HOAN THifN QUY DINH VE KHAM XET TRONG BO LUAT TO TUNG HINH SlT NAM 2003
/ d f~3 , 9" f Nguyin Thanh Binh*
Ngo Vdn Vinh"'
B
fl ludt Tfl tung Hinh sy (BLTTHS) nara 2003 dd dupc Quflc hpi nudc Cpng hod xa hfii chfl nghia Viet Nam khoa XI, ky hpp thfl 4 thflng qua ngdy 26 thang II nam 2003. So vdi BLTTHS ndm 1988, BLTTHS ndm 2003 da cd nhiflu sfla dfli, bfi sung theo hudng cy the, phfl hpp vdi thuc tl hon. Tuy nhien, nhieu quy dinh trong BLTTHS ndm 2003 vdn eon bdt cap chua ddp flng dupc doi hdi cfla thyc tifln, trong khi do lai thiflu nhftng van ban quy pham phap ludt tfl tung hinh sy hudng dan cu thfl. Trong phgm vi bdi viflt ndy, tdc gid xin trao dfli mfit sfi van dfl cdn hoan thifln vl bifln phdp kham xet khi sfla dfli, bfl sung BLTTHS ndm 2003 trong thdi gian tdi; hodc khi ban hdnh vdn bdn quy phgm phdp ludt hudng dan cy the.Kham xet la mpt bifln phdp dieu tra do nhung ngudi cfl tham quyen theo ludt dinh, tiln hanh bdng cdch luc soat, tim kiflm ttfln nguoi, dfl vgt, chfl d, chfl Idm vifc, dia diem, thu tin, difln tin, buu kien, buu phdm cua mfit ngudi nhdm phdt hien va thu gift vat chflng ho^c nhiing dfi vdt, tdi lifu khac cfl lien quan den vy an. Trong he thdng cdc bien phdp dilu tta, khdm xet !a bifn phdp diflu tta dupc dp dyng rdt pho bifln trong thyc tifln vd da phat huy tflt hifu qud. Thfing qua kham xet, ca quan cd thdm quyen da
* Phd Hifiu trudng, Trudng Tmng c^p cdnh sdt nhdn
dan VI.
'* Gidng vifin phap Iudt, Tnrdng Trung cdp cdnh sdt nhdn dan VI.
phat hifln, thu gifl nhiflu tai lifu, chflng cfl quan tipng gdp phdn dieu tta md rgng, Iam ro todn bd vu dn.
Cung nhu bifln phdp bat ngudi, kham xflt Id bien phdp anh huflng trye tiep den quyen bdt khd xdm pham vfl thdn thfl, bat khd xam phgm ve chfl d, thu tin, difn tin cfla cflng ddn dupc quy dinh tgi Diflu 71, Diflu 73 Hifln phdp ndm 1992 cua nudc Cpng hoa xa hpT chu nghTa Viet Nara. Do do, chfl the cd tham quyen khi tien hanh kham xet phdi hflt sflc than ttgng. Chinh vi vdy, BLTTHS ndra 2003 dd quy dinh rit chat che vfl cdn cfl, thdm quyfln va trinh ty, thfl tyc khi khdm xet tai Chuang XII, tfl Dieu 140 den Dieu 145 va mdt sfl diflu ludt cd Hen quan. Mac dfl dupe quy dinh rat chat che nhung qua nghifln cuu thyc tl, nghifln cflu ly lugn ve bifn phdp khdm xet cho thdy mpt sd vdn dfl bat cap sau:
1. Quy dinh ve tham quyen ra Ienh kham xflt
- Theo khoan 1 Dilu 141 BLTTHS nam 2003: "Nhiing ngudi dupc quy dinh tgi khodn 1 Diflu 80 cua Bd ludt ndy cd quyen ra Ienh khdm xflt tiong mpi trudng hpp.
Lflnh khdm xet cua nhung nguoi dupe quy dinh tgi diflm d khodn 1 Dieu 80 cfla Bg luat ndy phdi dupc vifn kilm sdt cung cap phfl chuin trudc khi thi hanh". Vdi quy dinh nay, Thfl trudng, Phd Thfl tin-flng Ca quan dilu tra cac cip cd quyfln ra lfnh khdm xet, tuy nhifln, lflnh khdm xet cua hp phdi dupc vifn kiflm sdt cung cap phe chudn trudc khi
NHA NUdc VA PHAPLUATSO 6/2013 thi hanh. Trong thue tien cd nhung trudng hpp vifn kiflm sdt chdm tte ttong vifc phe chuan lfnh khdm xet cua ca quan dieu tta, ddn din vifc dfli tugng kip thdi tdu tan vat chflng vd nhttng tdi lifu cd lifln quan dfln vu dn nhung rdt khfl quy ttdch nhiflm cho vifln kiflm sdt, vi BLTTHS nam 2003 chi quy dinh rit chung chung: "lenh kham xflt...
phai dupc vifln kilm sdt cung cap phfl chudn trudc khi thi hanh", cdn nhflng van de lien quan dfln sy phe chudn cfla vifln kiem sat nhu hfl sa xin phe chudn (bao g6m nhttng tai Hflu gi?), thdi hgn vifln kiflm sdt phfl chudn Id bao Idu? Trach nhifm cfla vifln kiflm sdt ttong viflc phe ehuan nhu the nao?... lai chua dupc quy dinh rfl. Do do, edn ed vdn bdn quy pham phdp ludt huflng dan cy the vfl nhiing vdn dfl ttfln.
- Theo khodn 2 Diflu 141 BLTTHS ndm 2003; "Trong trudng hpp khfing the tri hoan, nhung ngudi dupc quy dinh tai khodn 2 Diflu 81 cua Bfi ludt nay ed quyen ra lflnh khdm xet. Trong thdi han 24 gid, ke tfl khi khdm xong, ngudi ra lfnh khdm phdi thfing bdo bdng vdn bdn cho vien kiflm sdt cung cdp". Van dfl ddt ra d ddy Id, nhiing "trudng hap khflng thfl tri hodn" la nhiing trudng hop ndo? Viflc xdc dinh phgm vi nhung trucmg hpp "khflng thfl tii hoan" rdt quan ttpng, vi nd lien quan den thdm quyin ra lflnh kham xet, hom ntta ttong trudng hpp ndy, lfnh kham xet khong edn cd sy phe chuan cfla vifn kiflm sat cflng cdp trudc khi thi hdnh.
Theo Sfl tay dieu tia hinh su, nhung trucmg hpp khfing thfl tri hoan bao gfim:
"Thic nhdt, cd cdn cic de nhdn dinh trong ngudi, chd a, chd ldm viic, dia diim cda mot ngudi cd cdng cu, phuang liin phgm tgi, dd vdt, tdi sdn do phgm tgi md cd hodc dd vgt, tdi lieu cdliin quan den v\i dn;
ngudi dang bj truy nd. Niu khdng tiin hdnh khdm xet ngay thi rdt cd thi hi tdu tdn, tieu hdy, ngudi hi truy na cd thi ldn trdn. tdu thodt.
Thu hai, nhiing dd vdt. cdng cu, phuang ti^n dang a trong ngudi. chd a, chd ldm vi?c, dia diem ciia mgt ngudi cd the gdy nguy hgi cho nhitng ngudi xung quanh hogc hgn tdi pham cd thi su dung de gdy dn tiep luc""
Tuy nhien, tai lifu nay chi efl f nghTa tham khao chu khflng cfl hiflu luc bdt bupc chung. Do dfl, cdn phdi ban hdnh van bdn quy pham phdp ludt hudng dan ve van dfl ndy.
- Cung theo khodn 2 Diflu 141 BLTTHS ndm 2003, ttong trudng hpp khflng thl tri hoan thi Thfl truflmg, Phfl Thfl trudng ca quan diflu tta cdc cap; ngudi chi huy don vi qudn dpi dpc lap cdp trung doan va tucmg duang; ngudi chi huy d6n bifln phdng d hdi ddo va bien gidi; ngudi chl huy tau bay, tdu bien, khi tau bay, tdu biln da rdi khdi sdn bay, ben cdng cd quyen ra Ifnh kham xet.
Vdn de bat cap d ddy Id, trong trudng hpp ngudi chi huy tau bay, tau biln khi tau bay, tdu bifln dd rdi khfli sdn bay, bfln cdng ma ra lenh kham xet, thi vifn kiem sdt cimg cdp dupc xdc dinh nhu thl ndo dfl thflng bdo, vi theo quy dinh: "...Trong thoi hgn 24 gid, kfl tfl khi kham xong, ngudi ra Ifnh kham phai thfing bdo bdng vdn bdn cho vifn kiem sdt cflng cdp". Day la van dfl chua cd su diflu chinh cfla phdp Iudt tfl tung hinh su.
+ Dfli vdi trudng hpp ngudi chi huy tau bay ra Ifnh khdm xet:
' Nguyen Huy Thudt - Nguyen Van Nhdt, Sd tay diiu tra hlnh j(/, Nxb. Cflng an nhdn ddn, Hd Nfi, ndm 2005, tr. 205.
HOAN THI$N QUY DfNH Vi..
Theo khodn 4 Diflu 75 Luat Hdng khflng dan dyng Vift Nam nam 2006:
"Ngudi chi huy tdu bay cd quyfln giao ngufli bi bat cho ca quan nhd nudc cd tham quyin khi tdu bay hg cdnh tgi cang hdng khflng, sdn bay gdn nhdt". Do dd, cdn cfl vdo quy dinh nay, theo quan diflm cfla tdc gid, vifn kiflm sdt eung cap dupc xdc dinh Id vifn kiflm sat nhdn ddn cd tham quyen nai cd cdng hang khflng, sdn bay ddu tifln ma tdu bay dd hg cdnh.
+ Doi vfli trucmg hpp ngudi chi huy tdu biln ra lfnh kham xet:
Theo Dilu 49 Bfl ludt Hang hdi Viet Nam ndm 2005, "Thuyfln truflng Id ngudi cd quyin chi huy cao nhat d tren tau biln...". Va theo Diflu 53, thuyfln truflng cd trach nhifm "bdo vf chflng cfl vd tuy theo dieu kifn cu the, chuyfln giao ngudi cd hanh vi pham tfli va hfl sa cho ca quan nha nudc cd tham quyfln d cdng Viflt Nam ddu tifln tdu bifln ghe vdo...". Do do, edn cfl vao quy dinh nay, theo quan diem cfla tdc gid, vifln kiem sdt ciing cdp dupc xdc dinh Id vifln kiem sat nhdn dan cd thdm quyen nai cang Vift Nam ddu tifln tdu bifln dd ghe vdo.
2. Quy dinh vl khdm ngirdi - Theo khoan 1 Dilu 142 BLTTHS ndm 2003: "Khi bdt dau khdm nguoi, phdi dpc Ifnh khdm va dua cho duong su dpc lfnh khdm do; gidi thich cho duomg sy va nhttng ngufli ed mat biflt quyen vd nghia vy efla hg.
Ngudi tien hanh khdm phdi yflu cdu ducmg sy dua ra nhttng do vgt, tai lieu co lien quan den vu dn, niu ducmg su tfl chfii thi tiln hanh khdm".
Thyc tien eho thiy, khfing nen dua cho duong sy dpc Ifnh khdm nguoi. Bfli vi, khdm ngudi Id bifln phdp cuong chl, rit nhiflu cupc khdm ngudi, cdn bfl thi hdnh lflnh
kham gdp phdi sy chfing dfii cfla ducmg su va thdn nhdn cfla duong sy. Do dd, nflu dua cho duong sy dpc lflnh khdm dfl, cfl thfl duong sy se xe lfnh kham gdy khd khdn cho vifc kham ngudi. Trong mpt sfi bien phdp khdc nhu bit bi can, bi cdo dfl tgm giam, bat ngudi ttong trudng hpp khdn cip,... BLTTHS ndm 2003 cttng chi quy dinh ngudi thi hanh Ifnh phdi dpc lfnh, chfl khfing quy dinh phdi dua cho dfli tupng dgc Ifnh do, hon nfta, vifc khdm ngufli dd cd ngudi chflng kifln vi vdy, dfl ddm bao tinh logic, theo quan diflm cfla tae gid nfln sfla doi theo huflng bfl quy dinh
"dua cho ducmg sy dgc lfnh kham do".
Trong thyc te, vife duong su dua ra nhftng vdt, tdi Hflu cd lien quan den vy an khflng dflng nghTa vflri viflc hfly bfl cugc kham xet. Do do quy dinh: "Ngudi tifln hdnh khdm phdi yflu cau duong sy dua ra nhung do vdt, tdi lieu cd Hen quan dfln vu dn, nflu duong sy tfl chdi thi tien hanh khdm" khflng phu hpp vdi tinh hinh hifn nay, nhdt la tfli pham vfl ma tuy. Vi vdy, trong diflu ludt chi cdn ghi: "Trudc khi tifln hdnh kham xet, ngudi tien hdnh khdm phdi yeu cdu ducmg sy dua ra nhftng dfl vat, tai lifu lien quan den vy an" la dfl.
Tdm lgi, cin sfla dfii khoan 1 Diflu 142 BLTTHS ndm 2003 theo hudng: "Khi bdt ddu khdm ngudi, phdi dpc Ifnh khdm; gidi thich cho duong sy vd nhung ngudi cd mat biet quyfln va nghTa vy efla hp. Trudc khi tifln hdnh kham xet, ngudi tien hanh kham phdi yflu edu duong su dua ra nhttng dfl vdt, tai lifu cd lifln quan dfln vy an".
- Theo khodn 3 Dilu 142 BLTTHS nam 2003: "Cfl the tien hanh khdm ngudi ma khflng can cd lflnh trong trudng hpp bat ngufli hogc khi cd cdn cfl de khdng dinh ngudi cd mdt tai ncri khdm xet gidu trong ngudi do vat, tai Hfu can thu gift".
NHA NUdc VA PHAPLUATSd 6/2013 Theo quy dinh cua BLTTHS nam 2003 thi bit ngudi bao gflm bat hi can, hi cdo de tam giam (Diflu 80); bdt ngufli ttong trudng hpp khdn cip (Diflu 81); vd bdt ngudi phgm tfii qua tang hodc dang hi truy na (Diflu 82).
Dfli vdi bdt bi can, bi cao dfl tam giam vd bit ngudi ttong trudng hop khan edp thi chi cd nhijng ngudi cd thdm quyen theo ludt dinh mdi cd quyfln ra lflnh bat va phai nhflng ngudi dupc fly nhiem ttong lflnh bit moi dupc tfl chflc thi hdnh lfnh bat. Cho nen khi bit, phap ludt tfl tung hinh su cho phep hp dupe kham ngudi md khflng can phai cd lenh kham ngudi riflng. Diflu ndy hoan toan hop ly vi hg Id nhflng nguci cfl chflc vy, quyfln han dang thi hanh Iflnh bat.
Theo khodn 1 Dilu 82 BLTTHS nam 2003: "Dfli voi ngudi dang thuc hifln tpi phgm hogc ngay sau khi thyc hifln tgi phgm thi bi phat hifn hogc bi duoi bat, cung nhu nguci dang hi truy nd thi bat ky ngudi ndo ciing cd quyfln bat...". Nhu vay, phap luat tfl tyng hinh su cho phflp bat ky ngudi nao cung cd quyfln bat ngudi phgm tpi qud tang va ngudi dang bi truy na. Nflu theo khoan 3 Diflu 142 BLTTHS nam 2003 dilu do cung cd nghTa, ngudi bat gifl co quyfln kham ngudi ma khfing cdn cd Iflnh kham. Nhung nhu vdy cfl hpp ly, bdt cap hay khflng?
Chflng ta biflt rdng, ban chat cua kham ngudi Id Iuc sodt, tim kiflm ttfln than thfl ngudi khac de phdt hifln va thu gitt nhung dfl vat, tdi lieu cd lien quan dfln vy an, khi khdm ngudi phai tudn thfl chat che cdc quy dinh cfla BLTTHS nam 2003 nhu: kham ngudi phai do ngudi cflng gidi tiln hanh, cd su chflng kien eua ngudi cling gidi vd phdi lap bifln bdn ve vifc khdm ngudi. Dfli vdi bat ngudi pham tfii qua tang hodc dang bi truy nd thi cflng dan eiing chi cd quyfln bdt chfl khong cfl quyfln lap bifln bdn vfl viflc
bat, vi theo quy dinh hg phai "gidi ngay den CO quan cong an, vifln kiflm sdt hoac Uy ban nhdn ddn noi gdn nhdt. Cdc ca quan ndy phdi Idp bien bdn vd giai ngay ngudi bi bat den ca quan diflu tta cd thdm quyfln". Ngoai ra, phdp ludt to tung hinh sy ciing da trao quyen cho hp: "Khi bdt ngudi phgm tpi qua tang hodc ngudi dang bi truy na thi nguoi nao ciing cd quyen tudc vu khi, hung khi cfla ngudi bi bat". Xudt phdt tfl thuc tfl Men nay, nguci pham tpi qua tang hogc ngudi dang hi truy na thudng sfl dung vu khi, hung khi, cho nen viec tudc bd vu khi, hung khi, la du dh nhdm ngan chdn viflc hg dflng vu khi, hung khi chong tid lai ngudi bat gift, nhung viflc khdm ngudi thi khflng thl.
Nhu vdy, quy dinh khdm ngudi ma khflng cdn ed Iflnh ttong tat cd cac truong hpp bat ngudi Id khflng hpp ly. Han ntta, neu quy dinh nhu vay cd thfl ddn din tinh trgng cflng dan lpi dung vdo quyfln ndng nay dfl xdm phgm den than thfl, danh dy, nhdn phdm cfla ngudi hi bat. Vi vdy, theo quan diem cua tac gid can sfla doi npi dung dieu Iuat nay theo hudng: "Cd the tien hdnh khdm ngudi md khflng can cd lenh ttong trudng hpp bdt ngudi (trfl trudng hop bdt ngudi phgm tfli qua tang hodc dang hi truy na) hoac khi co can cu dfl khdng dinh ngudi cd mat tgi noi kham xet gidu trong nguoi dfl vgt, tai lieu can thu gitt".
3. Quy dinh vl kham cho of, chS Iam viec, dia diem
Qua nghifln eflu cho thiy, nhilu quy dinh vl kham chd d, cho lam viflc, dia dilm mang tinh chimg chung, hiflu nhu thl ndo ciing dupc, do do rdt dfl dan den su tuy tifn khi van dyng ttong thyc tifln:
(Xem tiep trang 84)
NHA NUdc VA PHAPLUATSd 6/2013 Viflc dp dyng bien phdp ngdn chdn tgm giam dl phuc vy diflu tra vy an theo TTRG vl can cu, thim quyfln vd thfl tyc dp dyng ciing giflng nhu theo thfl tyc chung. Diflm khdc biet vdi thdi hgn chung la thdi hgn tgm giam bi can khi dp dyng TTRG bdng vdi thdi han dilu tra, truy td, diflu nay hoan todn phu hpp voi thuc tl gidi quylt vy dn. Tuy nhifln, Dilu 322 BLTTHS quy dinh thu tyc tgm giam theo quy dinh ehung, mflt vin dl dgt ra la thdi hgn phfl chuan cfla VKS dfli vdi lfnh tgm giam cfla CQDT trong ap dung TTRG Id bao ldu, nflu tiieo thfl tyc chung quy dinh tgi khodn 3 Dilu 88 BLTTHS thdi han phe chudn cfla VKS Id 3 ngdy. Ben cgnh do, Diflu 321 BLTTHS quy dinh TTRG
dupc tinh tfl khi khcri tfl vy an, cung can phai Iuu y la tiidi ban VKS xem xet dfl nghi cfla CQDT dp dyng TTRG khdng dupc tru vao thcri hgn diflu tta 12 ngay. Nhu vdy, se la bit hop \^ khi thdi han phe chuin thfl tuc tam giam khi dp dung TTRG cflng gi6ng nhu thfl tuc chung. Vi vdy, dl viec diflu tta vy an tiieo TTRG ddm bdo dupc thdi hgn, thfl tuc theo ludt dinh, chflng tfli dl xuit BLTTHS b6 sung thflm khodng thdi gian hpp ly cho vife phe chudn cfla VKS dfli vdi thfl tuc tgm giam bi can, vd theo chflng tfli, khodng thdi gian phfl chuin cua VKS la 12 gid kl tfl khi nhdn dupe ho sa vy an cua CQDT la hop ly.
(Tiip theo trang 80 ~ Hodn thi^n quy dinh ...) + Khodn 2 Dieu 143 BLTTHS nam 2003 quy dinh: "Khi khdm chfl d, dia diem phdi cd mat ngudi chu hodc ngudi da thdnh nien trong gia dinh hp, cd dai difn chinh quyfln xd, phuomg, thi tidn va ngudi Iang giflng chiing kien; trong trudng hpp duang su vd ngudi trong gia dinh hp cfl tinh vdng mat, bd trfin hogc di vdng Idu ngdy ma viec khdm xet khdng thi tri hodn thi phdi cd dgi difln chinh quyfln va hai ngudi ldng gieng chimg kien". Trong quy dinh nay chua cd su thflng nhdt ve su dung thudt ngfl, lflc thi
"ngudi chu", luc thi "duong su". Do do, de ddm bdo sy thong nhit, thl hien ky thudt lap phdp chi sfl dung thuat ngft "duang sy".
+ Khoan 3 Diflu 143 BLTTHS ndm 2003 quy dinh: "Khong dupe kham chfi d vdo ban dem, trfl trudng hgp khdng the tri hodn, nhung phai ghi ro ly do vdo bifln bdn".
+ Khodn 4 Diflu 143 BLTTHS nam 2003 quy dinh: "Khi khdm cho ldm viec cua mgt ngudi thi phdi co mdt ngudi do, trfl trudng hgp khdng the tri hodn, nhung phai ghi ro ly do vao bifln bdn".
Hilu nhu thl nao Id "viec kham xet khfing thl tri hoan" hay "trudng hpp khflng thl tti hoan", ro rang day Id nhftng vin dfl ein cd van bdn quy pham phdp Iudt hudng dan cu thl dl cd sy dp dyng thfing nhit ttfln thyc tl.
