,; Pia ly. Dta chdl vd Dta veil ly Bien
HAM D O K H O A N G S A N R A N D A Y B I £ N S A U T R E N TIIK G I O I , C O H O I , T H A C H T H U C D O I V O I V I E T N A M
Vu truong Son', Nguyen Due Thang", Ho Quoc Khanh , Van Due Nam' 'Trung tam Dia chat va Khoang san bifln; "Tflng hpi Dia ehal Viet Nam
Tim t3t:
Trong nhitng ndm gdn day gid Iri ihuang mai cita cdc heu ktin hen nine dong. kem. nikel.cobalt, vdng. bac. chi. tren tin tru&ng the giot ngiiy cdng tdng cao eld lhu bin sie chit y ciia cdc epidc gia co bien lot viec nghien ciru. dieu tra, thum do khai thdc nguon tin nguyin khoiing sun nity tie ele'iy bien sdu Trong bdt bdo niiy cdc ldc gid dua ra mot cdi nhin long epian ve viec nghien cieu. dieu tra. thdm do, khai thdc, che hien khoiing .sdn bien .sdu. cd Irong khu viec ihuoc epiyen c/udn ly ciea ceic quoc gia vd cd trong cdc vitng bien ejiioc le Dong ihiyi cimg neu ra mot so dinh hiee'xng ve hoat dong ndy cho Viet Xam
DEEP SEA SOLID MINERAL RESOURCES EXPLORATION IN THE WORLD.
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR VIET NAM
Vu truong Son', Nguyen Due Thang", Ho Quoc Khanh', Van Due Nam Abstract
In receni years, the commercial value ofmeteds such as copper, zinc, nickel, cobeih, gold, silver, lead .. in the world meirkel rising permanently. Thus has attracted the attention of the coeislal Slates lo research, investigation, exploration and exploilalton of seabed minered resources from deep seabed. In Ibis paper, the authors pre)viele an overview of the research, invesiigedion, exploration, mining, eieep sea mineral processing, both in the areas iiiuler Ihe management ofthe countries and in ihe International waters It also raises a number of orientation for reseeirch, investigation, exploration and exploitation activities of seabed mineral resources for Vietnam.
M O DAU
The ky 21 la the ky ciia bien va dai duang Hdu hflt cac quoc gia co bifln deu manh me hudng ra bicn, lang cirdng eac hoat dpng diflu tra, khai thac, che bien lai nguyfln bien, bao V? mfli trudng bifln nham kbai thac bfln virng eac ngudn tai nguyfln nay dfl dap iing nhu cau ngay cang cao cua con ngudi. Trong boi canh nguon tai nguyfln khodng san tren dat lien ngay eang can kiet. lifln ra bifln va dai duong dang trd thanh mol xu the tat yflu ciia
Hilt light Khoa heic vc) Cong nghe bten tain
nhdn loai. Theo trdo luu chung do, khoang sdn bifln cung dugc nhiflu qudc gi:i quan tam.
dae bifli. do vay boat ddng nghien ciiu. diflu tra. tham do. khai thdc cdc Ioai khoang san bifln. Irong do cd cdc loai khoang san bifln sau ngd>- mdl trd nfln sdi ddng. Nhki >|u6c gig, nhiflu tdp doan kinh lfl Idn da duge Co quan Quyfln lye quoc te Day dai duong .dp p^gp tham do khoang san rdn tu ddy bifln sdu lai cdc vimg bifln quflc lc.
1. HOAT DON(. \ ( ; H I 1 ' : N C O U , DIKU TRA, KHAO SAT, TIIAM l ) 0 K H O A N G S \ N K.VN l)\\ IIIKN SAU TREN T H E GIOI Cac boat dpng nghien euu, dieu tra, tham do. khai Ihdc cde loai khoang san ifni Jay bign d nhung vimg bifln ndm trong viing dac quyen kinh le cua mgt quoc gia dugc diflu chinh ; theo quy dinh phdp ludt ciia moi qufle gia Irfln nguyfln lac luan thu cdc quy dinh quflc 16, Con Iren cac vimg bifln quflc lc cdc boat dpng nay ehiu su quan Iy ciia Ca quan i.Hiyen lire quoc te Ody dai duong (ISA)
Duoc ihdnh lap vao ngay 16 Ihang 11 nam 1994 va chinh thirc di vao htvii dpng lii Ihang 6 nam 1996 Ca quan Qu\fln lyc quoc lfl Day dai duang (Ca quan Qu\ui lyc) da ihuc hicn ehiic nang quan I\ mpi hoai dpng diflu Ira, khai thac tai nguyen trfln cac viing bicn vd ddy bifln quoc lfl.
Co quan Qujfln luc da ban hanh nhiflu quy dinh vc khao sat tham dd khodi-.- in ran6 ddy dai duong, \ e bao \ c nioi irudng, ve lhu luc dang ky khao sat, tham do. 'Jiai thaCi
\ .\ -Co the liel kfl ra moi so van ban sau: Quy duih vfl khdo sdl va tham do kflt hach da.;
kim, Quy dinh vfl khao sat va tham do sulphide da kim, Don dfl nghi thong quii ke hoach|
tham do dfl nhan bgp dflng, Hgp dflng tham do; Mau hgp ddng tham dd, cac lhu luc liens doanh. ede quy dinh uu tifln ..; Cde nghTa vu vfl bdo ve nidi tnrdng, nghTa vu tai chinh.Dfi, tham gia hoat dpng khodng san ddy dai duong. cdc quoc gia, td chuc phai luan ihii day dii' eac quy dinh nay.
Tir nam 2001 den nay ISA da ky 8 hgp dong nghien cuu, khao sat tham do, ddnh gia tiem:
nang kel hach da kim vdi mol sd nude vd cong i\ khai khodng trfln thfl gidi, eu ihfl !a:
• Chinh phu An Do - nam 2002;
• Vien nghifln ciru vd khai thdc bifln (IFREMBR/AFERNOD), Phap - 2001.
• Cong i\ Phat trifln Tai nguyen bifln sdu (DORD), Nhdt Ban - 2001;
• Cong U Quoe doanh Yu/.morgeologiya, Lifln bang Nga - 2001;
• Miep hpi Nghifln cicu vd Phat uifln Tai nguyen Khoang san Dai duong (I OMRA},' Trung Q u o c - 2 0 0 1 ,
• Tfl chirc Lifln doanh Inlcioeeanmelal (lOM). lap doan lifln doanh ciia Mulgaria, Cuba. Cflng hoa Sec, Ba Lan. Lien bang Nga va Slovakia - 2001;
• Cbinh phu Han Quflc - 2001;
• Vifln Nghifln eiru lifln bang Khoa hoc dia chdl vd Tai nguyen tbien nhifln 'flng hoa Lien bang Dire. - 2006.
Bio ly. Dtei chdl vd Diet vdt ly Biin
••'• Cdc quflc gia, cong ty tren da duge ehi dinh tham do khao sat tai bay viing tai ddi dirt (ikvClarion-Clippciton thudc viing xich dao tu Thai Binh duong giQa Hawai va Trung My Si0h 1) va mgt viing tai trung tam An Dp Duong (Hinh 2).
Trong ky hop thudng nifln lan thir 17 ciia Co quan Quyen luc quoe te Day dai duong y ^ dien ra tai Jamaica hi 12 den 22/72011 vira qua them bon giay phep tham do khai thdc nfia da dugc cap cho eac quoe gia la Nga, Trung Qudc va cac cdng ty ciia eac qudc ddo Thdi Binh Duang la Tonga va Nauru Cdc hgp ddng ky kflt mdi dugc trien khai d viing Clarion-CIiperton trung tdm Thai Binh Duong va mgt d trung tam An Do Duong danh eho Tnmg Quflc.
M^)
Hinh 1 Cdc hap dong khdo sdt thdm do ket hach da kim tgi khu virc Thai Binh Duang do ISA ky ket v&i cdc nhd thdu tie cdc quoc gia, to chuc thdnh vien
-."'<a -
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Hinh 2: Khu virc khao sdt thdm dd ket bgch da kim tgi An Do Duoiiy.
1. Gidi thieu so liroc ve cac loai hinh khoang san ran day bien sau
De dl dfln ky kflt cae hgp dong khao sdt, tham do khoang san day bifln sau ^ - n ISA cac nude va eac edng ly khai khoang da dau tu rat ldn vc kinh phi, nhan lye dc n :hien cuu, diflu tra khoang sdn bien sau.
Kflt qua nghien cdu, diflu tra cho thay day bien qude te cd trii luong tai ngn "n khoang sdn kim loai khong Id. Trong dd phai ke den cac ket hach da kim (Mn, Cu, Ni, t o), vo sa*
mangan giau cobalt (Fe. Mn, Co Ni), nhdng td hgp lu khodng sulfur (Cu, Fe. / n , Ag, t^^r
Cac tich lu khoang san ran day bifln ^.aii bao gom cac KKU elinih san day
• BOO-2'JUUri.
rii
^ < : : » " ' ' > ^
lliiili 3- Cc ill! ihino dm thi
1, Cac ket hach da kim dugc kflt tua tii' nude bifln qua hang trieu nam trfln tram tich be mat Clia cac dong bang bifln tham rgng ldn dudi day bifln sau (myc nude sau 4-5km) bao gom cac cyc da kim nhd cd kich thudc cd qua golf dfln qua tennis (nikel, cobalt, sat va mangan voi cac ty' le khae nhau). Tich tu cd trien vpng nhat thuge Ioai nay la dudi dang cac kflt hach giau kim Ioai (td hgp nikel va ddng khdng dudi 2% khdi lugng - Error! Reference source not found.) dugc tim thay trong ddi dirt gay Clarion-Clipperton, trung tam Thai Binh Ducmg.
Bdng 1. Thdnh pbdn trung hinh cdc kim logt trong ket bach ela kim tir cdc vung bien tren the gi&i (iheo Ghosh and Mukhopadhyay. 2000)
Nguyen to
Mangan (% kh6i lirana)
Sat Nikel - ^ - _ B S l g _
Cobalt _ _ _ J C e m _ _ _ ^
Chi Indi
^___JJrani Palladi _ i 2 h a n tneu)
Thori Vang {phJn ty)
Dai tay
13,25 16,97 0,32 0,13 0,27 0,12 0,14 9,32 7,4 5,11 55,00 14,82
Thai binh (tu'O'ng
20,10 11,40 0,76 0,54 0,27 0,16 0,08 6,64 7,68 72 32,06
3.27
An do duo'ng
15,25 14,23 0,43 0,25 0,21 0,15 0,10 3,48 6,20 8,76 40,75 3,51
Cac viing bien the gioi
18.6 18,4 0,66 0,45 0,27 0,12 0,09
-
-
Hiil nghi Khoa liac vil Cimg ngtii biin mini IQIIK l.iii if,^ y
2 Dang thir hai ciia khoang s;.n bign da kim la cac vo sat-mangan giau cobalt - sir ket hpp cua cac kim loai tir ddt lian va biSn. Cac ket tua tir nuoc bien duai dang nhirng lop mong (ddn 25cm) tren cac da niii lua cua cac niii ngam dudi bien va cac day nui lira chim duoi mat biSn o do sau khoang 4a0m din 4000m (Hinh 4). Cac vo nay co nhieu nhat a giira va phia ngoai viing dac quyen kinh t6 Clia cac quoc gia dao Tay Thai Binh duong. ; oc tinh m6i viing mo CO the cung cip toi 25% thi truang toan cau ve cobalt (su dung de chS tao chat ch6ng mai mon, chieu sang, hgp kim rSn, son), cong nghe khai mo va tinh i dang phat tnen manh me.
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Bang 2- Thiinh phdn trung hinh cdc kim loai trong vo sat-mangan giim coi'. ill lH
Thdi Binh Duang. An Do Duong. Dgi Tdy Duong (theo Hein. 2000) '•
3. Cae tu khoang sulphide da kim la Idp chat dpng Iai xung quanh nhii:ng diflm phun thuyi nhiflt tren day bien. Nude bien tham thdu qua cac tdng da xflp, gap phai ddng nhiu-n thach ndng bong cua niii lua ngam, bi dun nong len dfln hon 400''C \d ddy ngugc im- lai, nian&j theo ral nhiflu khoang chat quy gia d dang hda tan. Khi gap Idp nude lanh bfln Iren, c^J khoang chat nay ket tua Iai. tao thanh nhirng cpt nude ldi sam, cao tir 2 dfln 5ni. long W ^^'
[ ^ „ £)ia ly, Dut chdt vd Dtei i eit ly Bien
chuc met dfln hang kilomet, thoat nhin nhu mgt ept khoi den khdng 16 (Hinh 5). Qua thdi oiaD khoang chat lang xudng, hinh thanh Idp quang, tram tich chira kim Ioai. Do chinh la noi ngudi ta c6 thfl thu gom hau hflt nhihig nguyen lieu tho can thiflt cho cac nganh cdng odiifP ^^ '^^'' ^^^^ ddng, nicken, bae, vang va tham ehi ca kim cuong. Mdt dieu dang n6i la trong khi da quang d cac md tren dat lien thucmg hiflm khi chira qua 1% dong thi cae khoi kflt cudi hinh thanh lu edt khoi den thudng ehiia it nhdl vai % dong, mot li lfl ma mpi cbuyen gia khoang san deu phdi mo udc (Bang 3).
•^ ^:
Hinh 5: Cdc cpt khoi den du&i day hien vd sie hinh thdnh cdc tich tu qugng sutphiele da kim (SMS) vd trdm tich gidu kim logi.
Nguyen tfi Chi (%kh6i lirong) Sit
Klm Bfing Barium .Arsenic^ppm)^^
Antimony BK _Vang^___^^
-5ijH2!!8mau phan tich
Cac song nui giiJa dai duong ocac ranh gioi mang phan k\
0.1 26 4 8.5 4.8 1.8 235 46 113 1.2 1.259
Cac chuoi dao nui lii'a o cac ranh giiM mang hoi tu (dai thanh phan)
0 4 - 1 1 . 8 6.2-13 16.5-20.2 3.3-4.0 7.2- 12 6 845- 17,500 106-6,710 217-2,304 4.5-3.1 613
wg 3: Thdnh phdn trung hinh kim logi trong qugng .sulphide da kim tgi cdc vung cdu trdc day hien khdc nhau (theo Herzig and Hanninglon. 1995)
Hdi nghi Khocl lloi vii Cimg ngiii tnen luan ipiin ICni ih^ y
Theo mot s6 tai lieu moi dugc cong b6 gan day, quang sulpMdc da kim co thii'a ham • luong rSt cao dSng, vang, bac va cac kim loai co ban khac. Cac mau quang sulphide lai cac mo ciia Papua New Guinea chira ham lugng knn loai cue cao bao g5m 8-12% dirng, \%%
kem, 200 ppm bac va 11 ppm vang, mgt so mau co ham lugng bac len tai 200g,''i in, ving 30g/tan (Bang 4). Tai cac khu vuc tap trung cao, gia tri khai thac CO the dat cau nhSt li 3000 USD cho m6i met vuong
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Hitth 6- Su phdn bo cua cdc tich tu sulphide da kim vd mieng phun thuy nhiet ircn cdc vimg bien the gi&i (Herzig el al. Proceedings. Minerals other than polymetaUic noeiules of the international seabed area, Kingston, Jamaica: International Seabed Aulhonn: 2000).
H:lni ltii/ii[i \aii}i i\>\\m iri^ii) KImm 1)1 Hiiiii l[itj'iii> I B .So Itn/iig m a n l ' l Diiili mil njjain ii,iil-.;ji) y-i.ii 411 ( L . , i i K a M I ' N ( ; ) i i e
iiiUtilDa iitiiei e\lf
\oll(i t l i n u Ire (lu'ii hm lieii I t h k )
UieL.ui ( i i n ' : s " 2 S I(l5 l U i i l n )lMi.uwi i M i M 4 4 3 I -lii
u i u t u m i 1111(1112 inlHiHii \\ti nu \ I U U i
Bang 4: Hdm luong vdng trong qudng sulphide da kim tgi mdt s6 vung cdu tnic day bien (ISA Technical Study. No.2)
han Diei H Dia chdl vd Dig vdi ly Bien
, i^jfiii hinh tham do khai thae khoang san ran day bien tren the gioi
Trong nhiing nam gan day, nhirng lien bd cdng nghe mdi va gia kim Ioai loan cau gia jS0g khong ngung da thiie day mdi quan tam thuong mai mdi. Vi dai duong bao phii hon 70% bfl ni^t trai dat. nen cdc cong ty khai khoang gid day eoi nhung khu vuc bifln sau la nhihig dia hat kboang san mdi, rdng Idn chua dugc khdm pha. Cac cdng ly nha nude va lu nhan cung lao vao cugc canh tranh o bien sau. Cong ty khai khoang Canada Nautilus Minerals Niugini Ltd. se la cdng ty dau tien Jrfln thfl gidi thue hifln khai thac ihuong mai duai day bifln (irong d d e d ca khai thac dong va vdng) khi du an Solwara I ciia hg tai Papua New Ciuinea bat dau hoat ddng vao nam 2013. Cdng ty niem yet eong khai nay cdn Jdiang dinh thj phan khai thac ngoai khoi eac bd bifln eiia Tonga va Fiji.
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ninh 7: Cdc khu VUT khdo sdt, thdm do, tim kiem khodng sdn rdn ddy bien dang dm/c xin cap phi'p (mdu vdng) vd dd duac cdp phep (mdu do) cho cdc Ciy lgt vimg bien cua cdc
quoc ddo Thdi Binh Duang.
Cong ty nay eiing la cdng ty me eiia cdng ty Tonga Offshore Mining, da duge dao quoe Tonga bao Irg de nop hd so xin cap phep khao sat tham dd kflt hach da kim tai eae vimg oien qude te va da 6u:oc thdng qua vao ky hpp Ian thu 17 cua ISA vira qua. Hai dao quoe Ihai Binh Duong la Tonga va Nauru dang ho trg cho cac eong ty khai mo tu nhan Ian dau hen da nop ho so nhu vay da danh dau "Mdt cdt moc mdi trong Iich sir ciia Co quan yuyen Itre va thuc hien chfl dp phap ly khai thac ddy bien sau Iheo Cong udc va Hiep dinh nam 1994" theo nhu nhan dinh cua Tdng thu ky Co quan Quyfln Iuc Mr. Nii Allotey Odunton (Ghana).
Hot nghi KIwa heic vu Cehig nghe hien lodii tfuiic ldn ikw V
NE^BRlTAlh
Mpt cong ty phuang Tay lu nhiin khac la Neptune Minerals tai Nevada. Ifln ke hoach khai thac nhirng vung bifln \a bd d New Zealand Phia Han Qudc eung ihfl hien sir quan tam khi tham dd vung nude sdu d^ tim kiflm khoang san hdi thang 4/20 i I d Tonga sau khi gianh dugc giay phep tii ehinh phii quoe dao. Hg dat muc tiflu khai thac 300.000 tdn khoang san mdi nam irong 20 nam tdi.
Viec cac cdng ty tu nhdn nop hd so xin cap phep khao sat tham dd khoang san lEii cac vung bicn qudc te da chung 16 cupc chay dua gianh quyfln kiem soat nguSn khoang san khong Id trong long dai dirong Iai mdt Idn nua dugc ham ndng-
Nam nay, tai ky hgp Ian lhu ! 7 ciia ISA ho so thir hai xin cap phep cho khu virc dac quyfln khao sat tham do sulphide da kim eiia Trung Quflc da duge Ihdng qua cung vdi mdt hd so khac cua Nga. Ddy la nhung hd so ddu tifln xin cap phep khao sat tham do sulphide da kim dugc thong qua sau khi Quy dinh vfl quang sulphide da kim da duge ISA thong qua vao thang 10 nam ngoai. Quyflt dinh eho phep Trung Quoc tham do khoang san bien sau d An Do Ducmg gan Madagascar khi dugc thong bao da tao nfln mot lan sdng chan dgng d An Do. New Delhi dugc cho la kha lo lang vfl viec Tnmg Qudc thu gom cac quyen khai khoang d nhirng khu vuc hang hai ma hp xem la pham vi dia ly mang anh hucmg cua minh. Hg cQng Io ngai rang cdc nghifln cuu khao sal cua Trung Quoc lai vung bien nay eon cd the phue vu eae nhiflm vu quan trong cho cac Iuc Iugng vu trang \ a co quan an nmh quoc gia eiia Trung Qude. No bao gdm viec tham nhap he thong cap quang dudi day bifln de ngan ehan nhiing bi mat ngoai giao va thuong mai, tim Iai cac vu khi hat nhan va ten lira th^t lac. va lao ra cae ban do day bifln cd do phan gini eao de ho trg boat ddng cua ham dpi tau ngam ngay cang manh.
Tin tir Cue nghien euu Hai duong Trung Quflc cho biflt: Trong Idn khao sal llu'r 22 cua lau Dai Duong sd 1 den khu virc 3.1 vT do Nam trfln vung Bien Ddng Thai Bmh pirt™&
eac nha khoa hgc da phat hifln ra mdt khu vuc khoang san sulfide, ddng thdi dfi tifln hm lay dugc mau vat nay mang vfl tiflp tuc nghifln ciru. Day la ldn ddu tien va eung la n^*^*;
dau tifln tren thfl gidi sau khi Quy dinh ve sulphide da kim dugc thdng qua lai ky hop ^ hgi dong Co quan Quyen luc qudc tfl day dai duong thang 10 nam 2010 da lay dugc mat vat nay trfln vimg Bien Dong Thai Binh Duong. Dugc biflt, tau Khao sat Dat Duong so
Hinb 8: Du dn Solwara 1 cita cong ty Nautilus Minerals Niugini Ltd. tgi Papua
New Guinea
Diei ly, Dta dial vd Dia vdi ly Bien
Utphal ngay 6/7 tir Panama dfln, dfln khu vuc khao sat ngay 13/7 tai vi tri 3.1 vTdd nam ri do sau 2900m da lay dugc khoang 400kg khoang chat sulfide vao ngay 28/7/2011 vira qua.
W Ti^r^ nang khodng sdn cua ddy dai duong sau tham da dugc nhan manh vao ngay
^^7/2011 khi mdt nhdm cae ehuyen gia Nhdt Ban tuyen bo kflt qua khao sal 78 dia diem d (Mv bifln trong Thai Binh Duong chua dung cdc kim Ioai dat hiflm - vdn dugc su dung dfl
^ x u d t hang loal san pham cong nghe cao trong ea dan su va quan sir.
HQ udc tinh riing, ed khoang 100 ty ldn ddl hiflm trong Idp biin eiia day bien Thai Binh Duong. Hicn tai. Trung Quoc sdn xual 97% luong ddl hiflm cua the gidi. Theo gidi phan tich, viec Nhat bdn phdl hifln mgt irir luong dal hiflm cd thfl thdch thii'c vi thfl thflng trj ciia Trung Quoe, nflu viec khai thac dat hiem tir day bifln cd the thue hien duge.
Cac chuyfln gia Nhdl cho hay, ebi rieng d mdt diflm rdng khodng lkm vuong da chira d\mg cac oxit dal hiem luong duong vdi 1/5 nhu cau loan cau bifln nay trong nipt thi tnrang ma Trung Quoc chiflm da so nguon cung va day gid Ifln cao chot vol bang each ap dyng cac quy dinh ngay eang chat che ban che han ngach xuat khau
II. CO IIOI VA THACH TIIUC DOI VOI VIET NAM
Bicn Vicl Nam eo nguon tai nguyfln vo eiing da dang va phong phu nhu: tai nguyfln sinh vat. phi sinh vat va lai nguyfln vj the, dae biet dudi day bien giau tai nguyen sa khoang ilmenit, val liflu xay dung, ddu khi... d vimg bien nong; kel hach sat, magan .., dau khi va khi hydrale (?) d vung bien sau bon 200m nudc.Tien ra bifln Id xu llifl lal yflu ciia nude la, eiia dan toe ta. Hoai dpng nghien cuu, diflu tra, khdo sat, tham do khodng sdn ran
• diiy bien sau. kbi hydrate vira ia thach thirc, vira la cohpi cho VietNam trong the ky XXI.
1.Thach thue va kho khan
Hoat dpng nghifln euu, dieu tra, khdo sat, tham dd khoang sdn ran day bifln sau, trong do CO khi hydrale la edng vice "mdi me" day ray khd khan doi vdi Viet Nam.Trong nhtrng nam qua, ehung la mdi chi tich luy dugc nhiing kinh ghiem trong dieu tra dia ehal, khoang san va tham dt) dau khi d viing bien ndng den 100 met nude, tuy cung co mgt so hoat dpng dieu tra, khao sat d viing bifln sau thupc chii quyfln qudc gia. Nhirng thdch thue ehinh eho Viet Nam trong giai doan hien nay la thiflu su hieu biet ve cdng nghe, he thong chinh sach phap lual. ehua trang bi day du trang thiet bi va cdn thieu nguon nhan lire phue vu nghifln curu, dicu tra co ban va tham dd khoang san bifln sau.
Nhirng thach ihuc chinh dd la:
Ai. Cong nghe lac hau: d Viet Nam eong nghe trong Imh vue ndy chua duoc tiep can mpt each day dii, cdc edng nghe dia khao sdt vdt Iy, nghe do vc dia ehat (cau triic - kifln tao. dia mao day bicn, tram tich tang mat...) va cdng nghe do ve dia hod khi phdt hifln cac dj thudng (CI,...) va cong nghe xu Iy, cong nghe phdn tich, thi nghiem cilng la nhirng van oe can dugc quan tam hgc hoi kinh nghiem va tim hieu mdt each day du va loan difln.
^•2. Trang thii't hi thieu dong bo: Trang thiet bi nghien ciru, dieu tra co ban va tham dd Khoang sdn bifln sau d Viflt Nam hau nhu ehua dugc dau tu day du, cdn thieu ddi tau
Ildl nghi Khoa heic vit Cong nghe hien loiin ciiioc l^n thic y
nghifln cuu. khao sat d do sau Idn Cdc trang thiel bi nghifln cuu. diflu tra hai, nhu chua CO nhu thicl bi Id\ mau. tdu lan. robot ldy mdu day bifln_. lay mau kbi va cdc ihicl bj do dja vat ly, dia'hoa.. phong phan lich Ihi nghiflm \ a ihiel bi khoan bifln nuo. sau (tau kiioan hoac gian nua nfli. nua chim) phuc vu cho viflc diflu Ira ibani do khndiv^ sdn bi^n sdu
1.3. Thih biphdn tich thi nghiem chua cd: Iiicn nay lal ca eac chi lieu pban tieh vfl dja j hoa. moi Irudng irdm lich. thanh pbdn thach hpc. nudc.v.\ ciia cae Ioai nidn imau l6i, mdu chat luu) cfl thfl phdn lich lai Trung lam phdn lich ciia Tdng cue Dia chdl \ i Khoang j .sdn. Vicn Khoa hpc \ a Cong ngbe Viel Nam, vien Dau khi. Cac ihifll bi pbdn [ich dircrc i trang bi thupc thfl-" be mdi (may sdc ky khi, rockeval. X-ray, chup dnh eat Idp phdn gia! '\
cao.^'phdn lich ham iugng ion trong nude, ham luong khi.v.v.) cd ihc bao dam yeu c^u j nghien ciru. danh gia khoang san bien sau. Tu\ nhien, khoang sdn ran bifln idu la doi tugng se dupe ddu lu nghifln cuu Irong luong lai nfln \iflc su dung cae Ihifll bi nang co de j phan lich, nghifln ciru nhdt ihifll phai lim hiflu. hpc hdi kmh nghiem cua ui> nuoc di j irude dflng thdi bfl sung cdc thiflt bi phdn lieh mdi., De dam bao ddng bo eua lie phuang \ phdp nghifln ciiu. diflu tra
1.4. Ngudn nhdn luc chua deip irng yeu cau: Vicl Nam co nguon nhdn |IR kha himg hau. luy \a> luyfll dai da so da lap irung trong nghien eii'u, diflu tra dia cbal I- lioaiig san trfln luc dia \'a vimg bifln nong vcn bd. Vi vdy, dc eo khd nang dam nhdn dui>L ho^t dgng nghifln ciru. diflu tra, tham dd vd khai thdc khoang san bifln sau trong tuang Iai. cdn thiel dao tao dpi ngu can bd KHKT eo irinh dp cao trong lmh vuc nay d cdc nuoc licntien trfln thfl gidi.
2. Co' hoi vil Ihuan loi
Trirdc hcl. Dang \ a Nhd nude rat quan tam dfln bifln dao, Nghi quyflt 09 - NQ/' !"W ngaj;:
9 thdng 02 nam 2007 "Vc chifln Iugc bifln Vicl Nam dfln nam 2020" da nhan manh: "The ••_
ky XXI duge thfl gidi xem la the ky eiia dai duong". Muc liflu eua Chifln Iugc ' den nam 2020. phdn ddu dua nude la trd thanh qudc gia manh vfl bicn, bao ddni virni; chac chu quyfln. quyfln chii quyen quoc gia trfln bifln. dao. gop phan quan trgng Irony sU nghiep cong nghiep hoa. hiC'n dai hda, Iam eho dat nude giau, manh". Mien nay, ldm nhin cua Chifln luge khong chi gidi han trong pham vi vimg bifln thuge quyen ehii quyen quflc gia ma phai vuon ra cac viing bifln qudc lfl.
Ddc biflt trong 10 nam trd lai day. Nha nude da phe duyet cac Chuang trinh Ouan lam cd quoc gia vd qudc tfl: '"Dfl an long the ve diflu tra eo ban va quan Iy lai ngi. ^ en - moi trudng bifln dfln nam 2010. tam nhin nhin dfln nam 2020" (Quyflt djnh sd 47 !006/Qp- TTg, ngdy 01 Ibdng 3 nam 2006). Chuong trinh "Nghien euu, vd diflu tra eo bi'n ve licm nang khi hydrate trfln cac viing bifln va Ihcm luc dia Vict Nam" (Quyflt djnh s • 796/QO- TTg ngdy 03/6/2010 cua Thu tudng Chinh phii) Ddy la ca hdi dfl Vict Nam ii'-n ra viing bifln sau va cac vimg bifln qudc tfl
Theo dinh hirdng ciia cong tac diflu tra dia chdt khoang san ma Thu tudng Ch i nh pbu da phe duyet cong tac dieu tra eo bdn sc dugc tifln hanh trfln loan viing dac quyfln kinh te Viet Nam. Trong do mpt difln lich kha Idn se nam trong vimg bien nude sau. (Xem i I'nb 9).
p
Tiiu ban Dia ly, Dia chdl vd Dia vgt ly Bten
Hien nay, Tdng cue Bien Hai dao Viet Nam dang cung cac don \i cd lien quan khan truang trong xay dung Du an " Nghien cuu, dicu tra, danh gia, khoanh djnh eac cau true dia chat co tiein nang va trien vpng khi hydrate d eac vung bifln Vicl Nam ". Du kien 2012 cac nha dia ehat bien Viet Nam se cimg Dodn khdo sat ciia Cgng Hoa Lien Bang Nga tien hanh diflu tra sa bp vung bien Phu Khanh, Tu Chinh - Viing May tu dp sau 300m nude dfln 2500m nude.
L_
Hinh 9: Phgm vi dieu tra dia chdt - khodng sdn tren cdc viing bien Viet Nam
HOI nghi Khe>a hpc va Ce'ing nglic bien loon giioc ldn ihe, y •
Trong qua trinh hgp ldc chiing ta se dao tao dpi ngu can bd ky thuat cd Ih,- lam chii cflng nghe cao, dflng thdi vdi mua sdm thicl bj dfl cd the chu dpng cac boat dong trifln khai eac boat dflng diflu tra nghien cim dia chdl khodng sdn bifln d nhirng \'ung nude sdu.
ISA da thong bao chinh thire sdn sang mdi cac nhd dja chdt bifln Vicl Nam iham dir chuong trinh dao tao thuc lfl trfln cac lau tham do bicn sau eiia eae nude, eac <. ong ty d3 dugc cap phep Iham do d viing bifln quoe lfl.
Nhimg hifln thue trfln se tao diflu kifln cho Viet Nanixay dinig ngudn nhdn lu. vdihigt bl de chudn bi phdi hgp vdi cac nude hoae ehii dgng lifln hanh eac hoai dgng uglncn ciiu, diflu tra khoang san bifln sau d nhirng viing bicn qudc tfl.
Vdi chinh saeh tich cue hgi nhap, Viet Nam da ky kflt Cong ude ve Ludi Bifln nam 1982 vd la thdnh vifln eiia Co quan Quyfln lire quoc tfl Day dai duong, tham gi.t lich circ cac klida hpp hang nam ciia Co quan Quyen luc. Ddy la thuan lgi quan trong dfl Viet Nam tham gia hoat dong nghien cuu, diflu tra, tham do khoang san day bien sau IrC-n cac vimg bifln quoc tfl. Ve to chuc, mac dii ehung ta ed co quan quan Iy nha nude vc khoang san, trong do co khoang san bien, dau khi... de quan Iy eae boat ddng nghifln cuu, dieu ira, tham do eac Ioai kboang san day bifln sdu nhung van can eo co quan chuyfln vc quan Iy boat dpng nay.
3. Mu( ,s6 dmh hudng cho Viet Nam
Trude doi hoi ve nguyen lieu khodng san kim Ioai va nang Iugng ngay mdl gia lang ciia ; nen kinh te dang phdt trifln; vdi su ra ddi ciia Chien luge bien Vict Nam dfln nam 2020, \ viec iham gia ngay cang sdu ban ciia Viet Nam vao boat ddng nghifln cuu, tim kiem, tham •
do, khai thac khoang sdn bifln sau la xu the tat yflu. \ Xay dung dinh hudng ehien Iugc cho viee nghien eiru, diflu tra, tham do, khai thac
khoang san day dai duang la viflc lam khdng dfl ddng trong diflu kifln hifln nay. Dinh • hudng ehien luge dugc xay dung phai dua trfln mpt sd can cii chinh nhu sau:
- Chifln Iugc bifln Viet Nam dfln nam 2020 dugc ghi tai Nghi quyflt Hdi nghj ldn thu tir Ban Chdp hanh Trung uong Ddng khoa X.
- Kinh nghiem lir cac nude di trudc va thyc trang cua Viet Nam vfl boat ddng nay.
- Nhu cdu su dung ddi vdi cae loai hinh khoang sdn duae khai thac su dung ir-ng thfl ky XXI
Tren co sd do, chung tdi dfl xudt dinh hudng cho Viet Nam, cu the nhu sau:
3.1. Dinh hu&ng chung
Nhu da trinh bay, tham gia hoat dgng khodng san bifln sau la vice cdn ldm cho tuong lai Iau ddi vi nhirng mue tiflu chifln Iugc. Mpt qudc gia cd bifln nhu Vict Nam khdng thfl diing ngoai xu hudng chung eua thfl gidi, Day la Ioai hinh ddu tu rui ro, ddi hdi iniih do khoa hgc cdng nghe cao, tdn kem ca lifln cua va thdi gian. Bai hgc thyc tien da chi ra o trfln cua eae qude gia di trudc cho thay thdi gian tir khi bdi ddu dfln klii thu dugc kflt qur. phai m^t
<)iu ban Dig ly. Dja chdl vd Dia vdi ly Bien
hjug chuc nam. Tham ehi, da cd nhiing giai doan, nhiflu quoe gia cd tiflm lye phdi "bo cu6c", de roi sau do lai phai lang tde dudi theo xu the chung cua thfl gidi. Tuy nhien, trong b6i canh hpi nhdp nhu hifln nay, vdi Igi thfl cua ngudi di sau, ehiing ta vdn eo thfl nit ngan (jua trinh trfln vdi nhimg budc di va giai phap thich hgp.
Vi vay, ciing vdi vice hoan thanh cdc muc lieu cua "Chifln luge bifln Viet Nam dfln nam 2020", chiing ta can khang dinh muc tiflu dinh hudng la: Phdn ddu dfln nam 2030 Vict Nam CO duge hgp dong vdi ISA vfl khoang sdn bifln sau d vung bien qudc tfl.
Bh dat dugc muc liflu trfln, chiing ta phai thuc hien chifln luoc "Tang tflc, chu dgng hdi nhap, tich cue hgp tac, day manh boat ddng trong nghifln ciru, diflu tra, tien tdi tham dd, khai thac khoang sdn bifln sdu, day manh boat dpng nghien cuu, diflu trong pham vi vimg bifln Ihupc chii quyen, quyen chii quyfln, quyfln ldi phdn eiia Viflt Nam Tung budc hop tac dS vucm ra viing bien quoe tfl",
Mpt sfl dinh hudng cu thfl 2011 - 2020 Ve chinh siich, phdp lugl
- Trong giai doan nay can nghifln cuu, xay dung chien luge, chinb sach, kfl hoach tham gia cu the vao hoai dpng nghifln cii'u, diflu tra. tham do, khai thae khoang sdn bien sau, uu tien trude hfli cho vimg Bien Dong, trong dd eo viing bien ciia Viet Nam.
- Can CO chinh sach cu the nham ho trg, khuyen khich cdc doanh nghiep, to chuc trong nirdc Iham gia eae boat dpng nay.
- Nghien ciru xay dung hoan chinh quy chfl dau thau quyfln tham dd, khai thac; eac quy djnh ve bao ve moi trudng eu the khi tien hanh cac boat ddng dieu tra, tham do, khai thac, che bien khoang san bien sdu trong pham vi lanh thd bifln va dat lifln ciia Viet Nam.
Ve to chiec vd ddo tgo nguon nhdn luc
- Nghifln cim cdc md hinh ciia mdt so nude dang thyc hien boat dgng nay. lien tdi xdy dtmg mpt to chirc dii manh ciia Viet Nam (co thfl theo hudng lien kflt cac td chuc dang co) de thyc hien cdc hoat dgng khoang san bifln sau.
- Nghifln cuu xay dyng hoac chi dinh ca quan chuyen trach quan Iy nha nude vc hoat dpng nay.
- Xay dyng kc hoach dao tao, dao tao lai dfl cd ngudn nhan lyc ehuyen nganh, dac biflt la dpi ngfl chuyen gia dau nganh trong ITnh vye nay.
- Dua vao chuong trinh dao tao bac trung cap ehuyen nghiep, dai hge va sau dai hpc cua cdc chuyfln ngdnh Hen quan nhirng modun kifln thuc chuyfln sau ve khoang san bifln sau.
- Gui can bd di dao tao d nhirng co sd eo uy tin d nude ngoai hoac thdng qua hgp tac wioa hoe vdi cdc quflc gia cd kinh nghiflm ve khoang san bifln sau dfl dao tao can bg khoa hpc. chuyen gia co trinh do cao vfl ITnh vyc nay.
HOI nghi Khaa hoc va CeJng nghe bten lodn iinci IJn ,/„;. y
Ve khoa hoc cong nghe
- Cdn tang eudng cac boat dpng nghifln cim khoa hoc ve khoang sdn bifln sau. hao g6m ca nghifln cim co ban, nghien cuu khoa hpc va phat Irifln cdng nghe; uu lifln Uudc hgt nghifln eiru vfl edng nghe diflu tra, Iham do; ket hgp nghifln cuu dy bao nhu eau Uong nude vd qufle tfl ciia cac Ioai hinh khoang sdn bifln sdu.
- Kflt hgp, Iflng ghep gitra cac chuong trinh diflu tra ca bdn ve dia chdl khodne san vdi viec nghifln cuu cac lifln dfl. ddu hicu hinh thdnh va ton tai eac khoang san bifln S:IM, Truac mat, cdn kflt hgp cdc mue tiflu nghien cuu dia chat, khoang san bifln sdu ngay trong
"Chucmg trinh nghien cuu. diflu tra co ban tiflm nang khi hydrale d cdc vimg bien \ a ih^m Iuc dia Viflt Nam".
- 'I iep luc dd\' manh cac boat dpng nghien eiiu, diflu tra tdng hgp dia chdt khoang san bifln sau; chii trpng cac khodng san bifln sau nhu hvdralc khi, sulphide da kim \ J kfl-t hach mangan.
Ve hop ldc quae le
• Can chil dgng hpi nhap. tich eye hgp tdc, cu the la tham gia lieh cue vao cac hoat dong ciia Ca quan quyen luc ddy dai duong.
- Lua chpn dfli tac. bgp tdc, lien doanh de tham gia tryc tiflp vdo boat dpng ngiiien ciru, dieu tra. tham do khoang san bien sau tren eac viing bien qude tfl ndi chung cdc lioat dpng nghifln euu, diflu tra tdng bgp dja chat khoang san bien sdu trfln viing bifln Bicn Dong Viet Nam noi riflng, trong dd chii trpng eac khoang san bien sau nhu hydrate khi. sulphide da kim va kel baeh mangan... Trudc mat hgp tac vdi CHLB Nga, KIGAM (Han Quoc) trong nghifln cuu, diflu tra danh gia tiflm nang khi hydrate...va dao tao nguon nhan Iue irong ITnh vuc nay.
- Chuan bi san sang de ehii dgng tham gia vao cac de tai, dy an khoang san bien sau ciia cae nude doi tde. Tieh cyc cung cac nude trong khu vyc xay dyng va to chire thuc hien dir an chung ciia ASEAN vfl khoang san bifln sau tren viing bien qude te.
I 'e ddu tu
• Tang cudng ddu tu pbuong tifln, may mdc, trang thiflt bi, cong nghe ddng bg cho cac don vi CO ngudn von nhd nude dang thye hifln cae hoat dpng nghifln cuu, dtflu tra. thani do khodng san dfl ddp ung yflu cau viron ra eac viing bifln sau.
- Bd tri du, kjp thdi cae ngudn kinh phi eho cac dfl lai, dfl an, du an trong ITnh , uc nay.
3.2. Nhiing kien nghi cu the
1. Long ghep nghien cim. diflu tra, danh gia khoang san bifln sau vao Chuang trinh
"Nghifln cim, diflu tra co ban \'fl tiflm nang khi hydrate trfln cac vung bifln vd Hum Iuc dja Viet Nam", trudc mat trong Dy an "Nghien cim. diflu tra ddnh gia khoanh dinh cac cau
I
^fiiuhe^ii^iuJv.DiujdidisfiDi^^ J^^^^^^-- - - ™ • = ™ = ^ ^ ^ - ^ ^ - ™
' true dia chdt (dien tich) cd tiem nang \d trien vgng khi hydrate tren cdc viing bicn \'iel jgaiii" do 'Fdng cue Bien vd I ldi ddo thue hien;
2. Sau 2015 lua ehgn viing bien sdu phia Nam be Nam Cdn S(jii - 'Fu Chinh - Vung I^^ay Nile lien nghien ciru. dicu tra ddnh gid liem niing khodng sdn bien sdu (?).
3. Xuc ticn dam phdn trong eac nude ASF!.\N ciing hgp tac didu tra. tham dd khodng san bien sdu a viing bien qudc lc iren Thai Binh Duong.
4 Khan iruang xdy dung Chicn luge nghien cim, dieu tra, iham dd khodng sdn bien sdu iren Bicn Ddng.
TAI LHUITIIWI KHAO
1. Bdo cdo tdng kel du dn "'Fdng bgp eac boat ddng dieu tra, khai ihdc khodng san ddv dai duong. de xual dmh hudng cbo Vicl Nam" "ldng cue Bien va Hai dao Viel Nam.
Bd Fai nguven va Mdi irirdng, Hd \'di 2010
2. Thuvci minh De dn ldng the vd dieu tra ca ban va qudn ly ldi nguyen - mdi Irudng bicn den nam 2010, ldm nhin den nam 2020 'Fdng cue Bicn vd Ildi ddo Viel Nam. Bd Tdi nguven vd Mdi iruirng. HdNdi 2006
3. Thuvcl mmh Chirong trinh nghien ciru, dieu tra co bdn vc tiem nang khi hvdralc tren cae vimg bicn vd them lue dia Viet Nam. Tdng cue Bicn va lldi ddo Vicl Nam. Bd Fdi nguv'cn vd Mdi trudng. I la Ndi 2006
4. Marine Mineral Resources SeientiFie Advances and Economic Perspectives. Uniled Nations Div ision for Ocean .Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Onice of Legal Affairs, and (he Inlernalionai Seabed Authority.
5. Polymelallic Massive Sulphides and Coball-Rich Fcrromanganese Crusts: latus and Prospcels. Inlernalionai Seabed Authority. ISA 'Feehmeal Sludy: No.2.
6. ISA Technical Slud>: No. 6.
Geological Model of Polymelallic Nodule Deposits in the Clarion-Clippcrton Fraelure Zone. Inlernalionai Seabed Authority
1- Krisli Bcrnc)' el all.. Polcltial deep-sea mining of sea-door masivc sulphide: Case Sludy in Papua New Guinea. International Seabed Authority.
