PETROVIETNAM
DjNH HUONG VE CO CHE CHINH SACH CHO VIEC PHAT TRIEN CAC MO DAU C A N BIEN 6 VIET NAM
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Tomtit
ThS. Pham Ki^u Quang, KS. Pham Thu Trang CN. DUVu Hoang Tuan
Vien Dau ichi Viet Nam Email: quangpk@vpi pvn.vn
Hogt dpng thdm do, khai thde ddu khi tgi Viet Nam dugc ddy mgnh vdi nhieu phdt hien ddu khidUUc xac dmh vd dua vdo phdt triin khai thde, cd ddng gap quan trgng ddi vdi sUphdt trien kinh te- xd hpi cua ddt ni/dc vdi tdng sdn lugng khai thde dgt trin 455 trieu tdn ddu quy ddi. Tuy nhiin bin cgnh cdc md/cdu tgo cd trd lugng ddu khi Idn dd dUa vdo phdt trien khai thde, Viit Nam eon nhieu mo/phdt hiin nhd/cpn biin chua dugc phdt tridn khai thde do ea ehe, chinh sdch hien nay chua khuyen khich nhd thdu ddu tuphdt trien khai thde cdc md can bien. Deddm bdo sdn luang ddu khi trong nude cdn phdi cd cacheUu ddi de khuyen khich cdc nhd thdu ddu khi ddu tUphdt trien cdc mo cdn biin d Viet Nam, gdp phdn tdng them ngudn thu cua Chinh phu, ndng cao hieu qud kinh tecua nhd thdu vd tdn thu nguon tdi nguyen quy gid eua ddt nudc. Bdi viet gidi thiiu khdi niim chung nhdt vd mo can biin vd cdc chinh sdeh khuyen khich doi vdi mo cdn biin eua mgt so nUde tren thegidi, dong thed de xudt cc/ che, chinh sdch eho viee phdt trien, khai thde md cdn biin d Viit Nam.
Tdkhda: Mo can bien, md nho, hgp dong djch vu.
I . M d d a u
Viet Nam d i ed ca c h l ehinh sieh thu hut eae nha dau t u nudc ngoai trong ITnh vue tim kiem tham dd khai thac dau khf ap dung cha cic Id hflp dong dau khi thdng thudng va Id hpp ddng dau khi thudc dien khuyen khich dau tu(danh muc Id thudc dien khuyen khich d i u tudupe ban hanh kem theo Quyet dinh sd 84/2005/QD-TTg ngay 20/4/2005 ciia Thu tUdng Chinh phii). Tuy nhien, cfl c h l chinh saeh cOa Viet Nam hien nay chua thue sU khuyen khich cac nha thau dau khf d i u t u phat trien cic md/
phat h i i n d i u khi nhd/ein bien. Vdi cac md nhd da di vao khai thac, cac nha thau dau khi san sing difng hoat ddng khi dieu kien khai thac khd khin, san lUflng thap, chi phi cao... Trong khi dd, cac nudc tren the gidi (nhU Malaysia, Indonesia, Trung Qudc, Vuong qude Anh, Canada...) da ap dung cic cfl c h l , ehinh saeh Uu dai cho viic phat trien khai t h i e md nhd/md can bien nhu g i i m thue thu nhip, tang ty le thu hdi chi phf, thay ddi ty le phan chia dau khi l i i theo hudng cd loi cho nha thau. Viet Nam can ed cOche ehfnh sach mdi nhSm khuyen khfch eac nha thau dau t u phat trien eac md nhd/md can b i i n .
2. Khai niem md cdn bien
Khii n i i m md can bien thudng gan l i l n vdi cic yeu td chfnh: tinh kinh te, sin lUpng v i trO luang; trong do tinh kinh te mang yeu td quyet dinh md dd ed la md can bien hay khdng. Tiiy vao tmh hmh, chfnh sieh p h i t trien
khai thac, mdi nude tren the gidi cd khii n i i m , djnh nghTa rieng ve md can bien.
Indonesia, Ecuador va cic nUdc Bic My djnh nghTa md can biin dUa trin tfnh kinh te, sin luang khai thic ciia md.
Theo hap ddng chia sin pham (PSC) ciia Indonesia, md can b i i n l i md dau tien trong pham vi d i i n tfch hop ddng dUflc de nghi p h i t t r i l n bdi nha thau va duac chap t h u i n bdi Pertamina, san luang khai thac binh q u i n eiia difan trong 2 n i m dau t i i n (24 thing) khdng vuot q u i 10 nghin thiing/ngay. De nhan dUac cac khuyin khich danh eho md can bien, md phai d i p dng cac tieu chuan sau I I ] : N i m trong pham vi Id dang khai thic; sin pham chinh la dau; toan bg chi p h f t h i m d d eiia m d d a d u d c t h u hdi het (khdng cdn chi phi sunk cost); neu tfnh t o i n h i i u q u i kinh t l eCia md dua vao cic dieu khoan PSC hien tai va cac gdi khuyen khfch khae phii hap vdi luat va quy dinh, ty" suit h o i n vdn npi bd (1RR) < 15%.
6 Ecuador, eac md c i n b i i n la eie md ed tinh kinh te kem hoac nhUng md dUpc Uu tien boat ddng va tdng san luang khai thie ciia cic md nay thap hon 1% tdng sin luang qude gia [2].
Bic My dua ra djnh nghla gieng can b i i n dua vao sin luang khai thac hang ngiy. Mdt gieng d i u duac coi la gieng can bien khi sin lUOng khai thac khdng q u i 10 thting/ngay va mdt gilng khf thien nhiin duoc coi la gieng can bien neu sin lUOng khai thic ft hon 50Mcf/ngay [3].
HigKM-sOll/20is 51 ••
Malaysia, Ha Lan va VUflng qudc Anh djnh nghia md can bien dUa tren trijf luong cua md.
Khoan 3 Luit Thue thu n h i p Dau khf nam 2013 ciia Malaysia djnh nghta v l md can b i i n nhu sau: Chinh phii ed the xic dinh md can b i i n la md nam trong d i i n tieh hflp ddng dau khf, ed trO lupng t i l m nang dau thd khdng vucrt q u i 30 trieu thiing dau d u trCf hoac trCf lUpng khf khdng vUOt qua 500 ty ft^ t i i u chuan [4].
d Ha Lan, mdt md khf duoc eoi la can bien neu cd trif lupng thap hon 4.000 trieu m^ khi. Tai VUong qudc Anh, md dUdc coi la can bien n l u cd t r i i lUOng toi da l i 20 trieu thung dau [5].
Nhu vay, mdi nUdc t r i n t h i gidi d i u ed cich nhin va dinh nghTa khie nhau ve md can b i i n , song deu dUa t r i n eie yeu t d nhU: trQ lUOng, sin lUOng, d i l u kien khai thic, d i l u kien cfl sd ha tang, g i i dau/khf, h i i u q u i kinh te cho nha dau t u n l u phat t r i l n khai thac md... Trong dd, yeu td phd bien nhat la tinh kinh t l ciia viie phat tnen khai thac md (ylu t d dUOc tfnh den nhieu hon la ky thuit).
Tren ca sd phin tfch, d i n h gia khii n i i m md can b i i n ciia cac nUde t r i n the gidi, eCing vdi viec tim hieu v l edng t i c q u i n ly boat dpng tham dd khai thae dau khf tai Viet Nam, nhdm tac g i i thdng nhat x i y dung khai n i i m chung cho md can b i i n d Viet Nam nhU sau: Md can bien l i p h i t hien hoac md trong dd viec tnen khai cdng tac p h i t trien hoac t i l p tuc khai t h i c theo cie d i l u kien t i i ehinh, thuang mai va edng nghe hien tai khdng the dem lai hieu q u i cho nha dau tU nhUng cd the dUa vao khai thac hieu q u i khi mpt trong cac dieu kiin tren dUflc eii thien.
3. Chinh sach khuyen khich p h ^ t trien md can bien cua mot so nudc tren the gidi
Hiin nay, cac nude tren the gidi ap dung 2 h i thdng tai chinh dau khf chii yeu la: h i thdng hflp dong va h i thdng td nhuang.Tdng quan chung ve cache, chfnh sieh dau khf ciia 74 nUdc cd dau md tren the gidi, nhqm t i c gia lUa chpn nghien ci^u co che ehinh sach khuyen khieh phat trien md eiia Indonesia, Malaysia... tif dd hpc hdi kinh nghiem ed t h i i p dung cho Viet Nam nhim de xuat mdt ed ehe ehinh sich phu hop, khuyin khfeh eac nha thau dau khi dau t u phat t r i l n , khai thic eie md can bien d Viet Nam.
Indonesia van ap dung PSC cho cac md can b i i n vdi cfl ehe thu hdi tang t h i m 20% ngoai mdc thu hoi ehi phf 90% theo Luit Dau khf Indonesia va nha thau dUflc nhan ty' le phan chia dau khf l i i Uu d i i cao hon ddi vdi md can bien. Chi phi thu hdi t i n g them khdng dUpc khau trir thue
va khdng p h i i la vTnh vien, ma dUflc danh gia hang nam | dua vao ed che on - off. Khi IRR cua md > 30%, se khdng ap dung cfl c h l Uu dai ap dung cho md c i n bien (off), Cache uu dai se dUOc i p dung lai neu IRR thuc te trong n i m tilp theo thap hfln 15% (on). Tuy n h i i n , efl ehe Uu dai darh cho md can b i i n cua Indonesia ehUa thuc sU tdi Uu khi gia dau ap dung 6i tinh toan IRR ban d i u ciia n h i thau l i 25USD/thiing dau, g i i dau nay thap so vdi g i i dau hien tai. Vi vay ddi vdi md can bien, eie nha t h i u dau khi eung ^ cd the ap dung cie gdi Uu d i i khuyen khich khac (neu c6) j phii hflp vdi quy dmh ciia luat phap Indonesia [6]. i
Malaysia sd dung hop ddng djch vu rui ro (RSC) cho j cic md c i n b i i n . Nha thau se dau t u toan bd ehi phf eho ; giai doan tim k i l m tham dd va p h i t trien md. Khi m6 di I vao khai thie, n h i thau s i thu lai toan bd ehi phf d i u tu ' t d doanh thu ban san p h i m dau khi vdi mQc thu hoi chi I phi tif 70% - 90%. Ngoii ra, nha thau edn dupe nhin mot khoin tien thii laa dUa t r i n s i n iUong khai t h i c cung nhu cac chi t i i u danh gia thUe hien cdng viec chfnh. De khuyin khfch nha thau dau t u phat t r i l n khai thac mo can b i i n , Malaysia dUa ra nhieu chinh sich Uu dai cho nha thau nhU: giam t h u l thu n h i p ddi vdi cac md can b i i n tif 38% xudng 25%, khdng ap dung t h u l xuit khau d i u thd, n h i thau dupc mien nghTa vu thu dpn md va khdng p h i i t r i phi nghien cCfu.Theo n h i n djnh ciia nhom t i c gia, chfnh sieh khuyen khfeh phat t r i l n md can bien ciia Malaysia kha thanh cdng. Tir khi ban h i n h chinh sach tren (29/3/2013) den nay, Malaysia da dua vao khai thac 3 md can b i i n (md Berantai, md Bentara, cum md Kapal, Banang, Meranti) [6].
Nigeria ap dung PSC cho cic md can b i i n vdi mfit sd dieu khoan tai chfnh uu dai hfln so vdi cac PSC va JV.
Thue tai nguyen va thue lOi nhuan dau md thap hdn so vdi PSC va JV. Cac dieu khoin tai chinh danh eho md can bien khdng ed phan thu hdi ehi phi danh cho nha t h i u , thay vao do nha thau duoc nhan 100% phan d i u lai. De dam bao quyln loi eCia Chinh phii Nigeria, hop ddng md can b i i n s i i p dyng t h u l tai nguyen t i n g them khi san lUflng khai thie ciia md can bien vuot qua 15.000 thiing/ngay.^^
Tinh den cudi nam 2013, Nigeria da dau thau 56 md c^n bien, trong dd cd 8 md d i di vao khai thic [6,7].
Angola ehi giam t h u l khai thae dau md (PPT) tC/20^
xudng edn 10% cho boat ddng tham dd dau tai cic mo can b i i n va vung nude sau xa bd (ed dp siu > 750m) hoac khu vue g i n bd da dUOc Chfnh phii xac djnh la khd tiep can. Di thUc hien viie p h i t trien khai thac md can biin, Angola sd dyng hap ddng djch vu rui ro 16,8].
52 DAUKHI-so 11/2015
PETROVIETNAM
Brazil, Canada va VUcrng qudc Anh ap dung hpp ddng t d nhupng (CC) cho cac md can bien. D l khuyen khfch nha thau thuc h i i n phat trien khai t h i e md can bien, Brazil va Canada g i i m tien thue md.Tuy nhien, Brazil dUa ra mu'c t i l n thue md cd dinh la 5% ddi vdi cic md can bien. Canada ap dung mijfc tien t h u i md giam theo cdng thde (British Columbia dUa ra edng thiife tinh tien thue md duoc giam nhUsau: [(TP/TPH) x 24]/MWD.Trong dd:TP: Tdng san lUpng tif gieng trong 12 t h i n g lien tiep, bat dau tif t h i n g ma khi thien nhiin dupc khai thac lan d i u tien dupe b i n hoae dupe khai thac lan dau tif gieng tai khdi ddng; TPH: tdng sd gid khai thac khi thien nhien trong thdi gian 12 t h i n g ; MWD: dp sau cua gieng can b i i n la 2.300m). Oe khuyen khfeh p h i t trien md can b i i n , Vuang qudc Anh i p dung g i i m thue phu thu [6].
Nhu vay, de khuyen khfch cac nha thau dau khf dau t u p h i t triln, khai t h i c mo can bien, cie nudc nhu Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria...
d i u cd thay ddi, dieu chinh mdt sd dieu khoin tai chinh trong hop ddng d i u khf theo hudng cd loi hon cho nha thau. Trong khi dd, Viit Nam chua ed mdt co che, chfnh saeh hay quy djnh cu the nao eho eic md can bien. H i i n tai, Viet Nam mdi chi cd co c h l ehinh sich khuyen khich danh cho cac Id hop ddng dau khi thdng thudng va eie Id thude d i i n khuyin khfch dau tU.Viet Nam ein p h i i xiy dUng cache phti hop de khuyin khich nha thau dau t u phat trien, khai thac md can biin.
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4. Djnh hudng ve ca che chinh sach khuyen khich nha thau dau tif phat trien, khai thac c^c md dau can bien (!f Viet Nam
Md can bien bao gom ca md dau can bJin va md khi can bien. Tiiy thudc vao dieu k i i n die thii, moi nUdc xay dung co ehe chfnh sieh eho md dau can bien va md khi can b i i n hoic ehi d i n h rieng cho md dau can bien. Indonesia ehi i p dung cfl che, chinh sach Uu d i i eho md dau can b i i n . Malaysia, Nigeria v i Bae My cd CO che, ehfnh sieh Uu d i i i p dung eho c i md dau ian md khi can biin.
Trong dieu kiin co c h l chfnh sieh va co sd ha tang eiia Viet Nam hien nay, viee phat trien cic md dau can bien cd tfnh khi thi cao hfln eic md khf can bien. Die biit, co che djnh gia khf chua dii khuyen khfch phat trien eac md khf can bien. Viic phat t r i l n cic md khi can b i i n ddi hdi p h i i xay dung co ehe gia khi mieng gieng mdi, dau t u nhieu loai chi phf liin quan den hoat dpng thu gom, van ehuyen khi. Ke ca khi d i p i ^ g du d i l u kiin p h i t triln, nha dau tU van phai ehju nhieu riii ro. Trong pham vi bai b i o nay, nhdm t i e g i i ehi t i p trung phin tfch va dua ra mdt sd djnh hudng khuyen khich cho viic phit t r i l n cic md d i u can b i i n dViit Nam.
4.1. Gid dinh tinh todn
Di cd can eu', cfl sd dUa ra d l xuat cfl e h l phii hpp cho viec phat trien cac md dau can b i i n d V i i t Nam, nhdm t i e g i i d i lap phuong an phittrienva tfnh t o i n hieu q u i kinhte cho 2 md dau can bien A va B. Cae thdng sd dau vao ve phUflng i n sin lUpng, phUflng an p h i t t r i l n md, du toan ehi phf, gia, ty le p h i n ehia dau khi l i i va mdt sd thdng sd dau vao khic dupc the hien d Bang 1 va 2.
4.2. Cdc phUtfng dn dieu chinh cdc dleu khodn tai chinh dUa vdo tinh todn
Nhdm tac gia dua ra 4 phUflng an d i l u ehinh cac d i l u khoin t i i ehinh de khuyen khfch nha thau dau t u phat trien, khai thac md can bien dViet Nam:
Phuong an 1: Ap dung hpp ddng ehia sin pham (PSC) cho md can bien, ed su dieu ehinh ddi vdi eie d i l u khoin tai ehinh:Thue tai Diumi-S011/2015 5 3
nguyen, t h u l thu n h i p doanh nghiep, t h u l xuat khau, ty l i p h i n chia dau khi l i i cua nha thau va thu hoi chi phi cua n h i thau.
Phuang an 2: Ap dung hflp ddng djeh vu riji ro (RSC) ciia Malaysia ddi vdi cac md can bien d Viet Nam. Trong dd, nha thau duac mien thue t i i nguyin, thue xuat khau, phf bao v i mdi trUdng, t h u l phu thu dau lai. Thue suat t h u l thu n h i p doanh nghiep eiia nha t h i u la 22%. Chi phi thu hdi cua nha thau l i 70%. Nha t h i u se duac Tip doan Diu khiWit Nam (PVN) tra mdc phf djch vu = tariff X sin luang khai thae. Nha thau thda t h u i n v l mu'c tariff/thung dau (md dau) vdi Tip doan Dau khi Viet Nam.
PhUflng an 3: Ap dung hop ddng djch vu (SC) ddi vdi eac md dau can bien d V i i t Nam vdi mu'c phi dich vy tra eho nha t h i u dugc g i i djnh khoing 100-105USD/thung.
Phuang an 4: PVN tU dau tU p h i t trien v i khai thic cac md can b i i n dViet Nam. Chinh phii xem xet mien/giim cic loai thue de ed the dem lai h i i u qua kinh te cho PVN.
Tren ca sd phan tich, so sinh cae kjch ban dilu chinh tdt nhat ciia tirng phuang i n , nhdm t i e g i i biin luan de tim ra phuang an tdi uu nhat, d i m bao hai hda lpi fch ciia nha thau va Chfnh phu Viet Nam.
Vdi cfl che chinh saeh hien tai, viee phat trien md can b i i n B khdng cd hieu qua kinh te, NPV@10% eiia duan l i gia trj am (-36,1 trieu USD).
Do dd, viic dieu ehinh 5 dieu khoin tai chinh (mien thue tai nguyen, mien thue xuat khau, mien t h u l thu nhap doanh nghiep, t i n g t;^ le phan ehia dau khi lai va ty l i thu hdi chi phf ciia nha thau len tdi 100%) cung khdng dem lai hieu q u i kinh te cho nha thau khi dau t u phat trien md can bien B.
Mdi phuong an dieu chinh d i u cd Uu, khuylt d i l m va khong phii phuong an nao cung thue sU phu hflp de i p dung vdi Viet Nam. Viic ap dung hpp ddng dich vy (PhUflng i n 3) eho md can bien hoan toan khdng kha thi vl phi djch vy hda vdn eiia nha thau eao hon rat nhieu so vdi gia ban i p dyng trong tfnh toan.
Ap dung hop ddng dich vu riii ro (PhUflng i n 2) dem lai hiiu qua kinh t l cho nha thau trong md can bien A. Tuy nhien trong giai doan dau du an di vao khai thae, PVN cd t h i phii ehiu riii ro khi 54 Wluimi-sdiicois
mdc phf t r i cho nha thau cao hfln so vdi gia ban thUc te v i viic trS phithu dpn md khiln PVN p h i i bdtien r a d e b u 16 {Hinh 1).
Viee ap dung PhUdng i n 1 v i 4 deu dem lai hieu qua kmh te eho nha thau trong md can b i i n A. Theo danh g i i ciia nhdm tic gia, Phuong an 4 tdi Uu va k h i thi hon Phuong i n 1. Neu i p d u n ^ Phuang an 1, can p h i i dieu chinh tdi thieu 2 d i l u khoSn tai chfnh mdi dem lai hieu q u i kinh te cho n h i thau. Trong khi dd, ap dung Phuong in 4 chi can dieu chlnh 1 d i l u khoin t i i chi'nh da dem lai h i i u q u i kinh te cho nha thau trong md can b i i n A va k l ca khi c6 riii ro thi PVN van dUflc d i m b i o cd h i i u q u i kinh te (Hinh 2).
NhUvay, viic de PVN t u d a u t u c i e md d i u can bien (Phuong an 4) la hoan toan k h i thi va dem lai h i i u q u i kinh te eao cho PVN va Chinh phii Viet Nam tdt hfln so vdi phUOng i n 1,2va3.
4.3. Oe xudt cache chinh sdeh IAJ ddi eho viec phdt trlenmddSa can bien d Viet Nam
Tif eie k i t q u i nghien cOfu ndi t r i n , nhdm t i e g i i de xuat 2 cO c h l Uu dai, khuyin khich dau t u p h i t t r i l n khai thie md dau can bien d Viet Nam, cu t h i nhU sau:
Ctfc/ie I: Chi i p dung ddi vdi cic md can bien ed thdng tin v l dja chat, dja vat 1^ va trCf lUOng dang tin cay. Uu t i i n di PVN tif dau t u phat t r i l n khai thae cac md can bien khi da ed cic thdng tin chfnh xie v l dieu kiin dia chat, dia v i t ly, triif lupng ciia md nhim giam t h i l u riii ro xudng miirc thap nhat vdi eie Uu dai, khuyen khfch eho md dau can b i i n nhUsau:
Hinhl. Ddng tien chiet iihdu cua Chinh phO trong md A vdl cdc dieu chinh theo Phudng dn 2 (mi}ci^i23USDAhung ddu, PVN trd thui thu dgn md) '' m
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-I- Giam thue tai nguyin dau thd xudng cdn 4%, thue tai nguyen khf xudng cdn 0%.
+ Mien t h u l thu nhap doanh nghiip trong 2 n i m dau k l t d khi b i t dau khai thic, g i i m 50% thue thu nhap trong 2 nam tiep theo.
Caehd2; Ddi vdi eic md can bien ehua cd thdng tin chinh xic ve dieu k i i n dja chat, dja vat l^, truf luong cua md, Chfnh phii ed the xem x i t ban hanh hap dong djch vy riii ro (RSC) nham khuyin khfch n h i t h i u t u d i u t u chi phi fim kiem tham dd, phat trien khai thac md va chju t o i n bd riii ro neu md khdng dUdc di v i o khai thie.
Khi md di vao khai thac, Chfnh phii Viet Nam s i cho nha thau thu hdi chi phi va cd Ifli n h u i n thdng qua eie uu dai, khuyen khfch sau:
J- Thu hdi chi phf tdi thieu ciia nha thau la 70%: Nha thau ed the dat dUfle miifc thu hoi chi phf tdi da la 90% n l u dam b i o dung tien dp, chi phiva san lupng cam ket(dya vao dam phan sau khi da xie minh rd trU lupng eiia md);
+ Thue thu n h i p doanh nghiip cua nha thau la 22%:
Nha thau cd the duac mien t h u l thu n h i p trong 2 nam dau t i i n ke tir khi bat dau khai thac va giam 50% thue thu nhap trong 2 nam tiep theo.
5. Ket luan
Viec phat trien va dua vao khai thac eae md can bien d Viet Nam gdp phan quan trpng nham gia tang sin luong khai thie, t i n g them ngudn thu eho Chinh phCi Viet Nam.
Trudc khi x i y dUng, ban hanh ca che chinh sach khuyin khich nha thau tim kiem, tham dd v i khai thic cac md c i n bien d Viet Nam, can phai thdng nhat khai niem v l md
PETROVIETNAM
can bien, xic djnh danh sich cac md can bien d Viet Nam.
Odng thdi, Chinh phii Viet Nam can xay dung cd c h l Uu dai, khuyen khieh nha thau p h i t t r i l n khai thae md c i n b i i n dViet Nam; xem xet ban h i n h hop ddng dich vy rui ro danh eho md can bien vdi cic Uu dai ve thue; cd co ehe khuyen khich nha thau dau t u nghien cdu ap dung cic cdng n g h i mdi vao viic p h i t tnen, khai thac md can b i i n ; ket ndi md can bien vdi eie ca sd ha tang hien cd va tao dieu kiin 6i nha thau ed the phat t r i l n chung, phat t r i l n cum md ein bien hoae p h i t trien theo thd t u Uu t i i n . Tai lieu tham khao
1. Benny Lubiantara.T/jeono/ys/so/'fhemarg/rta//7e/d incentive - Indonesia case. Oil, Gas & Energy Law/. 2007.
2. Deloitte. Ecuador 10"' bidding round 20 / / -fi/iarginai blocks, initial results. 2011.
3. Don Warlick A new era for marginal oil production.
Oil & Gas Financial Journal. 2007.
4. Federal Government Gazette. Petroleum (income tax) (exemption) order2013.2013.
5. lretekhaiJ.O.Akhigbe.Howartract/ve/sf/)eW/ger/an Fiscal Regime • which is intended to promote investment in marginal field development. 2011.
6. Ernst&Young.G/obo/o//andgosfaxgu/de20/3.2013.
7. Ministry of Petroleum Resources. Guidelines for farmout and operation of marginal fields 2013.2013.
8. Wood Mackenzie. Angola's E&P fiscal regime in a global context. 2005.
Proposing incentive policies and regulatory framework for the development of marginal fields in Vietnam
Pham Kieu Quang, Pham Thu Trang, Du Vu Hoang Tuan Vietnam Petroleum Institute
Summary
Oil and gas exploration and production activities in Vietnam have been boosted with many petroleum discover- ies of large potential being put Into development and production, contributing importantly to the country's socio- economic development with a total production of 455 million tons of oil equivalent. However, there are still a number of small and marginal fields which are difficult for development in terms of economic, technical and legislative condl- tions. To ensure domestic oil and gas production output. It is necessary to encourage the participation of petroleum investors In tbe development and exploitation of these fields through an incentive mechanism, which would signifi- cantly contribute to the government revenue. Improve the economic efficiency of projects and ensure energy secu- rity. This article presents a general concept of marginal fields. Introduces international experience on marginal field Incentives, and proposes policies to encourage marginal field development and production in Vietnam.
Key words: Marginal field, small field, sen/ice contract.
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