BAG PHI CO D A I : CUOC CHIEN TRANH CARTHAGE-LA MA
Cao Van Lien *
I. MOT CUOC CHIEN TRANH DE QUOC CHU NGHIA THOI KY CO DAI
Chien tranh la mot pham tru lich su, co nghia la ngay td khi xa hoi loai ngudi xuat hien khong phai da co chien tranh. Trong xa hoi dau tien, xa hoi Cong san nguyen thuy khong CO tu huu ve tu lieu san xuat, khong co giai cap nen khong c6 chien tranh. Nhung cuoc xung dot bo lac khong phai la chien tranh vi no khong mang muc dich chinh tri va kinh te.
Chien tranh chi bat dau khi xa hoi loai nguoi xuat hien che do tu hu'u va giai cap. Cuoc dau tranh giai cap, dau tranh dan toe huge ngudi ta phai dung bien phap chien tranh, bien phap bao luc de dat muc dich chinh tri. Cho nen cac nha kinh dien cua chu nghia Mac-Lenin noi chi ly rang chien tranh la thu doan khac cua chinh tri: Thu doan bao luc. Chien tranh la bien phap giup giai cap thang lgi thong tri, ap birc, boc lot giai cap chien bai trong mot quoc gia, mot dan toe. Neu nhu chien tranh giua quoc gia nay vdi quoc gia khac thi ke chien thang se no dich dan toe bi chien bai. Sau klii dat duac muc dich chinh tri la no dich thi ke
Pho giao sir, Tien sT, Hoc vien Bao chi Tuyen truyen
chien thang se cudp doat ve kinh te doi vdi dan toe bi chiem dong. Vay, chien tranh la nham muc dich chinh tri va sau muc dich chinh tri la muc dich kinh te. Ban than quyen lyc khong san sinh ra kinh te nhung quyen luc giup ke thong tri cudp doat dugc kinh te \a moi thu khac ( Engels). Chien tranh cung la mot bien phap de ra doi mot nha niroc. mot che do, mpt de quoc. Trong lich su rat hiem khi thay mot nha nuac nao do ra ddi ma khong can den chien tranh va bao lire.
Cac nha kinh dien chu nghla Mac-Lenin chia chien tranh lam hai loai: Chien tranh chinh nghia va chien tranh phi chinh nghla.
Chien tranh phi nghla la chien tranh xam luge cua mgt quoc gia nay doi vdi mpt quoc gia khac. la chien tranh cua giai cap thong tri phan dpng chong lai giai cap bi ap bde boc lot.
Chien tranh chinh nghia la chien tranh bao ve to quoc. la chien tranh giai phong dan tpc.
chien tranh cua giai cap bi ap buc boc lot ehong lai giai cap ap birc boc lot. Mudn phan biet duac chien tranh phi nghia hay chinh nghia thd nhat phai can cd vao giai cap nao lanh dao chien tranh. Chien tranh do giai cdp tien bp lanh dao thi do la cuoc chien tranh chinh nghia, chien tranh do giai cap phan dcmg
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAD PHI &. TRU]\G DOIXC so 09 (49) thang 9/2009
lanh dao thi do la cuoc chien tranh phi nghia.
Thu hai la phai can cd vao muc dich cua cuoc chien tranh, chien tranh xam luge, chien tranh chong lai giai cap bi ap buc hoc lot thi do la chien tranh phi nghia, chien tranh nliain muc dich bao ve to quoc, giai phong dan tpc, giai phong giai cap thi do la chien tranh chinh nghTa.
Nhu vay, tren the giai td co dai den hien dai khong biet c6 bao nhieu cuoc chien tranh ldn nho nhung tuu trung lai co 3 loai chien tranh; ngi chien la chien tranh giua cac giai cap, cac tap doan trong mpt quoc gia. chien tranh giua hai quoc gia va chien tranh giira nhieu quoc gia tren the gidi tao nen nhung cuoc dai chien, vi du nhu dai chien the giai thu nhat 1914-1918 loi keo tdi 36 nudc tham chien, 74 trieu ngudi bi dpng vien vao quan dpi; dai chign thd gidi thu II 1939-1945 thu hut toi 72 nudc tham chien, huy dpng 110 trieu ngudi cam sung ban giet nhau tren chien trucmg. Ca hai cuoc dai chien lam chet ban 70 trieu ngudi, lam bi thuang tan phe ban 110 trieu ngudi, tan pha ca sd vat chat va van hoa khong sao ke xiet.
Noi den chien tranh trong thdi ky co dai cua lich su the giai (khoang 3000 nam TCN den the ky V SCN) chung ta thudng hieu nom na do la chien tranh giua cac quoc gia chiem huu no le de giai cap chu no ma rpng lanh tho dat dai, bien them nhieu bp lac bai tran thanh no le. day la chien tranh giua nhirng quoc gia nong nghiep. Hieu va tiep can lich su chien tranh thdi ky co dai nhu vay la khong sai nhimg chua day du. Cuoc chien tranh ma chung toi dang de cap den d day: Chien tranh Carthage-La Ma la chien tranh giua hai quoc gia ben bd Dia Trung Hai nhung d hai chau luc, chau Au va chau Phi. Do la chien tranh giua hai quoc gia chiem huu no le nhung la nhij-ng quoc gia khong chi phat trien ve nong nghiep ma con phat trien ve thuang mai bae nhat thoi ky co dai. diem khac biet thd hai la
cuoc chien tranh La Ma-Carthage la cuoc chidn tranh dd qudc chd nghia trong thdi ky co dai. chien tranh nhdm gianh giat thi trudng thuoc dja, gianh giat mien Tay bp Dia Tmng Hai. Do do. chidn tranh Carthage-La Ma dien ra ac liet tren mpt khong gian rpng ldn bao gdm Nam Au, Dia Trung Hai va Bae Phi, la mpt trong nhung cuoc chien lau dai tren the gidi vdi 3 cuoc chien dam mau va keo dai hon 100 nam. kdt thuc vdi su thang lgi cua de quoc La Ma. Ban ve cuoc chien tranh nay Lenin viet: "• Chien tranh de qudc chu nghia co ca trong thdi dai che dp no le. cuoc chien tranh giua La Ma vdi Carthage dung ve ca hai ben ma noi deu la chien tranh de quoc chu nghTa"'.
I I . LA MA VA CARTHAGE 1. De quoc La Ma
Trung tam cua de quoc La Ma co dai la ban dao Italia. Ban dao co dien tich 30 van km'.
Chieu dai cua ban dao vuon ra Dia Trung Hai, ba mat c6 bien bao bpc. Phia Bae c6 day niii Alpes nhu buc tudng thanh ngan each Italia va chau Au. Phia nam ban dao co dao Sicily, phia tay CO dao Corsia va dao Sardinia. Tren ban dao thdi co dai co nhieu tpc ngudi sinh song.
Vao the ky VI TCN xa hoi Cong san nguyen thuy tan ra. cac tpc ngudi tren ban dao buac vao xa hoi c6 giai cap va nha nudc. Cac toe ngudi Ian lugt xay dyng nen nhung quoc gia nha nuac cua minh. Tpc ngudi Etmsca xay dyng nha nudc d mien bae va mien trung Italia, ngudi Latin lap nudc d vung ha lini song Tiber, ngudi La Ma ban ddu gdm 300 thi tpc lap nen quoc gia cda hp 6 ddng bang Latium. Ngudi Hilap (Greece) chidm giu cac thanh pho phia nam cua ban dao Italia va dao Sicily.
Qua trinh lap nudc cua ngudi La Ma la mgt qua trinh tien hanh nhung cuoc chiSn tranh xam luge, tieu diet cac qudc gia cua cac tpc .Lenin. Toan tap. T. 26. NXB Sir That. H.1963. tr. If
Tgp chi nghien citu CHAU PHI & TRU1\G BOIMG so 09 (49) thang 9/2009
Bae Phi CO dai: Cuoc chien... Cao Van Lien
nguoi khac, lap nen mpt trong nhung de qu6c rpng ldn nhat thoi ky co dai. Dl qu6c nay co anh huang to lon mpi mat den vung Trung Dong, Tho NhT Ky va vung Bde Phi. Trong muon van su kien cua thai dai do co cuoc chien tranh keo dai va khoe liet, anh huong den toan bp khu vuc Dia Trung Hai va Bae Phi. Do la cuoc chien tranh giua Carthage -La Ma, lich sd gpi do la cuoc chien tranh Punic.
Buac dau tien cua chien tranh xam luac la ngudi La Ma chiem toan bp ban dao Italia. The ky V TCN ngudi La Ma gay cuoc chien tranh trong 10 nam (406 TCN -396 TCN) vdi ngudi Etrusca, chiem kinh thanh Veil va tieu diet quoc gia cua hp.
Nua sau the ky IV va dau ky III TCN, La Ma tien danh quoc gia cua ngudi Xamnite d mien Trung ban dao Italia. De chien thang, ngudi La Ma phai trai qua 3 cuoc chien tranh, keo dai td nam 343 TCN din nam 290 TCN va lam chu mien Trung Italia.
Sau khi lam chu mien Trung Italia, La Ma riep tuc xam luac mien Nam Italia, gay chien tranh vdi thanh bang Tarentum cua ngudi Hi Lap. Quan dpi Hi Lap da chong cu ngudi La Ma quyet liet. Trong mpt tran giao chien ldn ciia hai ben d Benoeven, Hi Lap bi danh bai.
La Ma chiem toan bp mien Nam Italia.
Nhu vay, trai qua 200 nam chien tranh xam luoc ngudi La Ma da lam chu toan bp ban dao Italia. Tu day, ban dao nay la hau phuang, can cu vung chae de ngudi La Ma vuon ra xam luac Nam Au, Bae Au, Tay Au va nhung quoc gia phia dong nam, phia nam Dia Trung Hai la viing dat Th6 NhT Ky, Trung Dong va Bae Phi, lap nen mpt dl quoc rpng ldn. Nhung tren con dudng thuc hien tham vong ba chu toan bp viing Dja Trung Hai, La Ma gap mpt ky phung dich thu hung manh d Bae Phi ma phai 100 nam vdi 3 cuoc chien tranh La Ma mdi ha guc dirpc: do la ngudi Carthage vdi quoc gia
Carthage ma trung tam la Cong hoa Tunisia ngay nay.
2. Quoc gia Carthage
Thdi CO dai tren lanh tho Tunisia nga\ na\
toe ngudi Phoenicia da den dinh cu, sinh song va trd thanh chu nhan a day. The ky VII TCN, ngudi Phoenicia da lap nen de quoc Carthage bao trum the luc d Bae Phi, Can Dong va Tay bp Dia Trung hai. Carthage la mpt quoc gia chiem huu no le hung manh vdi thiet che cong hoa, phat trien kinh te nhieu thanh phan. Trong kinh te nong nghiep giai cap chii no Carthage thiet lap nhimg dien trang ldn, su dung hang nghin no le. Carthage con phat trien manh me kinh te thu cong nghiep. thuong nghiep. dong vai trd quan trpng trong nen kinh te a khu vuc ba chau luc thdi ky dd. Nha nude Carthage da xay dung mpt quan dpi hiing manh de bao ve quyen Ipi cho giai cap chu no, md rpng thi trudng thudc dia.
Cung vao the ky VII TCN, ngudi Carthage da thanh lap mot de quoc d Tay Dia Trung Hai. The ky VI TCN, ngudi Carthage chiem uu the thuong mai va hang hai d toan khu vuc, dat den dinh cao nhat cua su hung thinh.
Trudc kia Carthage da lien minh vdi La Ma trong cuoc xam luoc cua La Ma d mien Nam Italia chong lai thanh bang cua ngudi Hi Lap.
Day la mpt sai lam nghiem trpng trong chinh sach doi ngoai cua Carthage khi lien minh vdi ke thu de tieu diet ke thu cua ke thu cua minh.
Sau khi tieu diet cac thanh bang Hi Lap va lam chu toan bp ban dao Italia, La Ma vuon the lyc banh trudng sang khu vuc Dia Trung Hai, dit thuoc dia cua Carthage. Td la dong minh vdi nhau. La Ma va Carthage trd thanh nhung ke thu khong dpi trdi chung. chien tranh la dieu khdng the tranh khdi. Va chien tranh giua Carthage-La Ma da bung nd. Lich sd gpi day la cuoc chien tranh Punic vi ngudi La Ma gpi ngudi Phoenicia, to tien cua ngudi Carthage la ngudi Punic.
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRII1\G Bdl>fG so 09 (49) thang 9/2009
I I I . CHIEN TRANH TRLTNG PHAT (PUNIC)
1. Chien tranh trirng phat (Punic) lan thii- nhat ( 264 TCN -241 TCN)
Nguyen nhan chien tranh la do su banh trudng xam luac cua de quoc La Ma, trudc tien doi vdi vung Tay bp Dia Trung Hai la dat thuoc dia cua Carthage. Nguyen cd true tiep de chien tranh bung nd la do hai ben tranh chap dao Sicily giau cd. Budc dau chien tranli La Ma da gianh duac nhirng thang lgi quan trpng, chiem dugc thanh phd quan trpng cua Sicily la Arizentum. De khac phuc nhung yeu kem luc lugng tren mat bien. La Ma gap rut xay dung lyc lugng hai quan vdi 120 tau chien ldn. Nam 260 TCN. hai quan La Ma thu dugc thang lgi ldn d Lipari. Nam 256 TCN, 5 van quan La Ma da tran vao danh chiem mien Bae Phi giau cd, quan La Ma bat va bien 2 van dan d day thanh nd le.
Nhung quan dpi La Ma khong the chien dau lau dai d Bae Phi nen phai rut ve. Quan dpi Carthage chuyen sang phan cdng quan La Ma d Sicily va vung bien Italia. Trudc nguy ca that bai bpn chu nd La Ma da ddng 200 chien thuyen va xay dung lyc lugng hai quan manh giup chinh quyen La Ma. Nam 244 TCN trong mpt tran hai chien, Carthage bi danh bai phai ky hoa udc vdi La Ma. Theo hoa udc nay, Carthage phai nhudng cho La Ma dao Sicily, Corsia va Sardinia, phai bdi thudng 2300 talent (don vi tien te co Hi lap) chien phi cho La Ma trong 10 nam.
Ket thuc cudc chien tranh Punic lan thd nhat, du that bai thudc ve Carthage nhung quyen ba chu d Tay bd Dia Trung Hai van chua dugc phan dinli nen cugc chien tranh Punic lan thu hai la khdng the tranh khdi.
2. Chien tranh trirng phat (Punic) Ian thii-hai (218-201 TCN)
Sau chiln tranh Punic lan thu nhat Carthage van tilp tuc chilm ddng va khai thac vang a Tay Ban Nha, xay dimg lyc lugng va cac cir dilm chu^n bi cudc chien tranh vdi La Ma.
Quan he giua Carthage va La Ma cyc ky cang thang. Nam 218 TCN, Carthage danh chilm Sagonte, mpt thanh phd phia ddng nam Tay Ban Nha. La Ma phan doi va chien tranh Punic lan thu hai bung no.
Chiln tranh Punic lan thu hai dugc cac nha sd hoc thdi ky cd dai ggi la chien tranh Hannibal ten cda danh tudng Carthage trong cugc chien tranh lan thu hai. Md dau chien tranh, nam 218 TCN, tudng Carthage Hannibal d Tay Ban Nha da nhanh chdng dem 8 van quan, 12000 ky binh, 37 thdt voi mao hiem vugt qua day Alpes tien thang vao mien Bae Italia. Cudc hanh quan nay da lam hang van quan Carthage chet trong bao tuyet. Bat chap thiet hai, Hannibal dem quan vugt qua nhu'ng canh ddng lay giua mua nudc ldn cua nhung ddng sdng. Cudi cung, nam 217 TCN quan Hannibal cung tien dugc vao con dudng chinh chay ve La Ma, mai phuc va tieu diet mpt lire lugng ldn cua La Ma d con dudng hep giua ho Trasimene. Thira thang, quan Carthage tien xudng phia nam Italia nham pha vd hau phuang cua de qudc La Ma. Thang 6 nam 216 TCN, 8 van bd binh, 6000 ky binh cua La Ma bi Hannibal bao vay va tieu diet d Canne, viing Apali. Day la tran danh ndi tieng the gidi ve nghe thuat quan su bao vay va tieu diet. Tu do danh tu Canne di vao td dien quan sy de chi nhung tran bao vay va tieu diet ldn. Sau chien thang danh tieng Hannibal va quan dpi Carthage liy lung khap Nam Italia va Dia Trung Hai.
Tuy thang lgi Idn d Canne nhung quan dpi Hannibal van chua gianh dugc thang lgi co tinh chat quyet dinh. La Ma van bao ve duac hau phuang vung chSc la mien trung Italia.
Trong khi dd quan dpi Hannibal d qua xa hau phuong cua minh, tiep vien bd sung quan so
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAtI PHI & TR1]I\G BOIVG so 09 (49) thang 9/2009
Bae Phi CO dai: Cuoc chien... Cao Van Lien
hau nhu khdng thyc hien dugc. Quan dpi Hannibal trd nen co lap. Cac nha lanh dao La Ma rut kinh nghiem nhung that bai d Trasimene, Canne khdng danh ldn ma diing chien thuat chien tranh du kich de tieu hao quan Carthage tren dat Italia. Mat khac, quan La Ma nhan ca hdi Hannibal cdn d Nam Italia to chuc tan cdng vao hau phuong quan Carthage. Nam 211 TCN, quan La Ma chiem Sicily, danh chiem thanli phd Tan Carthage d Tay Ban Nha, tan cdng quan cua Hannibal ngay tren dat Italia. Tiep do, nam 205 TCN, quan chap chinh La Ma Scipio dem quan danh vao chau Phi, pha hoai mua mang hdng gay ra nan doi nham bupc chinh phu Carthage dau hang, Haninibal phai dem quan ve img ciru.
Nam 202 TCN, quan La Ma do Scipio chi huy danh bai quan Hannibal d Zama, phia nam Carthage. Day la lan that bai dau tien cung la lan that bai cudi cung trong cuoc ddi chinh chien day danh tieng cua Hannibal. Nam 201 TCN Carthage phai ky hoa udc vdi La Ma, chiu nhung dieu khoan het sue nang ne cua ke chien bai. Carthage mat het thudc dia, mat quyen kiem soat vung Tay Dia Trung Hai, chi cdn manh dat nhd d chau Phi. Carthage phai giai giap quan dpi, giao lai lire lugng hai quan cho La Ma, khdng dugc ty y gay chien vdi cac bp tpc lang gieng khi khong cd sy dong y cua La Ma, phai bdi thudng chien phi cho La Ma tdi 10.000 talent. Sau that bai nay, Hannibal khong chiu dugc sy khac nghiet cua ke thu da chay sang Sirya, bi mat td chdc lyc lugng chd thdi CO phan cong lai La Ma.
Sau chiln tranh La Ma lan thu hai, sue manh chinh tri va quan sir cua Carthage kiet que. La Ma thi ngugc lai trd thanh mdt de qudc no le hung manh, xac lap chu quyen d Tay bp Dia Trung Hai, tren ca sd dd xam luge loan bd vung Dia Trung Hai sau nay.
3. Chien tranh triing phat (Punic) lan thu-ba (149 TCN-146 TCN)
Sau chien tranh Punic lan thd hai La Ma thiy phai tieu diet sy tdn tai cua Carthage de b6p chet nhung am muu cua Hannibal nham xay dyng lyc lugng chong lai La Ma, tieu diet tan gdc the lyc duy nhat can trd budc tien xam luge cua La Ma d toan khu vyc Dia Trung Hai va Bae Phi sau nay. Vdi mim dd do. La Ma chu dpng gay ra cudc chien tranh Punic lan thu ba.
Md dau cudc chien. La Ma lay cd Carthage vi pham hiep udc nam 201 TCN. nam 149 TCN. dem quan bao vay Carthage. Carthage de nghi giang hoa nhung bi La Ma cy tuyet.
Quan La Ma bao vay thanh Carthage 2 nam.
Nhan dan Carthage da anh dung khang chien.
Mua xuan nam 146 TCN kinh thanh Carthage that thu. Nhan dan Carthage da anh dung chien dau khi quan La Ma tran vao thanh pho. Vien Nguyen lao La Ma ra lenh thieu chay loan bp thanh phd Carthage, nen cua thanh pho bj ca>
len. Lam nhu vay de qudc La Ma muon xoa ban ten Carthage tren ban dd va trong ljch su.
Carthage sau dd chi la mpt phan cua tinh Chau Phi CLia La Ma. Nhu vay, chien tranh Punic lan thir ba chi la chien tranh mdt phia cua de quoc La Ma nham tieu diet hoan toan ke thu ciia minh d Nam dia Trung Hai va Bae chau Phi.
IV. KET LUAN
Chien tranh Punic la mpt trong nhung cuoc chien tranh ldn nhat thdi co dai. Chien tranh ket thiic vdi sy that bai cua mpt trong hai cudng qudc thuang mai phat trien nhat trong thdi ky do. Ngay trong thdi ky do cuoc dau tranh tranh gianh thuoc dia cho nen kinh te hang hoa da dien ra gay gat. Trong ba cuoc chien tranh thi cudc chien tranh Punic lan thi'r hai mang tinh chat quyet dinh ma phiin thang da hoan toan thudc ve La Ma. con cuoc chien tranh lan thu ba chi la chien tranh mpt phia cua de quoc La Ma de ket lieu ke thii cua minh khi da chien bai va hoan toan kiet sue. Nguyen nhan that bai cua Carthage khong phai do
Tgp cMnghien curu CMAU PHI & TRUIMG BONG so 09 (49) thang 9/2009
Carthage yeu kem ve lyc lugng kinh te, ve lyc lugng quan sy, ve tinh than chien dau cua quan dpi. Nguyen nhan that bai cua Carthage nam d sai lam ve chinh sach ngoai giao va dan den hanh ddng quan sy sai lam. Ngay tu dau khi quan La Ma chua dd manh, dang ly Carthage phai lien minh vdi nhung ke thu cua La Ma de tieu diet chung thi Carthage lai lien minh vdi La Ma tieu diet cac thanh bang Hi Lap trong cuoc chien tranh La Ma xam luge Nam Italia.
Hanh dpng nay da lam cho Carthage mat het ddng minlr de chdng lai La Ma sau nay. Tiep den, trong cuoc chien tranh Punic lan thu hai, Hannibal la mdt tudng linh tai nang nhung dng da pham sai lam to ldn khi tien quan vao dat Italia mdt each phieu luu de bao tuyet va nudc lu lam hang van quan Carthage hi sinh mpt each vo ich. Sau do, du cd chien thang ldn d Canne nhung dd khdng phai la chien thang quyet dinh, lai qua xa hau phuang, bi quan La Ma dung chien thuat chien tranh du kich tieu hao, danh pha hau phuang cua Hannibal, lam cho quan Carthage bi cd lap, suy yeu va sau nay bi danh bai tren chinh manh dat Carthage.
Ngudi La Ma da chien thang trong cudc chien tranh Punic la vi hp cd dau 6c thyc te phi thudng, biet rut kinh nghiem that bai mpt each nhanh chdng. Nhu hp biet yeu ve hai quan thi hp da nhanh chdng xay dyng lyc lugng hai quan hung manh. Khi quan ddi cua Hannibal chien thang lung lay d Canne Nam Italia, the lyc quan Carthage cdn rat manh thi ngudi La Ma da chuyen sang chien thuat chien tranh du kich de tieu hao ke thu, mat khac quay sang danh pha hau phuong va sau do tan cdng vao Hannibal, lam cho hay phuang va quan dpi Carthage khong cuu dng dugc nhau va bd tay that bai. Rut kinh nghiem ngay tren phien trudng, dieu chinh chien luge chien thuat cho thich hgp de di tdi thang Igi la mdt bai hpc kinh nghiem ma ngudi La Ma la bae thay trong chien tranh Punic.
Thk bai cua Carthage lam cho tren vu dai khu vyc d l qudc La Ma hau nhu khdng con d6i thu tren con dudng xam luge. Ngay sau chiln tranh Punic lan thu hai, nam 171 TCN.
La Ma danh bai Macedonia, lam chu toan bp Nam Au. Sau khi chiem dugc Nam Au, La Ma xam luge cac qudc gia d Can Ddng va tien vao xam luge toan bp Bae Phi. The ky 2 TCN. La Ma trd thanh mdt de qudc rpng ldn, bien giai phia bSc len den Bae Au, lam chu Tay bp Dja Trung Hai, phia ddng nam chiem Can Dong, Tho NhT Ky, phia nam lam chd Bae Phi va bien gidi de qudc tdi tan sa mac Sahara (dudng xich dao). Ci Nam Phi la cac qudc gia cua ngudi da den, du quan xam luge La Ma chua dat chan tdi nhung nhieu vuong quoc van phai chiu anh hudng cda de qudc Roma.
Du that bai trong cudc chien tranh Punic nhung cuoc chien dau cua ngudi Carthage suot
100 nam da lam cham budc tien cda quan xam luge La Ma ddi vdi cac qudc gia ven bd Dia Trung Hai, Can Ddng va Bae Phi, da lap nen nhung chien cdng-hien hach, da cd nhung tran danh di vao lich sd the gidi nhu la kinh dien cua nghe thuat quan sy. Va nhu vay, ngay nay hau due cua Carthage la cdng hoa Tunisia d Bae Phi, mdt quoc gia khdng ldn, vdi dien tich 163.200km , dan sd khoang 9 trieu ngudi c6 quyen ty hao ve mpt qudc gia thuang mai hung manh cua cha dng minh thdi ky co dai.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Lenin. Toan tap. Tap 26. NXB Sy That. H.
1963.
2.Khoa lich sir-Dai hpc Tong hop Ha Noi, Gido trinh lich sir the gidi co dgi. H. 1975.
3.Cao Van Lien, Lich sit 200 quoc gia va vimg lanh thd tren the girri, NXB Lao Dpng. H,2007.
4. Bdch khoa lich sir the gidi. NXB Van hoa thing tin. H. 2004.
5. Lich sir chdu Phi (Tieng Nga. NXB Khoa hpc.M. 1985).
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAD PHI & TRUNG BdNG so 09 (49) thang 9/2009
