nghia chiln luge ddi vdi muc tieu nang cao vi thl Han Qudc trong cac diln dan khu vuc Ddng Nam A; ddng thdi md rdng pham vi anh hudng chinh tri cua qudc gia. Tir viec cdng bd chinh sach
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"ngoai giao Chau A mdi", Tdng thdng Han Qudc Lee Myung-bak cdn tang cuimg quan he vdi cac qudc gia lang gieng d Chau A tren co sd thanh lap Dien dan Chau A va xiic tien boat ddng ngoai giao cua Hdi nghj thugng dinh dae biet Han Qudc - ASEAN.
Djnh hudng nay khdng chi cho thay nd lyc cua Han Qudc trong viec hd trg ASEAN hdi nhap khu vye ma cdn md dudng cho sy thanh cdng ciia chinh sach "hudng Nam mdi" do Tdng thdng Moo Jae-in khdi xudng tir nam 2017.
Dii dat dugc nhieu budc tien dang ghi nhan nhung hgp tac chinh tri - ngoai giao cua Han Qudc vdi ASEAN lai diln ra kha mudn so vdi cac ddi tac khac ciia Hiep hdi nhu Nhat Ban va Trung Qude. Mai den nam 1991, Han Qude mdi trd thanh ddi tae ddi thoai day dii ciia ASEAN trong khi Nhat Ban da dat dugc kit qua nay tir nam 1977.
Hon nira, Han Qude ludn bj "phan tam" vao van de an ninh tren Ban dao Trieu Tien va
"phSn tan" ngudn lyc do cudc dua gianh vi tri lanh dao d Ddng A nen ehinh saeh cua nude nay vdi ASEAN it nhieu bj xao trdn va biln ddng qua mdi ddi tdng thdng. Sau mdt thap nien nhin iai (2003-2013), khdng khd dl nhan ra ca ba chinh quyen Roh Moo- hyun, Lee Myung-bak va Park Geun-hye deu cd xu hudng dua ra nhimg cam ket thieu nhit quan ve van de hgp tac chien luge vdi ASEAN trong sudt nhiem ky tdng thdng ciia minh. Dii mong mudn Han Qudc ciing cd quan he vdi ASEAN nhung vao cudi nhiem ky, Roh Moo-hyun vin chuyen hudng quan dilm ddi ngoai, dua Seoul quay trd ve vdi Ban dao Trilu Tien va khu vuc Ddng Bac A nhim thiic diy tien trinh hda giai dan tdc vdi
chinh sach "hda binh va thjnh vuong". Thcri diem Lee Myung-bak nim quyin, sang kiln
"ngoai giao Chau A mdi" cd xu hudng cd suy cho "chu nghia trgng thuong" nham tdi da hda lgi ich kinh tl ciia Han Qude, vi the, ASEAN cung chi dugc coi la mdt thj trudng d Chau A. Dau nam 2013, vdi viec edng bd ehinh sach "chinh trj niem tin", nir Tdng thdng Park Geun-hye cdng khai y djnh dua Han Qudc "hudng ndi" khi xac dinh CHDCND Trilu Tien va eac nuoc Ddng Bic A lang gieng la chu the trong eae boat ddng ngoai giao cua nude nay. Thyc te ay ly giai tai sao khi Sdng kien hop tdc hda binh khu vuc Dong Bdc A (NAPCI) ra ddi thi ASEAN chi tham gia vdi tu each quan sat vien. Dau nam 2017, Tdng thdng Moo Jae-in cam kit tang cudng quan he vdi ASEAN nhung trong tuong Iai, qua trinh hien thue hda chinh sach "hudng Nam mdi" van gap khdng it chudng ngai khi Trung Qudc da cd ke hoach chi 1000 ty USD xay dung CO sd ha tang d Ddng Nam A nham khuyin khich eac doanh nghiep ngi dja tien sau vao thj trudng nay. Nhat Ban ciing tap trung dau tu cho ASEAN kl tit khi Hpc thuylt Fukuda duge edng bdvao nhiing nam 1970. Hang loat thach thurc ndi tren cho thay viec tim ra giai phap de Han Qudc din dau trong cudc dua xac ISp vj the, gia tang anh hudng vdi ASEAN trudc Nhat Ban va Trung Qude van edn la chang dudng dai phia trudc.
3.2. Mot sd gai m& cho Viet Nam Viet Nam nam giir vj tri then chdt d khu vyc Ddng Nam A va cac nude trong khu vyc nen cd the trd thanh dau mdi cua eac nd lyc hgp tac va lien ket toan cau. Ngoai ra, vdi viec chilm hon mdt nira ket qua trao ddi
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trong cac linh virc thuang mai, diu tu, vien trg phat trien va giao luu nhan dan giiia Han Qude vdi ASEAN, Viet Nam cdn ddng vai trd quan trgng trong chiln luge "hudng Nam" cila Han Qude, giup nude nay giam bdt sy Ie thudc vao My, ngan chan su banh trudng cila Trung Qudc, ban chi siic manh cua Nhat Ban va tao mdi trudng dn djnh cho sy phat triin ciia ASEAN. Chinh vi duge xem la ddi tac trpng tam, cd vai trd cau ndi vdi khu vye, Viet Nam cin tang cudng gin ket eimg Han Qude nhim tao ddng lyc tang tmdng trong tuong lai theo ba hudng trgng tam sau:
Thit nhdt, Viet Nam cin phdi hgp vdi Han Qudc de ciing cd an ninh truyin thdng, bao ve hda binh, an ninh d khu vyc Biln Ddng cung nhu khu vue Ddng A. Han Qudc rit quan tam sy hd trg eila ASEAN ddi vdi viec bao dam hda binh, dn djnh tr6n Ban dao Trieu Tien cting nhu d vimg Ddng Bic A. Vi the, Viet Nam can iing hg viec thiet lap hda binh vTnh vien tren Ban dao Trieu Tien va thiic day ddi thgai lien Trieu. Quan trpng la, Viet Nam can tranh thu hgp tac Han Qudc - ASEAN de thiic day hda binh, an toan va ty do hang hai, giai quyit eae tranh chap tren biln theo nguyen tac cua luat phap qude te, thyc hien hieu qua va toan dien Tuyen bd ve ling xu cac ben d bien Ddng (DOC), thiic day sdm ky bd quy tac irng xir d bien Ddng (COC) vi hda binh, dn djnh va phat trien thinh vugng eua khu vyc; tranh thii sy hd trg cila Han Qudc de ciing cd nang lye cho eac lyc lugng chip phap tren biln, trudc het la Danh sat bien.
Thit hai, tit nam 2017, trong chien luge igp tac vdi ASEAN, chinh quyen Moo Jae-
in da coi Viet Nam la "tam dilm" ciia chinh sach "hudng Nam mdi", do vay, can tan dung tdt thdi diem then chdt nay dl tich eye thuc day quan he ddi tac chiln luge giiia hai ben phat trien theo chiiu sau. Thdng qua muc tieu dua kim ngach thuang mai giOa Han Qudc vdi ASEAN len 200 ty vao nam 2020 de thuc day budn ban hai chiiu giua Han Quoc va Viet Nam dat mire 100 ty USD vao ciing thdi dilm va gin vdi viec thyc hien eae bien phap can bing thuang mai. Them vao do, Han Qudc edn sd hiiu nhilu ky thuat va cdng nghe tien tiin ma Viet Nam ed thl tiep can de trd thanh dja chi chuyin giao cdng nghe ciia eac nganh cdng nghiep phu trg, d td, co khi va det may.
Thir ba, Viet Nam can chii ddng hgp tac trong cac dien dan qude te va khu vyc (ASEAN+, ARF, EAS, APEC); ttanh thii hgp tac cda Han Qude trong cac co che nhu:
Me Kdng - Han Qudc, ASEAN - Han Qudc.
d cac diln dan da phuang, Viet Nam cung can nhan thirc rd giiia hai nude cd lgi ich song triing trong h^u het cac ITnh vyc hgp tac; Han Qudc cdn la "ddng minh ty nhien"
vdi Viet Nam trong qua trinh kien tgo eau tnic an ninh khu vyc. Viet Nam can xac djnh mire dp ciJng nhu kha nang khai thae tiem nang trong mdi quan he vdi nude ban de cd chinh sach cdng hudng phii hgp. Dilu nay khdng chi giup chiing ta tdi da hda lgi ich qudc gia ma cdn tao dieu kien eho Han Qude thay ro cac Igi ieh chien luge trgng mdi kien kit vdi Viet Nam, qua dd hgp tac binh dang ddi ben ciing ed Igi, lam hinh mau cho quan he chien luge Han Qudc ASEAN trong thl ky XXI.
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TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Hoang Khac Nam (2007), "Han Quoc voi ASEAN trong chiln tranh lanh: Tir ASP AC tdi quan he ddi tac", Nghien citu Bong Bdc A, so 5 (75).
2. Rhee Yeong-Seop (chu bien) (2016), Khdi luan ve kinh te - chinh tri Hdn Quoc, bien dich:
Khoa Dong phucmg hpc - Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hgc Xa hgi va Nhan van Ha Ngi, Nxb Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Noi.
3. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (2004), Chairman's Statement of the 8th ASEAN + Republic of Korea Summit Vientiane: "Deepening ASEAN-Republic of Korea Relationship", https://asean.org/
chairman-s-statement-of-the-8th-asean-republic- of-korea-summit-vientiane/.
4. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (2004), "Joint Declaration on Comprehensive Cooperation Partnership between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the Republic of Korea", https://asean.org/7static_
post=joint-declaration-on-comprehensive-coope ration-partnership-between-the-association-of- southeast-asian-nations-and-the-republic-of- korea.
5. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (2010), "Joint Declaration on ASEAN-Republic of Korea Strategic Partnership for Peace and Prosperity", Ha noi, https://asean.org/7static_
post=joint-declaration-on-asean-republic-of- korea-strategic-partnership-for-peace-and-pro sperity.
6. Lee Myung-bak (2009), "Speech of Lee Myung-bak President at the Summit to Celebrate 20 years of Korea-ASEAN Dialogue Relations", http://www.president.go.kr/kr/president/speech.
7. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2006), Diplomatic White Paper, Chapter 3:
Developing Future-oriented Relations with Neighboring Countries.
8. Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Korea (2009), "Joint Statement of the ASEAN- Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit", Jeju Island, Republic of Korea, http://www.
mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5467/view.do?seq-34162 6&srchFr-&srchTo^&srchWord=&a mp; srchTp=& ;multi_itm_seq=0&itm_s eq_l=0&itm_seq_2^0&company_cd=
&company_nm=.
9. Roh Tae Woo (1988;, "The Full Text of the Roh Tae-woo's Inaugural Address in English", Korea and World Affairs, Vol. 12, No.
1.
10. Samuel S. Kim, "Korea and Globalisation (Segyehwa): A Framework for Analysis" in Samuel S. Kim (ed), Korea's Globalisation (Cambridge: CUP, 2000).
