BAN VE CO CHE TAC DONG CUA CHIEN TRANH TAM LY
DO! VOI QUAN N H A N HIEN NAY
PGS.TS. Nguyen Binh Gam TS. Bui Van Co
Hoc victi Chinh tri.
*
Sinh thdi, Chu ljch Hd Chi Minh day rdng, dd gianh the chii ddng trong cudc ddu tranh, ngan chan va trdn ap kjp thdi mpi am muu cua bpn phan ddng cdn phai ndm vurng linh hinh djch, thudng xuyen duy tri linh thdn canh giac each mjing ciia quan va dan la. Ngirdi luu y, trong chie'n tranh mud'n thdng thi phai bie't djch, bie't minh, cdn phai didu tra, nghien ciiu kT dd bidl dupc am muu ciia giac. Tai Hdi nghj quan sir Idn thur nam, thang 8 nam 1948, Chu ljch Hd Chf Minh da liTng ndi: "Ta biet ro djch thi thdng. Neu dd djch biel ro la Ihi that bai. Cho nen phai he't siic giii bi mai"(l).
Dang la ludn trung thanh va van dung sang tao tu tudng Hd Chf Minh vao didu kidn cu the cua each mang Viet Nam, ludn coi trpng vj tri, vai trd cua ITnh vuc da'u tranh tu ludng, ddng thdi nhdn manh trong cupc dau tranh dd
"phai tuyen truydn. vach trdn cac thii doan lira dd'i cua bpn dd' qudc..."(2).
Trong bdi canh hidn nay, cac the lire ihii djch, chii nghTa de qud'c (CNDQ) vdn dang rao rid't thuc hidn chidn lupc "didn bien hoa binh" vdi each mang Viet Nam, ma mdt trong nhirng mui nhpn la chie'n tranh tam ly (CTTL). Do vay, chiing ta phai ndm va hidu vd CTTL cua dich la didu hdt siic can thiel va cd linh thdi sir trong cdng tac tuydn truydn, giao due hidn nay.
Cac nha ly luan quan sir, tam ly hpc va tam ly hpc quan su mac xit khi luan giai vd ban chat cua CTTL ddu nhan manh tdi ban chat chinh trj, xa hdi va tfnh chat phan nhan van cua nd. Cac nghidn ciiu tidu bidu cho quan didm nay la D. Vdncdgdndv, dng khdng dinh: "CTTL la he thd'ng tac ddng tu tudng ciia CNDQ nhdm danh vao y thurc con ngudi, chii ye'u thdng qua ITnh vuc tam ly xa hdi. CTTL cd tfnh tuong ddi ddc lap, ddng thdi cung la mdt bd phan ciia dau tranh tu tudng mdt trong nhung hinh thiic co ban ciia ddu tranh giai ca'p"(3).
Mdt van dd cdn lam ro, nhCrng lac ddng chii yd'u ciia CTTL la thdng qua kenh tam ly, nhung su tac ddng ay lai mang tfnh chdt tu tudng rd ret va rdt cudc la nhdm "xdi mdn" the gidi quan cua con ngudi trong xa hdi XHCN, len liit thay the nidm tin XHCN.
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De dcU dupc muc lidu chinh trj ciia CTTL, kc dich sii dung rdt da dang Ihii doiin CTTL, didn hinh nhu: Gia mao, lao ra nhCrng khudn due tu duy hu do, lung tin ddn nhiim, de iloii, diinh ldn sdng den trdng, boa mu v.v... de tao ra cac quan diem lech liic ve thirc tiii, gay cho con ngudi nhCrng quan diem thii djch vdi CNXH, Mat khac. ciic nghien ciru cdn chi ra sir da dang, bie'n hoa ciia cac thii doiin CTTL ciia dich nhu c;ich thu'c bidn minh, truydn ba tin tiic, lung tin ddn, tiic dpng viio ciim xiic, ciic "thii doiin ciifng", "thu doan mem"... dd chi phdi nhiin thirc doi phuang trong nhirng pham vi, tinh hud'ng, didu kidn cu thd.
Nghien ci'ru CTTL hien niiy gan lidn vdi sir phat tridn cua cac didu kien cdng nghe vi"» ciic phircmu lien truyen thdng hidn dai, can cuf vao nhung bidu hien \e lam ly ciia ngudi linh trong chieii tranh cdng nghd cao va nhirng didn ticMi ciia CTTL ciia My ddi vdi Irac, Nam Tu... Irong thdi gian vira qua da sir dung cdng cu tuycMi truydn dd phd truong sure miinh qudc gia, quang ba "ly luan quiin sir tiCMi lien" "vii khi thdng minh" khid'n dd'i phuong phai suy nhupc y chi, khiep sp Nii chju kluiiit phuc, vdi phuong cham sat thuong than thd bdng bom dan kci hop chat che vdi sat thuong tam ly bdng cac thu doan luydn truydn hien dai.
Trong chicMi lupc "didn bie'n hoa binh", kc djch sir dung ddn CTTL, ma chii yeu la thuc hien cac lac ddng tam ly xa hdi, danh vao chd mdm yeu, nhay cam nha't ciia con ngudi la tam ly linh thdn, bdng nhirng thu doan linh vi, xao quyet, lam chuydn boa ddi phuong d mpi liic, mpi noi, ca khi lam vide, liic vui choi, len ldi vao tirng ngudi, lirng nhdm va cdng ddng xa hdi ciia chiing la, bdi den nhan thiic tu tudng, gam nham linh cam, didu khidn y chi va hanh ddng.
Chung quy lai, CTTL lam bie'n chdt, lam ra tam Iy xa hdi, tur dd lam muc rudng ly tudng, lien ldi pha sap he tu tudng, xoa bd che dp XHCN.
Cac nha tam ly hpc mac xit, ma trudc hdt la cac nha tam ly hpc quan su da cd ddng gdp rdt ldn ddi vdi vide vach trdn am muu, phuong thiic. thii doan cua CTTL, ddng thai dua ra nhidu bidn phap, ydu cdu vd pham chat, nang luc ciia quan nhan dd ddi phd va chdng lai cupc chie'n tranh nay Trong cac van de ly luan vd CTTL, van dd co che lac ddng cua nd ddi vdi quan nhan hidn nay la mdt trpng tam, cdn phdi nghidn cu'u lam ro vd phuong didn ly luan.
CTTL la he thdng nhCrng tac ddng tam ly cd td chiic, cd muc dfch ciia CNDQ chu yd'u thdng qua ITnh viic tam ly xa hdi nhdm pha hoai trang thai chfnh tri, tinh thdn ciia nhan dan va quan dpi dd'i phuong.
Khai nidm trdn khdng nhCrng chi ra chii thd cda CTTL la CNDQ, lien hanh CTTL la mdt qua trinh cd he thd'ng, cd id chiic, cd muc dfch nhdm pha vd chfnh trj tinh thdn ciia ddi phuong ma cdn chi ra hudng tac dpng chii yd'u ciia CTTL la tac ddng vao binh didn tam ly - tinh thdn, dac bidt la tam ly cpng ddng ngudi thdng qua nhidu hinh thurc, phuong tidn va thii doan khac nhau trdn pham vi rdng ldn cua cac ITnh vuc hoat ddng xa hdi.
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Nhu vay, can nhan thirc rd CTTL la bd phan ciia dau tranh trdn ITnh vuc tu tudng, su tac ddng cua CTTL chii yeu, tap trung nhat la tac ddng vao ITnh vuc tam ly xa bdi, vao nhan Ihirc thudng ngay ciia qudn chung, muc lieu ciia CTTL nham pha hoai trang thai chinh trj, linh thdn cua dd'i phuong.
CTTL ciia cac the lire thu dich la cudc chie'n "khdng khdi sung" nhung cue ky nguy hiem, anh hudng cua nd la khdn ludng nhdm pha hoai trang thai chfnh trj tinh than cua nhan dan va quan dpi chung ta. Dd thuc hidn cac muc tidu, thii doan cua CTTL ddi vdi quan nhan, bd may didu khidn vd lien hanh CTTL ciia djch dupc lien hanh mdt each khoa hpc vdi su am hieu sau sdc vd lu tudng va tam ly con ngudi. Do dd, mudn phdng chdng CTTL cd hidu qua chung la khdng nhung can phai hieu rd ke thii ma cdn hidu rd each thirc lac ddng ciia CTTL dd'n quan nhan. Sir tac ddng nay thd hidn d cac khia canh sau:
1. Tac dong tieu cue den y thiic quan nhan
CTTL lac ddng vao nhu cdu ciia qudn nhdn bdng each lao ra cac didu kidn vat chat, van boa, linh thdn lam nay sinh nhirng nhu cdu mdi theo muc lieu cua chung. Hidn nay, CTTL su dung phd bidn thii thuat "djnh hudng nhan thu'c"
bang each trinh bay dac didm, linh ddc dao cua dd'i tupng ma con ngudi quan tam nha't, cd thd "bidn mdt dd'i tupng xa la, khdng quen thanh quen va cdn thie't" thi vide lao ra nhirng nhu cdu mdi trong tam thiic cua quan nhan la vide lam dd dang. D6 tao didu kidn ldi da cho sir thoa man nhu cau, lpi fch ciia binh sT quan dpi ddi phuong, CTTL dang ra siic chTa mui nhpn tuyen truydn nhdm khdu gpi va khuydn khfch ldi sdng thuc dung, tuyet ddi hoa nhu cdu, lpi fch ca nhan trudc mdt, coi cai cd ich, cd lpi cho ca nhan la chan ly, dd cao tu do ca nhan, tach rdi va ddi lap lpi fch ca nhan vdi lpi fch tap thd, lam lech lac cac djnh hudng gia tri ciia can bd, chie'n sL
Tac ddng vao ddng co, CTTL tao ra cac kfch thfch lam xao trdn va thay ddi ddng co, theo 66 la sir thay ddi hudng va tfnh chat cua hanh vi, boat ddng cua quan nhan; dac bidt coi trpng, lam thay ddi ddng co chfnh tri - xa hdi, lam ldch lac, bidn dang, hoac day cac ddng co chfnh tri - xa hdi xud'ng hang thii yd'u. Chiing thudng tac dpng theo hai hudng co ban: Mdt la, CTTL tap trung tuydn truydn phii nhan, chd'ng pha chii nghTa Mac - Ldnin (CNMLN), tu tudng Hd Chf Minh, dudng ldi chfnh tri cua Dang, ddi phi chinh trj boa quan dpi; hai la, CTTL nha'n manh tfnh hpp ly cua chu nghia da nguyen, chii nghTa ca nhan, chu nghTa thuc dung, quan nidm vd "Tu do", "Dan chii", "Nhan quydn", "Chii nghTa tu ban uu vidt"... theo kidu phuang Tay. Chdng "tao ra hinh tupng ngudi hiing" kieu My trdn phim, anh, video, van hoa pham, sach bao... cure ky hap ddn, gay hau qua nghidm trpng pha hoai van hoa, thao tiing ddng lire hanh vi cua nhan dan va quan dpi. Vide don gian boa mdu ngudi hiing tdi miic dp thd thidn, khdng nhirng ddn tdi khung hoang sau sdc nhCrng lieu chuan gia trj trong xa hdi, hinh thanh nhan thiic thoa hiep, ma cdn la ddng lire kfch thfch rdt manh me ban nang
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pha hoai ciia binh sT ddi phuong. Thdng qua cac trd choi Game Online, trang Web linh due, ciic van hoa phii'm khac "phii hpp" vdi dac didm tam ly lura ludi, tinh chai boat ddng va gidi tri cua ldp trc de kich thfch tinh trang bao luc, thiic ddy "ciii tdi dam me" "ciii tdi vd ihurc"... ciia quan nhan, nhdm lam cho hp bie'n dang ddng co chii dao, sao nhang ve chinh tri.
Hidu rd qui luat ciia niem tin, cac chuydn gia tam Iy cia ke thii dung nhidu kenh thdng tin theo nhung kd hoach cu thd dc lirng budc thdm Ihdu nhan ihiic quan nhan. Sir dung phuong phap mdm hoa, cac chuydn gia CTTL thudng ne tranh vice true liep ddi ddu vdi cac quan didm chfnh trj tu tudng ro ret. Di tidp can, lam xdi mdn vii tien tdi pha vo nidm tin ciia dd'i phuong, cac luan didu luydn truydn thudng bdt ddu bdng cac sir kien, hidn tupng cd tfnh chat map md, trung tfnh, dn boa... thu hut chii y ciia thinh gia bdng su "khdch quan" va "lu- ong thidn" gia t£io. Tiep dd la "tra trdn" thdng tin thdng tin chinh trj dupe dan xen vao cac lieu liet ludng chimg vd thudng vd phiil nhu "Didn anh the gidi"
"Nghd sT va ddi sd'ng" "Tho nhac", "Cau chuydn Viet Nam" "Nhin vd chau A", "Cau chuydn phu nu", "Thdn tupng the thao"... song dd chi la mdi nhir 6i nhdi nhel cac thdng tin mang tfnh pha hoai vd tu tudng, nidm tin, dao diic va ldi sdng ciia quan nhan. Truydn hinh dang la phuong lien tac ddng cd hidu qua ldi nidm tin ciia "khan gia", bdi kha nang "xoa nhoa sir khac nhau giira that va gia", gpi y cho hp each danh gia, hoai nghi va xac djnh nidm tin.
2. Dieu chinh hanh vi, hoat dong cua quan nhan
Dd didu chinh hanh vi, boat ddng ciia quan nhan, CTTL coi trpng thuc hidn tac ddng vao nhiing co che tam ly cd kha nang didu chinh hanh vi nhu tdm the, cdc chudn muc xd hdi, du ludn xd hdi trong tap thd quan nhan.
Tac ddng cua tuydn truyen quang cao, thdng qua cac phuong lien thdng tin dai chiing cd thd thay ddi hoan loan tam thd ngudi tidp nhan thdng tin. Cdng trinh ciia nha tam ly hpc My C.L. Hopland vd su thay ddi tam the' dudi tac dpng ciia luydn truydn da ke't luan "tac ddng ciia truydn thdng dai chiing da anh hudng tdi mat nhan thiic trong cdu triic tam the, kdt qua ddn tdi su thay ddi tam the" Theo 66, bd may tam ly chidn phuong Tay lien tuc phat ddng cac chie'n dich tuydn truydn rdm rd ma hp cd uu the' nhdm ap dat tam the' cho nhan dan va quan ddi dd'i phuong.
CTTL khdng gap nhidu khd khan trong cac trudng hpp hinh thanh tam the mdi va cung cd, tang cudng tam the da dupc dinh hinh, bdi vi trong cac linh hud'ng nay khdng xudt hidn mau thudn bdn trong chii the. Trudng hpp thay ddi he thd'ng tam the thi khd hon nhidu, bdi vi tam the' cU dupc hinh thanh ciia chii thd cd xu hudng ngupc lai vdi cac mong mud'n thay ddi tam thd' ciia CTTL. Do vay, dd lam thay ddi tam the cia quan nhan, tuydn truyen ciia dich thudng ne tranh vide dua ra cac quan didm ddi lap vdi nhung tam the' da dupc dinh hinh
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trong quan nhan va tap thd quan nhan. Chung thudng khdi ddu bdng nhirng
"quan didm dn hoa", "quan didm chung", "md'i quan tam chung", "loi fch chung"... tao ndn su "tuong hpp", thu hep khoang each giua quan diem ciia chiing vdi quan didm ciia dd'i lupng luydn truydn, lirng budc cai dat cac thdng tin (quan diem) theo y dd tuydn truydn. Chung Idng ghep chu dd chfnh ciia tuydn truydn vao ndi dung cua chii de khac, ma ngay tir ddu chung da bidl rd nhiing quan nhan se chap thuan nhumg thdng tin 66, lao ra dupc mdt dn lupng la
"hinh nhu quan diem dd gdn gui vdi minh, cd diem chung, tuong ddng"
CTTL tac ddng vao chudn mifc .xd hdi cua quan nhan, nhirng quy tdc, ydu cdu ciia xa hdi, quan ddi bao gdm "cac quy ldc da ghi thanh van va khdng thanh van" vdi muc dich lam lech chuan nhan thirc va hanh vi ciia quan nhan.
Ke dich rat coi trpng kich thich vao gdc ciia chuan muc hanh vi la cac nhu cdu, dac biet la cac nhu cdu, lpi ich cii nhan, lpi fch nhdm cue bd lam bie'n dang va lech lac so vdi phap luat, dieu ldnh quan dpi... Vi nhu: cac nhu cdu sinh boat thudng nhiil. "hudng thu van hoa" "tu do ca nhan", "tur do ngdn luan", "tu do bay id tu ludng" "tu do hanh ddng"... Tac ddng vao dd, ke djch lap trung vao chien sT tre chua cd nhidu hidu biet, kinh nghiem trong cudc sd'ng xa hdi va hoat ddng quan sir nhdm hinh thanh nhirng ddng co hanh vi lech chuan gay rdi nhidu don vi. quan dpi, xa hdi.
Cung vdi thii doan kfch ddng tu do, da nguydn chfnh tri, ke djch cdn cd tinh xiii giuc, ldi keo nhirng thanh phdn bat man lam theo y 66 cua chiing.
Chiing lpi dung, mua chude nhiing thanh phdn thoai boa, bie'n chat 66 dua ra cac quy djnh va hpp ly hoa cac quy dinh 66, xem nhu nhung tidu chuan hanh vi cua mdt sd can bd, chidn sT. Dd la hanh ddng kidn tao va lpi dung vai trd ciia cac chuan muc xa hdi cue ky nguy hidm cua CTTL ddi vdi quan nhan d don vj CO sd. Mat khac, dich tap trung pha hoai cac chuan muc dao diic, ldi sdng cua quan nhan. nhumg chuan mure dupc phdn ldn can bd, chien sT thiia nhan, nhung lai khdng dupc ghi thanh van ban; vi pham se bj nhdc nhd, phd phan chii khdng bi trimg phat nhu cac vi pham luat phap, didu ldnh quan dpi. Vdi xu hudng dd, trong nhiing nam ldi, lam ldch lac cac chuan mure hanh vi dao diic, ldi sdng, van hoa, nghd thuat, phong tuc, tap quan... se la mui nhpn ciia CTTL dd'i vdi quan nhan.
Du ludn xd hdi trong tap thd quan nhan cd tac dung to ldn trong didu hoa, danh gia, cd va'n, kidm soat, giao due va djnh hudng, didu chinh manh me dd'i vdi hanh vi cua quan nhan va tap thd quan nhan. Nhan thiic rd didu nay, bp may CT IL da td chiic rat nhidu boat ddng, phao tin nham chfnh trj nham gieo rdc vao y thiic nhan dan va quan dpi dd'i phuong nhirng tu tudng gia tao, quan didm xa la, do tudng va ldch lac... ngay cang dupc tang cudng vd miic dp, md rdng pham vi trdn ta't ca cac phuong didn ddi sd'ng xa hdi, tao ndn nhumg hidu iing xa hdi chd'ng pha nhan dan va quan dpi. Cd trudng hpp, cac tin ddn da gay ndn nhirng
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hidu qua tidu cue liic thi dd'i vdi mdi sd nhdm ngudi, nhdm quan nhan. Cac chuydn gia tam ly td chu'c nhao nan, thdm that, bdt xen thdng tin vd su kidn theo nhumg Idgic tam ly nhdl dinh. Do cdc md'i quan hd giao tidp va boat ddng cCing nhau ciia quan nhan ndn qud irinh trao ddi thdng tin, ban luan, danh gia, phan xet... vd sir kien theo nhirng thdng tin sai ldch, cd the hinh thanh du luan tidu cue trong tap thd quan nhan.
Cac thil doan tao ra du luan ciia CTTL rdt da dang, linh vi nhu vu khdng, xuydn liic sir kidn, lam gia cac sir kien trdn mpi ITnh vuc kinh id', chfnh trj, van boa, xa hdi...; ndi xdu Dang, Nha nudc, quan ddi, coi thudng, ha thdp uy tfn cua can bd lanh dao, chi huy; tang bdc, ca lung, thdi phdng thanh tuu ciia CNTB, vdi "suf menh boa binh", "chd'ng khiing bd", "theo doi nhan quydn", nhCrng
"midn ddt tu do"; khud'ch truong sure manh quan sir, tfnh nang cac loai "vii khi thdng minh", "chidn tranh cdng nghd cao", "each danh tidu didt"... dd tao du luan cd hai cho ddi phuang, cd lpi cho chiing.
3. Thay ddi trang thai t^m ly nhom, t$p the qu^n nh^n
CTTL tac ddng vao trang thai tam ly con ngudi bdng each thuc ddy hoac kim ham tdm trgng ciia nhdm nhdm lam rdi loan chfnh trj, tinh thdn, tam ly va hidu sudt boat ddng cua ca nhan va tap thd. Dac bidt, khi tinh hinh qudc te, trong nudc cd nhiing didn bidn phiic tap, cac don vj co sd cd nhumg bien ddng vd nhiem vu, bidn che, td chiic... chiing thudng tap trung thiic day hoac kim ham tam trang cua tap thd. Trong thdi didm nhay cam dy, tac ddng ciia CTTL rat dd gay ra tam trang tidu cue, hoang mang, lo sp, chan nan, bi quan dao ddng trong tap thd quan nhan.
Trong CTTL, ke thu triet dd tan dung cac co chd' tam ly dam ddng nhu bat chu&c, dm thi, Idy lan 66 thao tiing hanh vi, thay ddi tam trang cua quan nhan va tap thd quan nhan d don vj co sd Chiing hudng ddn each thiic bdt chude nhirng suy nghT, thai dp, hanh vi phii hpp vdi cac "chudn muc gia tri" phuang Tay thdng qua phim anh, cac san phdm van hoa. Mpt mat, chiing khdu gpi, cd vu, khuydn khfch thdi "lanh dam", "thd p" chfnh tri, mat khac, chiing nhdn manh vide bat chude cac hanh vi quay rdi, mau thudn, xung dot vdi danh nghTa "tu do ca nhan", "nhan quydn", tac phong, an mac, tidu sai vd dp... khdng kd dd'n van hoa, truyen thd'ng, phap luat Nha nudc, didu ldnh, ky luat quan dpi. Hau qua cda su bat chude lieu cure thudng gdn lidn vdi nhimg hidn tupng mdt doan kdt, xung dot giua can bd vdi chidn sT, bd ddi vdi nhan dan khu vuc ddng quan, cd nguydn nhan t&
su pha hoai cua cac the luc thii dich.
CTTL cdn diing am thi de tac dpng len hanh vi, tam ly lam thay ddi y thurc ciia quan nhan. Chiing md ta mdt chidu, thdi phdng cac td nan xa hdi, nhflng tidu cue, khuyd't didm trong quan dpi, tung ra cac cum tii de doa "siic sdng ciia che dd" nhu "tham nhung", "khiing hoang", "quan hdu"," "mSft dan chii", "quan phidt"...
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da gay tam trang lo au, hoang mang, dao ddng, mdt Idng tin ciia mdt sd ca nhan.
Bdng ldi am thi nhu vay khid'n tam tudng cia mot sd can bd, chie'n sT chi nhin nhan thdy xa hdi loan la mau den va hanh vi ciia hp dd ldch lac, tham chf trd thanh nhiing ke tuydn truydn, pha hoai khdng cdng cho dich. Trong ITnh vuc quan sir, bd may tam ly chidn vdi sir hd trp cua cac phuong lien truydn thdng hidn dai dang ra su^c quang ba cho siic manh quan su, tinh nang, hidu qua ciia cac loai vu khf hidn dai... lao ndn su am thi khdng nhd ddi vdi mdi sd can bd, chien .sT.
Lpi diing CO che tam ly lay lan, CTTL kfch thfch cac ban nang vd thire, lam giam thidu linh tfch cue cua y thiic de hudng quan nhan, dac bidt la chien sT tre vao linh trang dd bj kfch ddng, vao nhung hanh ddng lieu cue, keo be, keo canh gay mau thudn. xung dot trong don vj, tham chi chd'ng ddi lanh dao, chi huy, vi pham nghiem trpng ky luat quan dpi.
Nhu \'i\y, each thiic lac ddng co ban ciia CTTL dd'i vdi quan nhan hien nay la thao liing tinh tfch cue cua y thu'c, didu chinh hanh vi, boat ddng va thay ddi trang thai tam ly nhdm, tap thd quan nhan, gdm ca he thd'ng va tac ddng ddc lap.
Tuy nhidn, CTTL lien hanh cac lac ddng trong md'i quan he tuong hd ldn nhau, ket qua cua qua trinh tac ddng nay la co sd cia qua trinh lac ddng kia va ngupc lai. Cac tac ddng trdn ddu vdi muc dfch nhdm thay ddi nhan thiic theo hudng cd lpi cho sir pha hoai trang thai chinh trj, tinh thdn ciia quan nhan va tap thd quan nhan.
Chu thich
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TAPCHfTAM LynpCSd 11 (152), 11 2011 69
