6li thQdng thiit h^i ngoai hpp dong

I • Oighien aiU - Trao dd'i

CHimHSOIWl/CfNG THliT HAI NGOAI H(fP OONG THEO QUYmnCUA BO LUATMNSl/VliTNAM

Nhurng van de can hodn thien

ThS. Bui Ngpc H^o Huynh Trung H9u<")

6

l i thQdng thiit h^i ngoai hpp dong (BTTHNHD) l i mdt che djnh quan trpng trong phip luit dan sy. Thdng thudng, can cQ phat sinh trich nhiem BTTHNHD l i : cd hanh vi trii phip luit, ed thiet hai xay ra, ed moi quan he nhin q u i giQa thiet hai v i hinh vi trai phip luit. Trach nhiem BTTHNHD bao gdm trich nhiem boi thudng thiet hai ve v i t chi't va tmh than phat sinh do x i m phsim d i n tfnh mang, sQe khde, danh dy, uy tin, t i i san va c i c quyen, Ipi fch hyp phap cua ca nhin, phap nhan hoae chu the khac. Trach nhiem nay khdng chl nham khoi phyc tinh tryng tai san cua ngudi bj thiet hai ma cdn giio dye mpi ngUdi ve y' thQc tdn trpng phip luat, tdn trpng quyen va Idi ich hdp phap cua ngQdi khac. Che djnh nay dUdc quy djnh tai ChUdng XXi Bd luit Dan sy (BLDS) nam 2005, Nghj quylt sd 03/2006/NQ-HDTP ngay 08/07/2006 cua

n v i r i Bai hpc Canh sat nhan dan Tp. Ho Chf Minh

Khoa hpc chfnh trj - So 5/2012

Hdi ding Thim phin, hudng d i n i p dyng mot so quy djnh ve BTTHNHD.

Tuy nhien, trong q u i trinh ap dyng, che djnh niy bdc Id nhieu vUdng mic, hgn che. Ddi chieu thye tien xet xQ eua tda an vdi c i c quy dinh hien hanh v l trich nhiem BTTHNHD eho thly, che djnh nay cdn nhieu diem chua hoin thiin. Thyc tryng nay da gay ra nhQng khd khin trong qua trinh giai quylt trach nhiem b l i thudng thiet hyi. Nguyen nhan ehu yeu l i do chua ed sy thong nha't trong nhin thQc cung nhu trong qua trinh ap dyng c i c quy djnh ve BTTHNHD. Trong phgrn vi bai viet nay, ehung tdi mudn gdp phan lam ro them quy djnh cua BLDS v l BTTHNHD nham gdp phan hieu va ap dyng c i e quy dinh cua phap luat ngay cing thdng nha't, chit che hdn.

1. Quy djnh ve trUdng hyp ngUdi gay t h i ^ t h y i d u y c g i i m mQc boi thQdng thiythyi Khoan 2 Dieu 605 BLDS nam 2005 quy djnh; "NgUdi giy thiet hai co the dUdc giam mUc boi thudng, neu do Idi vd y ma gay thiet hai qua Idn so vdi kha nang kinh te trudc mat

O^jhiin aitu • Trao

vi liu dii cia minh". Nhu vfiy, dfi cfi thfi dupe x i t glim mUc bfil thudng, ngudi g i y thifit h«il c i n cd du hai difiu klfin:

ThCl nhit, vific g i y thifit hai phii do l i i vfi 9. Trong trudng hpp niy, ngUdI g i y thifit hai khfing cfi y g i y thifit hai, khfing mong mufin hfiu q u i x i u x i y ra cho ngudi khic nhung do c i u t h i hofic q u i tg tin nfin d i dfi thifit hai x i y ra.

Thd hai, mUe thifit hai x i y ra q u i Idn so vdi k h i ning kinh tfi trudc m i t v i l i u d i i cOa ngudi g i y thifit hai. NghTa l i , thifit h^i x i y ra v i hp cd trich nhifim bfil thudng, nhung vdi hoin cinh kinh tfi trude m i t cQng nhu vi Ifiu d i i , hp khfing cd k h i ning bfil thudng dupc toin bfi hoic phin Idn thifit hai dd.

Hifin nay, phip luit chua quy djnh cy thfi mUe glim bfil thudng thifit hai. T r i n thgc tfi, tiiy titng trudng hpp cy thfi, tda i n c i n eU v i o difiu kifin, hoin cinh, mUc dfi pham Ifii, kha ning kinh tfi trude m i t v i l i u dii...

ciia ngudi gay thiit hai cung nhu mUc dfi thiet hai da xay ra m i quyfit djnh mUc giam cy the. Tuy nhien, c i c thfim phin thudng khong manh dan ap dyng quy djnh n i y bdi rat khd nim ro kha ning kinh te eua dUdng sy. Kha nang kinh te la t i i s i n m i dUdng sU dang cd hay mUc thu nhip hing thing (bao gfim c i kha ning dUdng sg cd thfi vay mupn dupc tU ngudi khic dfi bfil thudng hay khong). Viic tim hifiu k h i ning kinh tfi cua ngudi g i y thiet hai rit cfing phu, phUe tap vl thieu tieu chl cy the v i se khong cd CO s6 de dam bio tinh cong bing, nhin v i n eua phip luat. Do dd, theo chung tdi, trong thdi gian chd siia doi, hoin thien BLDS, Tda i n Nhin dan tfii cao c i n cd v i n ban hudng d i n quy djnh cy thfi; mit khic, kifin nghj c i c cd quan lip phap c i n nghifin cUu, sila dfii nfii dung nay nhim tao dieu kien thuin Ipi trong qua trlnh glal quyet boi thudng thifit hai, bao dam quyen Ipi hpp phip cho cac dUdng sy.

2. Quy djnh mUc boi thudng thifit hai ve tinh than

Theo quy djnh t»l Khoin 2 DIfiu 61 Khdin 2 Difiu 610 BLDS n i m 2005, ngi vific bfil thudng thifit h?l vfit chfil, ngudl g thifit h f i cfin p h i i bfil thudng cho ngudi thifit hai vi tinh t h i n dd siJc khde, tinh m?

bj x i m phsm. Trfin thgc tfi, thifit h$l v i U t h i n r i t khd x i c djnh cg thfi. Chinh vl tli BLDS n i m 2005 khfing x i c djnh thifit h«i' tinh t h i n , m i chl quy djnh ngudi giy thi hai phii bfil thudng cho ngUdI bj thifit li mfit khdin tifin bii d i p tfin thfit vfi tinh thi (chU khfing x i c djnh t o i n bfi thifit h^i tit thin). Khoin bfil thudng n i y do cic U th&a thufin. Nfiu c i e bfin khfing this thuj dupe thi ngudl bj thifit hai cfi thfi yfiu ci Tda i n b i o vfi quyfin Ipi cho minh. MUc fa d i p tfin thi't vi tinh t h i n tfii da khfing qu 30 thing lUdng tfii thifiu do N h i nudc qi djnh dfii vdi trudng hpp thifit hat do sUc kho bj x i m hai v i khfing q u i 60 thing lUdng ll thifiu do N h i nudc quy djnh dfii vdi triidn hpp thifit hat dp tinh mang bj x i m hai.

V i n dfi dfit ra l i khi x i t xir. tda i n ni i p dpng mUc lUdng tfii thifiu tai thdi difim nd de tinh bfil thudng tfin thi't ve tinh thinch hpp \i? Hifin nay cd hai iufing quan difim i) khic nhau: Quan difim thU nhi't xui't phs tu gdc dfi ipi ich eiia nan nhin cho rSnc nfin i p dyng mUc lUdng tfii thifiu do Nhi nudc quy djnh tai thdi difim md phifin xi Bdi Ifi, tinh dfin thdi difim difin ra phifin lii thi quy djnh eiia N h i nude vi mdc ludngtc thifiu mdi da cd hifiu lye. Vific i p dyng thei hudng n i y se ed Ipi eho phia nan nhin, vol d i bj tfin hai n i n g ne vl hinh vi xim ph?^

cOa dUdng sg. Quan difim thU hai xuit pM tu gdc dfi Ipi Ich eiia bi ddn eho ring, nin a|

dgng mUe lUdng tfii thifiu do N h i nUdcqH djnh tai thdi difim x i y ra vg viec l i ehlnh x^c Theo chung tfii, nghj djnh eua Chirl phii quy djnh ve mUc lUPng to'l thieu thay dfi cd hieu Igc tai thdi diem nao thi tda an nei ap dyng v i o thdi diem dd. Neu khi phl^i toa (ke c i so thi'm l i n phuc tham) diin' Khoa tipc chlnti tri - S5 5'20

'Ji£hien ahi • Trao doi

m i quy djnh cua Chfnh phQ v l mQc IQdng t l i thilu da cd sy thay d l i so vdi thdi dilm xiy ra vy i n th) p h i i i p dyng mQc lUdng mdi. Thim nQa, mQc lUdng t l i thilu d tQng thdi dilm khic nhau cd sy chinh l|eh, biln ddng do trayt g i i . VI v i y , vi$c i p dyng mQc IQdng tQdng Qng thdi dilm diin ra phidn tda nh^m trinh thi|t h^i cho ngQdi bj thi|t hyi l i hyp 19. Tuy nhiin, d l i p dyng thing nhi't vi'n d l niy, cd quan chQc ning e i n sdm ban hinh v i n b i n hudng d i n cy t h i .

Ngoii ra, m|t v i n d l khic e i n duyc lim rd l i : vipc x i c djnh mQc bu d i p t i n thi't v l mit tinh thin theo mQc iQdng t l i thilu do N h i nQdc quy djnh d l i vdi d l i tayng n i o (eua ngadi bj x i m phym, cua ngudi thin thfch, hay cua ngudi nudi dudng). VI theo quy dinh cua phap luit, c i e doi tuyng l i m viec cho doanh nghiip trong nUde, doanh nghiep nUde ngoai, hoae l i c i n bd, edng ChQc dayc i p dyng mQc iQdng t l i thieu khac nhau. Vi viy, mQc b l i thudng t l i da se khic nhau neu ngudi gay thiet hyi, nhQng ngUdi thin thich v i ngUdi nudi dudng ngudi bj x i m pham khdng thda thuin duye mQc boi thudng. Vdi mQc boi thQdng t l i da khac nhau nhQ viy, phip luit can cd hUdng d i n cy the each thQc ap dyng mQc ludng t l i thieu de xac dinh mQc bdi thadng.

3. Quy djnh ve boi thUdng thi#t hyi do nguon nguy hiem cao dy gay ra

Dieu 623 BLDS n i m 2005 da ke thQa quy dinh boi thudng thiet hyi do nguon nguy hiem cao dd g i y ra dupe quy djnh tyi Dieu 625 BLDS nam 1995. f^ic du, BLDS nam 2005 va c i c v i n ban hUdng d i n thi hinh Bd luit nay (nhu Nghi quylt 03/2006/NQ- HDTP) d i u dinh ra nhOng quy dinh riing ve trach nhiem b l i thudng thiet hai do nguin nguy hiem cao dp gay ra, nhang v i n cdn nhieu bit cap, g i y ra nhQng tranh cai, quan diem khac nhau khi ap dyng cac quy djnh nay. Sau day la mot sd quy dinh m i chung tdi cho la bat c i p , can sura doi, hoin thi$n:

Khoa hoc chfnh trj - So 5/2012

ThU nhSt, v l khii nl|m nguin nguy hilm cao d |

Khoin 1 D i l u 623 BLDS n i m 2005 khdng dQa ra m|t djnh nghTa khii quit v l nguin nguy hilm cao d | m i chl cd quy djnh mang tfnh ll|t k i : "NguSn nguy hi^m cao rf{?

bao gdm phUdng ti$n giao thdng v$n tii cd gidi, h$ thdng tii di$n, nhi miy cdng nghi$p dang ho^t d0ng, vO khf, chSt nd, chSt chiy, chi't d0c, chi't phdng x$, thO dO vi cic nguSn nguy hiSm cao d0 khic do phip luit quy djnh". Khii nl|m nguin nguy hilm cao d | dQpe quy djnh theo hQdng li|t k i n i n khdng d i y dQ, thim chi khdng thing nhit vdi eic quy d|nh trong e i c v i n b i n phip luit khic.

VI viy, chung tdi kiln nghi l i khdng n i n djnh nghTa nguin nguy hilm cao dd theo hQdng lift k i m i c i n x i c dinh t i i u chf cy t h i d l dQpe coi l i nguin nguy hilm cao dd.

ThU hai, vi dilu kiin i p dyng trach nhiim b l i thQdng thiit hyi do nguon nguy hiem cao dp g i y ra

Hipn nay chUa cd quy djnh n i o phin djnh cy the: khi nio i p dyng trich nhiem boi thudng thiet hyi ndi chung va khi nio i p dyng trach nhiem boi thudng thiet hai do nguin nguy hiem cao dd g i y ra. TQ dd, ed nhQng each hilu v i i p dyng khdng thing nhi't tren thye te. Thyc tiln cho thi'y, khi xet xQ, nhilu trQdng hpp cQ thi'y thiet hai ed lien quan den nguon nguy hilm cao dp la i p dyng trach nhiem boi thQdng thiet hyi do nguon nguy hilm cao dd g i y ra, bat ke nguyen nhan gay thiet hyi l i do con ngudi hay do ty than nguon nguy hiem cao dd g i y ra. Doi vdi npi dung nay, theo chung tdi, viec i p dyng trich nhiem bdi thudng thiet hyi do nguin nguy hiem cao dd g i y ra chl phat sinh khi thiet hai ia do sQ tie dpng tU than cua nguon nguy hiem cao dp.

ThU ba, can phan djnh cy the, ro rang trach nhiem boi thudng thiet hyi do nguon nguy hiem cao dp gay ra trong trudng hpp chCi sd hQu da chuyen giao nguon nguy hiem

'highi&n cUu • Trao,

cao dfi cho ngudi khic chifim hOu, sil dgng.

+ Trudng hpp ngufin nguy hlfim cao dfi dupe chuyfin giao cho ngudl khic theo nghTa vu Iao dfing: Nfiu thifit hai do ngufin nguy hlfim cao dfi g i y ra trong q u i trlnh ngUdI Iao dfing quin \<i, sir dgng ngufin nguy hlfim cao dfi theo nhifim vg dupe glad thi trich nhifim bfil thudng thufie vfi chD sd hOu ngufin nguy hlfim cao dfi. Nfiu ngUdI dupc giao q u i n ly, sU dgng ngufin nguy hlfim cao dfi theo nghTa vg Iao dfing nhung lai sir dgng nggfin nguy hlfim eao dfi v i o mgc dich khic khfing theo nhifim vg m i g i y thifit hai thi hp p h i i tg ehju trich nhifim.

+ TrUdng hdp ngufin nguy hlfim cao dfi dupc chuyfin giao eho ngudi khic chifim hOu, sit dgng theo mfit giao dich d i n sg:

Trich nhi^m bfil thudng thiit hai do ngufin nguy hlfim cao dfi g i y ra trude tifin c i n cU vao thoa thuin giUa c i e b i n khi giao k i t hpp dfing. Nfiu eic bfin khdng ed sU thda thuin ve ngudi phii ehju trich nhiim boi thudng thi i p dgng nguyen t i e ehung eiia phip luit:

bfin mupn, thue, nhan cam cfi, nhin gifi giO, dupc iiy quyen quin ly t i i s i n l i nhOng ngudi chifim hOu, sU dyng t i i s i n ed e i n eU phap luat, hp cd nghTa vg trfing coi, quin ly nguon nguy hiem cao dfi, khdng dfi t i l s i n do minh quan ly g i y thiet hai eho ngudi khic.

Vl viy, hp phii ehiu trach nhiem bfil thudng khi cd ngufin nguy hlfim cao dfi g i y ra.

4. Quy djnh ve thdi hifiu khdi kifin y i u cau boi thudng thifit hai

BLDS n i m 2005 ra ddi da khic phgc dupe nhupe diem ciia BLDS n i m 1995, khfing chl quy djnh ro thdi hl$u khdi kifin vfi thUa ke (Difiu 645), m i edn quy djnh rfi thdi hieu khdi kien ve hpp dfing d i n sg (Difiu 427), thdi hieu yeu c i u BTTHNHD (Difiu 607). Trong dd, quy dinh thdi hieu yeu c i u BTTHNHD trong BLDS n i m 2005 ve cd b i n la phti hpp vdi quy djnh cua Bd luit To tgng dan su nam 2004. Tuy nhien, thyc t i l n ap dung trong thdi gian qua da phit sinh nhieu

vudng m i c , dn c6 Sl/ nh$n th&c Ihdt nhit nhim tao difiu klfin thuin Ipi trong qu trlnh i p dgng p h i p lufit.

Thd nhSl, cin sira dfii quy djnh thdi hifi khdi klfin trong BLDS n i m 2005 phu hppvt quy djnh cCia Lufit siJIa dfii, bfi sung mfit s difiu eOa Bfi lufit Tfi tgng d i n sg n i m 2011

Difiu 607 BLDS nam 2005 quy djnh

•Thdi hiiu khdi kiin yiu eiu bii thudng thi(

hfil li hai nim, k4 tH ngiy quyin vi Idi ta hdp phip eua ei nhin, phip nhin, ehO Ihi khic bi xim ph^m". Quy djnh n i y phti hp[

vdi quy djnh tai Khoin 3 Difiu 159 Bfi lufi Tfi tgng d i n sg n i m 2004: "Thdi hiiu khd kiin di yiu eiu Tia in giii quyit vi) ii din SI/ li hai nim, kg tO ngiy quyin vi itj.

Ich hdp phip cia ei nhin, cd quan, tS chQc, Idi Ich edng cing, 101 fc/i cOa Nhi nadc bi xim ph^m".

Tuy nhiin, quy djnh vific tinh thdi hieu khdi kifin kfi tU thdi difim quyfin va Ipi ich bj x i m pham l i khfing hpp ly. VI dg: trudng hpp vi pham phip luit vfi an toin vfi sinh thuc phim hoic mfii trudng nhUng dudng s^l khdng bifi't dUde thdi difim x i y ra vi pham dfi khdi kien diJng thdi hifiu. Do dd, cin xic djnh thdi difim e i c bfin bifi't hoic phai bifit quyfin v i Ipi Ich cua hp bj x i m pham. Khoin 22 Difiu 1 Lufit sUa dfii, bfi sung mfit sodliu eiia Bfi luit To tgng d i n sg quy djnh: '...Ihdi hiiu khdi kiin vi/ in din si/ li hai nim, ke tit ngiy ci nhin, cd quan, ti ehde biet dUtfc quyin vi 101 ich h0p phap cua minh bi xam ph^m...'. Do dd, dfi phti hpp vdi Lujt sula dfii, bfi sung mfit sfi difiu eiia Bfi luit To tyng d i n sg n i m 2011, Difiu 607 BLDS nSm 2005 c i n dupe sila dfii theo hUdng: TWi hiiu khdi kiin yeu ciu bdi thudng thiit ¥ ii hai nim, ki til ngiy ci nhin, phip nhin, chu the khic bid't dii0c quyin vi 101 fc/i W phip cua minh bi xim ph^m".

Tha hai, x i c djnh thdi hiiu.khdi kien

(xem ti^p trang 57) Khoo h p c chinti tri - So 5/2012

an tyl Hpc vifin Chfnh trj - Hinh chfnh khu vyc IV, Trung t i m Hpe vi^n, Phfin v l | n T i y nguyfin (Hpc vi#n Hinh chfnh).

- Ting cUdng chl dyo v i thyc h l | n t i t cfing t i e tham mQu t i n g hyp, xfiy dyng k l hoych, chQdng trlnh cdng t i c ; d l i mdl phQdng thQc q u i n 19; c h a i n h o i v i cdng khai cic quy trlnh nghiep vy. H o i n thi^n v i triln khai thyc hl$n nghifim tQc c h l dp thdng tin, b i o c i o phyc vy cdng t i c quin 19, d i l u h i n h T i p trung d l y mynh c i i cich hinh ehfnh, di ddi vdi vi0e t i n g cQdng Qng dyng cdng ngh$ thdng tin trong cdng t i c quin ly, d i l u h i n h v i thyc hifin

c i c quy trlnh nghiep vy chuyfin mdn, - S i p x l p d | l ngQ c i n b | d i m b i o phu hyp vdi trinh d l , nfing lyc chuyfin mdn, ning cao nfing lyc, k j nfing, tinh chuyfin nghiip cQa c i c cd quan tham mQu, d|i ngQ c i n bO, cdng chQc lim cfing t i c t i l chfnh, hinh chfnh - h i u d n theo hadng chuyfin nghl#p, hl|n dyi, kjf cadng, n l nip; tQng bade thye hl|n quy c h l hda, k l hoych hda, hifin dyl hda trong quin ly, dilu hinh.

- Thyc hi|n t i t cic c h l dd, chfnh sich;

chim lo ddi sd'ng v i t chi't, tinh thin cho ddi ngu c i n b|, cdng chQe d l hp yfin t i m cdng tic, hoin thinh td't cdng vi|c dapc giao.d

CHi' VINH SOI THifCfNG THiiT HAI NGOAI H(fP VONG..

(tiip trang 42)

trong trQdng hyp hinh vi x i m phym cd dau hieu tdi pham

Trong vy i n hinh sy, cd quan tien hanh to tyng da ra quye't djnh khdng khdi to vu an hinh sy do khdng du yfiu td cau thanh tdi pham. NgQdi bi thifit hyi khdi kien yeu d u BTTHNHD thi thdi hifiu khdi kien dayc tfnh nhQ t h i nao (tQ khi e i nhan, cd quan, to ChQc biet dQpe quyin va Idi fch hpp phap cua minh bi xim pham hay tQ khi cd quyet djnh khdng khdi td vy an hinh sy)? D l i vdi nhQng vu an hinh sQ cd lien quan den tai sin, boi thadng thifit hai nhQng khdng lien quan den viec xac djnh cau thanh tdi phym, khdng inh hadng d i n viec xem xet ting nang hay giim nh? trach nhiem hinh sy doi vdi bj can, bj cao theo hadng d i n tai Cdng van so 121/2003/KHXX ngay 19/09/2003 v l viec giii quyfi't cac van de lifin quan d i n tai sin, boi thadng thiet hai trong vu an hinh SQ thi dayc tich thinh vy kien dan sy khac, NhQ viy, khi dQOng sa khdi kifin thi thdi hieu khdi kien dapc tfnh nha the nao (tinh tQngay ca nhin, ed quan, to chQe bie't dayc quyen

v i lyi ich hyp phip cQa minh bj x i m pham hay tfnh tQ khi cd quyfi't dinh tach vy an, hoic tfnh tQ thdi dilm b i n i n hinh sy cd hieu lac phap luit)?

Vific xac djnh chinh xac thdi diem bat dau tfnh thdi hieu khdi kien cd y nghTa rat quan trpng d l i vdi viec bao ve quyin lyi hpp phap cua ngadi bi thiet hai. Do dd, de bao vfi td't nha't quyen va lyi fch hpp phap cQa ngadi bj thiet hai; dong thdi ap dyng thong nha't quy dinh cua phap luat, dam bao tinh phap e h l , Toa i n Nhin dan t l i cao c i n cd hadng d i n ey the v l tradng hdp nay va ed quan lap phip d n sQa doi, bo sung eae van b i n quy pham phip luit phu hdp vdi thye tifin dat ra.

Tdm lai, viec nghifin cQu, sQa doi, bo sung quy djnh phap luat d i n sa ve che djnh BTTHNHD la mot dieu tat yeu trong xu hadng hoan thifin phap luat ndi chung va phap luat d i n sa noi rieng. Day la van de Idn doi hdi cd sa nghien cQu chuyen sau nham dua ra nhQng luin cQ khoa hpc cho qua trinh hoan thien phap luat ve BTTHNHD,U Khoa hoc chtnh trj - So 5/2012