TLJOANHGIABANTHAN-
CAl TOI GIA DINH - NHIN TD GOC DO
TAM LY HOC XA HOI
TS. Trinh Thj Linh
Khoa Tdm ly hgc, Dgi hgc Khoa hgc xd hgi vd Nhdn vdn, Dgi hgc Qudc gia Hd Ngi.
' TOM TAT
Bdi viei tap trung nghien cdu ve mat ly lugn cimg nhu thuc tien cdc cdng trinh nghien cdu cd lien quan tdi tit ddnh gid bdn thdn ciia tie tren the gidi. Tren ca sd do difa tien cdi nhin tong quan nhdt ve tit ddnh gid bdn thdn cda tre tif cdch tie'p can ciia chuyen ngdnh tdm ly hgc xd hdi. Tdc gid bdi viei ciing mong mud'n thdng qua kei qua nghien cdu ndy cd nhiing so sdnh nhdt dinh vdi tit ddnh gid bdn thdn ciia ire vi thdnh nien Viet Nam. Nhifng ket qud nghien cdu cho thdy, ben cgnh nhiing diem tuang ddng ve mgt so linh vuc trong tit ddnh gid bdn thdn ciia tre tren the gidi, a tre vi thdnh nien Viet Nam, su tdn tgi mot cdch on dinh Cdi tdi gia dinh qua cdc lan khdo sdt cho phep khdng dinh tdm quan trgng cua gia dinh trong viec tu ddnh gid bdn thdn ciia ddi tugng ndy.
TiJ khda: Tu ddnh gid bdn thdn; Cdi tdi gia dinh; Tre vi thdnh nien Viet Nam.
Ngdy nhgn bdi; 5/9/2014; Ngdy duyet ddng bai; lil'ilimA.
1. Dat van de
Cd thd ndi, tu danh gia (self-esteem) la mdt trong nhung nhu cin rS't co ban ciia mdi ngudi. Maslow (2004) khang dinh: "Tdt cd cdc ed nhdn trong xd hdi cita chiing ta (trii mat vdi trudng hgp benh ly) deu cd nhu edu vd mong mud'ti ddnh gid cao, dn dinh vd ben vung ve chinh hg, nhu edu til tdn hay tu ddnh gid bdn thdn vd ddnh gid ngudi khdc [...]. Viec thoa mdn nhu cdu tu ddnh gid dua de'n cdm gide ttt tin vdo bdn thdn, cdm gidc ve gid tri, ve sue mgnh, ndng life, khd ndng, cdm gidc ve su hitu ich vd cdn thiet ciia bdn thdn trong the gidi. Su hut hang cdc nhu edu ndy co the ddn den cdm gidc til ti, ye'u dudi vd bdt luc".
Trong ITnh vuc tam ly hgc, tu danh gia la mdt van dd dugc ra't nhidu nha nghien cim quan tam. Cd the thdng ke mdt sd nghien cdu didn hinh da dd cap ddn khai niem nay nhu cdng trinh cua Rosenberg (1965, 1985), Piers & Harris
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(1964), L'ecuyer (1978, 1990), Tap (1991), Harter (1982, 1998), Marsh (1984, 2006), Oubrayrie va Cdng su (1994)... Tuy nhien, dua tren cac each ti^p can khac nhau, cac nen van hda khac nhau, ben canh mdt s6' diem tuong dong, cac tac gia cung cd nhiing each nhin nhan khac nhau vi vSn de nay. Bcfi nhu Markus va Kitayama (1991) da nhan dinh "Nin vdn hda quyet dinh cdch md mgi ngudi tu nhin nhdn ve chinh hg, mpt cdch dpc lap vd tach biet vdi ngudi khdc hay Hen quan mat thiet vdi ngudi khdc".
La mgt nude mang dam trong mmh truyen th6ng van hda cdng d6ng ciia ngudi phUdng Dong, ngudi Viet ndi chung thudng coi trgng cai chung hdn cai rieng, cai "ta" hon cai "tdi". Do dd, ban sac ca nhan thudng khdng dl dang dugc nhin nhan mdt each ddc lap, ma trai lai, nd ludn dugc nhin nhan trong mdt loat eac md'i quan he vdi ngudi khac, dac biet la dd'i vdi cae thanh vien trong gia dinh (Dd Long, 2000). Do dd, trong nhieu trudng hop, ngudi Viet tham chi cdn khdng dam the hien cai tdi, cai rieng, cai ban sac cua mdi ngudi.
Ta't nhien, ciing c&i luu y rang trong xa hdi hien nay, vdi su biing no cua cdng nghe thdng tin, su giao thoa van hda mang tmh toan cSu, ngudi Viet ndi chung va dac biet la gidi tre ndi rieng da cd th^ cd nhiing thay doi nh^t dinh trong each nhin nhan, danh gia v^ ban than trong md'i lidn he v6i ngudi khae.
vay thi cau hoi dat ra la dugc sinh ra va Idn Idn trong mdt mdi tru6ng xa hdi nang dgng, dugc giao due trong mdi trudng gia dinh va nha trudng da cd nhidu thay doi so vdi trudc day, tre vi thanh nien Viet Nam hien nay tu danh gia ban than nhu the' nao? Cd hay khdng su khac biet dac thii ve mat van hda trong viec tu danh gia nay? Va lieu gia dinh - nen tang ma ngudi Viet vd cCing coi trgng cd anh hucmg hay khdng den tu danh gia ban than ciia cac em? Bai viet mong mud'n se lam sang td dugc phan nao nhiing va'n di nay.
2. Phucmg phap nghien cihi
De thuc hien nghien eiiu nay, chung tdi chu ye'u s^ dung phuong phap nghien ciiu van ban, tai lieu ket hdp vdi phudng phap nghien ciiu dinh lugng nham mang lai cai nhin t6ng quan nha't ve tu danh gia ban than ndi chung, cung nhu cai tdi gia dinh ndi rieng cho nhdm khach the la tre vi thanh nien Viet Nam.
Ddi vdi phuang phdp nghien cOu dinh lugng: Khao sat dugc tien hanh tren nhdm khach the gom 351 tre vi thanh nien Viet Nam, dd tudi tir 13 de'n 15 tuoi tren dia ban Ha Ngi. Thang dd Tu danh gia ban than cua Toulouse (echelle d'Estime de Soi Toulousaine) dugc su dung lam co sd de tie'n hanh xay dung thang do phuc vu cho nghien ciiu thuc tiln. Cac dii lieu tir khao sat thuc tien dugc xii Iy nhd phan mem SPSS phien ban 16.0. Phan ti'ch nhan to' va kiem dinh do tin cay Cronbach Alpha da dugc tie'n hanh nham dam bao tfnh khoa hgc cho nhung ke't qua nghien eiiu thu dugc.
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3. Ke't qua nghien ciiru
3.1. Tdng quan mgt vdi cong trinh nghien citu ve Tit ddnh gia bdn thdn tren the gidi
Khi ban vd thuat ngtt tii danh gia ban than, ngudi ta thudng hay dd cap ddn 2 md hinh ly thuydt la md hirih mdt chidu canh (unidimensional) va md hinh da chidu canh (multidimensional). Md Mnh ly thuydt mgt chidu canh quan niem rang tu danh gia la mdt khai niem mang tinh tong thd, nd tuong dug vdi sir danh gia tdng quat nhit ma mgt ca nhan cd vd chinh hg. Cac cdng trinh ddu tien cd each tie'p can theo md hinh nay cd thd kd de'n la cdng trinh nghien etin cda Coopersmith, 1964/1967; Piers & Harris, 1964. Cac tac gia nay da chu trgng ddn til danh gia ciia chii thd trong cac ITnh vuc khac nhau cua cudc sd'ng nhu thanh tfch hgc tap, md'i quan he vdi ban, mdi quan he gia dinh, song hg lai chi chu trgng de'n mgt didm sd duy nha't cho toan bd thang do va didm sd nay tuong ung vdi mde dd tu danh gia ciia ca nhan. Ddng thuan vdi quan diem nay, Rosenberg (1965) cung da nhin nhan tu danh gia ban than ciia ca nhan nhu mdt thai dd tich cue hay tieu cue vd ban than hg. Va do dd, theo Rosenberg, tu danh gia ban than cd 2 ndi ham khac nhau: mgt la danh cho nhimg ngudi ma hg nghT rang hg la "ra't td't" (very good), tdc la hg tu danh gia cao hon nhirng ngudi khac v^ mdt la danh cho nhung ngudi cho rang hg chi "dii td't" (good enough) ma thdi. Tren co sd nay, Rosenberg da dd xua't thang do tu danh gia ban than vdi 10 items, trong dd bao gdm 5 items cd ndi dung tu danh gia theo hudng tich cue va 5 items cd ndi dung tu danh gia theo hudng tieu cue. Thang do cho phep dat dugc mdt didm sd duy nha't, tuong dng vdi mde do tu danh gia ban than ciia mdi ca nhan.
Thuc td cho tha'y rang md hinh mdt chidu canh nay cd nhidu han chd, bdi le, dd khang dinh su tdn tai ciia ban than, chu thd phai tham gia vao cac boat ddng ciia ddi sd'ng xa hdi ndi chung, cung nhu ddi sdng nghd nghiep ndi rieng.
vi vay Harter (1982) da phe phan md hinh nay. Theo ba, md hinh mdt chidu canh chi mang lai cho chung ta mdt cai nhin tdng the, ddi khi la phidn dien, ma khdng cho chiing ta tha'y dugc hdt su linh hoat cua chu the trong viee tu danh gia trong cae ITnh vuc khac nhau cua ddi sd'ng. Harter cho ring can phai dung tren quan diem cua md hinh da chidu canh dd nhin nhan vd ttr danh gia ban than cia mdi ngudi. Hien nay, hSu hdt cac nha nghien cuu tren thd gidi ddu theo quan didm da chidu canh nay. Theo dd, hg cho rang tu danh gia ban than ndi chung chinh la kdt qua sir ke't hgp ciia viec tu danh gia ban than cua chii thd trong cac linh vuc khac nhau cua ddi sd'ng. Dimg tren lap trudng nay, xua't phat tir y tudng td nhttng nam 1965, chinh Rosenberg (1995) cflng da cd nhung thay ddi trong cdch tidp can vdn dd tu danh gia ban than. Thdng qua cdng tnnh nghien cdu tren 1.886 hgc sinh trung hgc phd thdng (Idp 10), Rosenberg va edng su da cho tha'y su tdn tai mdt md'i lien he qua lai giua tu danh gia ban than
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t6ng the va tu danh gia ban than trong mdt linh vuc cu th^ (vi du trong ITnh vuc hgc tap vdi cai tdi hgc dudng) cua mdi ngudi. Nhdm tac gia nay khang dinh rang, tu danh gia ban than trong tiing Imh vuc thi phii hgp hon cho khia canh hanh vi, trdng khi dd tu danh gia ban than ndi chung thi phii hgp hon cho khia canh khoe manh v^ mat tam trf cua mdi ngudi. Nhu vay, ro rang, dd'i vdi cac tac gia nay, tu danh gia da tro thanh viia la mgt chi6u canh, vura la da chi^u canh.
Tren thuc te', chiing ta tha'y rang ngay tii thdi cua James (1892), dng da de xua't md hinh da chieu canh v^ cai tdi vdi 3 thanh to' ca^u thanh la cai tdi th^
cha't, cai tdi xa hdi va cai tdi tinh than. D6ng thdd dng cung thCra nhan khai niem tu danh gia mang tinh tdng th^ ciia mdi ngudi.
Dua vao cdng trinh nghidn ciiu eua James, L'ecuyer (1978) da dua ra khai niem tu danh gia ban than theo each tie'p can da chi^u canh tren cd sof ciia phudng phap G.P.S (Genese des Perception de Soi - su hinh thanh tri giac ban than). PhUdng phap nay cho phep chii th^ trong khoang thdi gian ddu tidn md ta ban than minh nhu minh mong mud'n va sau do, nha nghidn ciiu se de nghi ho chgn ra dieu gi la quan trgng nha't dd'i vdi hg theo nhiing gi ma hg da md ta.
Tren cd sb nay, L'ecuyer da dua ra md hinh tu danh gia ban than theo 5 cau true Idn nhu sau: Cai tdi the chat, eai tdi tinh thdn, cai tdi thfch nghi, cai ldi xa hdi va eai tdi khdng phai la tdi (quan di^m ciia ban than ve ngudi khac cung nhu quan di^m cua ngudi khac ve ban than). Theo L'ecuyer, cac linh vuc nay khdng phai d^u giii vai trd quan trgng nhu nhau ma ngugc lai, tiiy thudc vao dac diem cita tiing ca nhan se ed the cd nhiing linh vuc duge nhin nhan la ra't quan trgng va nhiing ITnh vuc khac it quan trgng hon.
D6ng thuan vdi quan diem da chieu canh vi tu danh gia ban than, tac gia Shavelson va cdng su (1976) ciing da d^ xua't md hinh tu danh gia ban than.
Theo dd, tu danh gia ban than la mdt ca'u triic cd thii bac, da chi6u canh ma nen tang ciia nd dugc thie't lap bdi su tu danh gia trong cac ITnh vuc khac nhau: hgc dudng va ngoai hgc dudng. Cai tdi hgc dudng bao ham trong nd cai tdi dac trung cho cac mdn hgc nhu toan hay ngoai ngu'. Cai tdi ngoai hgc dudng bao ham eac linh vuc nhu eae md'i quan he vdi ngudi khac, eac trang thai xiic cam, tinh cam, ngoai hinh va kha nang th^ thao. Va nhu vay, tu danh gia ban than ndi chung dugc gop thanh tii 2 linh vuc nay.
Dua trdn co so cdng trinh nghidn ciiu cua Shavelson va cdng su. Marsh cimg cac d6ng nghiep cua minh (1984, 1990) da de xua't ban tu md ta ban than (Self Description Questionnaire-SDQ) vdi 3 phien ban I, II, III danh cho cac dd'i tugng thudc do tuoi tieu hgc cho tdi vi thanh nidn. Dii cd nhiing thay d6i nhat dinh trong cac phien ban nay, song nhin chung, cac ban md ta ban than nay duge ca'u thanh tii" 3 tieu thang do: hgc dudng, ngoai hgc dudng va cai tdi tdng the' vdi cac linh vuc chfnh nhu toan hgc, ngdn ngii, giai quye't va'n d^/sang tao, nang luc the thao, ngoai hinh, md'i quan he vdi ban cung gidi, md'i quan he vdi
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ban khac gidi, md'i quan he vdi bd me, tin ngu5ng/t6n giao, su trung thue/dd tin cay, on dinh vd mat cam xuc/an toan.
Cung trong khoang thcri gian nay, nhihig ngudi quan tam tdi tu danh gia ban than ddu phai ghi nhan diu Sn tir cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu ciia Harter.
XuSt phat tiir luan didm ciia James (1890) khi cho ring tu danh gia ban than ciia mdi ngudi dugc ciing cd trong cac tmh hudng thaiih cdng va luan didm ciia Cooley (1902) vdi su nhSn manh rang tir danh gia ban than cita mdi ngudi dugc xay dimg tuy vao each ma chung ta ma hda phan dng cita ngudi khac ddi vdi minh, Harter (1985, dSn theo Bariaud, 2006) da dd xuSt mdt thang do tu danh gia ban than cho tre nho (Self-Perception Profile for Children - S.P.P.C.) vdi 6 linh vuc: kha nang hgc ducmg, thd thao, danh gia vd ngoai hinh, hanh vi, danh gia bdi ban be va danh gia vd gia tri chung cua ban than. 3 nam sau, vao nam 1988, Harter da dd xudt thang do tu danh gia ban than cho tre vi thanh nien (Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents - S.P.P.A.) tren co sd cda S.P.P.C. Vdi thang do nay, Harter da bo sung them 3 tidu thang do cho 3 linh vuc dac tnmg d tre vi thanh nien, dd la md'i lidn he gdn giii vdi ban be, su ha'p ddn trong cac quan he yeu duong va nang luc trong cdng vide. Qua cac cdng trinh nghien cdu nay, Harter da di ddn khang djnh ring mdt khi tre tir danh gia tieu ctrc d mgt ITnh virc cii thd nao dd thi su danh gia nay cflng chua ban da anh hudng den sir hai ldng ndi chung vd cac gia tri ca nhan ciia hg.
Tren CO sd tdng quan cac cdng trinh nghien cdu da dugc thuc hien trudc day vd tu danh gia ban than ciia ca nhan nhu cac cdng trinh eiia Coopersmith (1967), Rosenberg (1965), Harter (1985/1988), Oubrayrie va cdng sir (1994) da xay dung mdt thang do thai dd nhdm do ludng mde dd tu danh gia ban than ciia he vi thanh nien mdt each chung nha't, cflng nhu trong timg ITnh vuc cu thd vdi ten ggi la thang do tir danh gia ban than cua Toulouse (echelle d'Estime de soi Toulousaine - ETES). Thang do nay tap trung do ludng mde dd ty danh gia ban than ciia chu thd trong 5 linh vuc chi'nh la cai tdi hgc dudng, cai tdi the cha't, cai tdi cam xuc, cai tdi tuong lai va cai tdi xa hdi. Day la nhttng ITnh vuc thuc sy gdn gui vdi ddi sd'ng ciia tre vi thanh nien trong mgi xa hdi, bdi nd gdn lidn vdi eac dac didm tam sinh ly ciia cac dd'i tutJng nay. Cac ITnh vuc danh gia khdng bi chia nhd qua va cflng khdng qua di sau vao ddi sd'ng tinh cam ciia nhdm dd'i tugng nay. Theo chiing tdi, thang do nay cd thd cd nhung didm tuong ddng cho nhdm khich thd la ngudi Viet Nam, vi vSy, da duge su dung lam co sd dd xay dung thang do phuc vu cho nghien cdu thyc tidn ciia chung tdi tren ngudi Viet Nam.
Tdm lai, mdi tac gia dung tren lip trudng quan didm cflng nhu mdi trudng van hda - xa hdi ma hg sinh sd'ng da cd nhttng each nhin nh|n hdt siic da dang va phong phu vd cac ITnh vuc tu danh gia ban than ciia mdi ngudi. Dii khdng cd su tuong hgp loan bd, song tyu chung lai, chiing ta hoan toan cd the
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khang dinh rdng cac Unh vuc tu danh gia nay ch! mang tinh chat tuong dd'i, bdi sy md phdng va danh gia ma mdi ca nhan thyc hien cd the thay ddi d binh dien nay hay binh dien khac. Vi vay, dudng nhu viec thay ddi mgt ITnh vuc danh gia ban than nao dd (vi du cai tdi xa hdi) chua bin da cd anh hudng tdi cac ITnh vye danh gia khac ciia chit thd (vi du cai tdi hgc dudng) va cang khd dd khang dinh ring viec thay ddi mdt linh vye danh gia nay.se cd anh hudng ddn ty danh gia ban than ndi chung.
Ttt vide tdng quan nhihig cdng trinh nghien cdu dude coi la tidu bidu trong ITnh vuc tu danh gia ban thSn tren the' gidi, cd the tha'y rang ITnh vye cai tdi gia dinh dudng nhu rat it khi dugc dd cap de'n, ngoai trtt cdng trinh nghien cull ciia Coopersmith va Marsh. Tuy nhien, khi diem lai 2 cdng trinh nay, didu ddu tien ma chung tdi ghi nhan dd la dudng nhu khia canh cai tdi gia dinh ehua thuc sy dugc danh gia ttt dung ban than ciia tre, ma lai xua't phat tijr ban than bd me tre hay mdi quan he ciia tre vdi bd me minh. Vi du, sau day la mgt vai items trong thang do cai .tdi gia dinh ctia Coopersmith: "bd me vd tdi cd nhieu thdi gian vui ve edng nhau", "bd me ihudng quan tdm de'n cdm xuc cda tdi", "borne mong dgi qud nhieu d tdi", "bdme hieu tdi"...; hay trong ban tu md ta ban than eua Marsh: "bd me hai ldng vdi viec hgc ciia tdi d truing", "bd me quan tdm tdi viec hge eua tdi", "bd me mong dgi toi Id hge sinh gidi a trucmg", "bd me mong dgi tdi Id mdi hge sinh gidi han khd ndng ciia tdi", "bd me mudn tdi Iwc cao"... Chung tdi cho rdng vdi nhiing ngi dung nhu thd nay thi cai tdi gia dinh ciia tre, eai cam nhan, cam xuc thyc ciia tre vdi lu each la mdt thanh vidn cua gia dinh chua thyc su dugc bdc Id mdt each ro net.
Vay tai sao lai cd thuc trang nay? Tai sao khia canh gia dinh - mdi trudng xa hgi dau tien ma tre gia nhap lai it dugc dd cap ddn trong eae nghien cdu vd ty danh gia ban than ciia cac tac gia nude ngoai? Tac gia bai vidt nhan dinh rdng day cd the la mgt khuyet thieu mang tinh van hda va do dd cd thd giai thich dugc. Dudng nhu d cac nude phuong Tay, ydu td gia dinh khdng phai la yeu td dugc dat Idn hang dau khi ban vd cai tdi ciia mdi ngudi. Ndi nhu vay khdng cd nghia la hg khdng coi trgng gia dinh, ma cd le ndn van hda coi trgng cai tdi ca nhan da anh hudng ddn each nhin nhan ciia hg vd va'n dd nay.
3.2. Cdi toi gia dinh cua tre vi thdnh nien Viet Nam
Klii tidn hanh nghien ciru vd tu danh gia ban than ciia trd vi thanh nien Viet Nam, chung tdi ludn tu hdi lieu viec sir dung mgt thang do ty danh gia ban than CLia cac tac gia nude ngoai vdi eac Imh vye ty danh gia dugc a'n dinh tir trudc cd thyc su phu hgp va dam bao tinh khoa hgc cho nhdm khach thd la ngudi Viet Nam? Dung la su phat tridn eua mdi mgt ca thd du d ba't ky mdt mdi trudng nao cflng ddu cd nhflng didm tuong ddng, song ttt gdc dd tam ly hgc, cdn hdt sdc Imi y de'n nhirng "di biet" cd thd cd khi ban luan ddn cac va'n dd vd ddi sd'ng tinh than ciia mdi ngudi. Hon ntta, khi so sanh gitta 2 ndn van hda
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Ddng - Tay, cac nha nghien cim ddu thtta nhan rang da phan ngudi dan cac nuoc phucmg Ddng coi trgng cac mdi quan he lien ca nhan trong viec thd hien ban than va tinh cdng ddng cua ngudi phuong Ddng dugc thd hien rd net hon han so vdi ngudi dan cac nude phucmg Tay. Do dd, chung tdi eho rdng viec sir dung mdt thang do cd xua't xii ttt phuong Tay ma khdng cd su chinh sua, cai bien cho phu hgp vdi ndn van hda Viet Nam se cd nhiing ban che nhit djnh.
Xua't phat ttt nhOng tran trd nay, qua qua trinh tham dd y kidn cua mdt sd khach thd nghidn cdu, chung tdi da quydt djnh bd sung them tidu thang do cai tdi gia dinh trong cac khia canh ty danh gia ban than ciia tre vj thanh nidn Viet Nam vdi cac items nhu: "tdi hdi long dugc sinh ra trong gia dinh minh", "tdi cd vi Iri quan trgng trong gia dinh", "gia dinh tdi thudng nghi rdng tdi chdng la gi cd", "tdi ludn dugc gia dinh yeu thudng", "trang gia dinh tdi, mgi ngudi khdng chd y de'n nhiing gi tdi ndi, nhiing gi tdi nghf, "tdi ludn cdm thdy minh Id ngudi thda trong gia dinh"... Dd'i vdi tre, dac biet la tre em Viet Nam thi gia dinh ludn gitt vai trd vd cdng quan trgng trong viec hinh thanh va phat tridn nhan each.
Do dd, danh gia chu quan ciia tre vd vai trd, vi tri, vd mdi lien he... cua tre vdi cac thanh vien trong gia dinh cdn duge het sdc chu trgng. Va nhu vay, phien ban eiia thang do ETES dugc chung tdi sir dung da bao gdm 5 iinh vuc danh gia la cai tdi hgc dudng, Cai tdi thd chat, Cai tdi cam xuc, Cai tdi xa hdi va Cai tdi gia dinh (Cai tdi tuong lai tam thdi khdng dugc dd cSp ddn trong nghien ciiu nay).
Sit dn dinh cda tieu thang do Cdi tdi gia dinh qua cdc Idn khdo sdt tren nhdm khdch the Id tre vi thdnh nien Viet Nam
Trudc he't, chung tdi eho rdng se la thie'u sdt neu khdng dd cap ddn cdng trinh nghien cdu ciia Dang Hoang Minh (2006) khi ban vd cai tdi gia dinh d tre vj thanh nien Viet Nam. La mdt trong nhttng tac gia sir dung thang do ETES trong cdng trinh nghidn cdu cua minh. Dang Hoang Minh da y thdc dugc tam quan trgng ciia viec can phai bd sung tidu thang do Cai tdi gia dinh cho nhdm khach thd la tre vj thanh nien Viet Nam. Kdt qua khao sat thuc td tren 264 tre vj thanh nien ciia nhdm tac gia da cho phep khdng djnh didu nay vdi he sd Cronbach Alpha cho tidu thang do Cai tdi gia dinh la 0,85 (chie'm 8 tren tdng sd 15 items cua thang do). Ben canh day, kdt qua phan tich nhSn td cung cho phep khang djnh su tdn tai ciia Cai tdi the chat (a = 0,68) va Cai toi xa hgi - hgc dudng (a = 0,52) d nhdm khach the nay.
Vdi he sd Cronbach Alpha rat cao cho tidu thang do Cai tdi gia dinh, tac gia bai vie't nhan tha'y day la mdt sy khac biet mang dac trung van hda can tiep tuc dugc khang djnh trong cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu khac. Mat khac, viec 2 tidu thang do cho Cai tdi tuong lai va dac biet la Cai tdi cam xtic khdng dugc thd hien trong cac ITnh vuc tu danh gia ban than cua tre cflng la didu ma nhdm
TAP CHITAM LVHOC, Sd 10 (187), 10 - 2014
tac gia cho ring ndn cd su kiem ehung lai 6 eac cdng trinh nghien cdn tie'p theo. Bdi le, dd tadi vi thanh nita la dd tudi cd nhflng bidn ddng Idn vd mat tam sinh ly. Do dd, chiing tdi da quydt dinh tidn hanh thich nghi thang do ETES tren mdt nhdm khach thd khac dd kiem chdng cho luto didm nay.
Trudc hdt, khao sat thii thang do da dugc tien hanh cho nhdm khach thd gdm 292 ttd vj thanh nien Viet Nam, trong dd cd 149 nam (51%) va 142 ntt (48,6%), dd tadi ttt 13 tdi 15 tudi.
Kdt qua xoay nhan td bdng phuang phap rotation varimax da cho phdp thu dugc 21 items cd he sd ttt 0,5 trd len, tap trung vao 4 ITnh vye: Cai tdi gia dinh, Cai tdi xa hgi, Cai tdi hge dudng va Cai tdi thd chSt. Cai tdi cam xdc khdng dat kdt qua dang tin cay. 4 nhto td nay giai thi'ch dugc 50,98% su bidn thien ciia dtt lieu thu dugc. Tri sd KMO eua thang do la 0,83, he sd Cronbach Alpha cho toan bd thang do la 0,83, trong dd a = 0,84 cho Cai tdi gia dinh, a = 0,77 cho Cai tdi xa hdi, a = 0,71 cho Cai tdi thd chdt va a = 0,51 cho Cai tdi hgc dudng.
Nhu vay, mdt Idn nua, kdt qua khao sat thd thang do ty danh gia ban than ma chung tdi xay dyng cho nhdm khach thd la tre vj thtoh nidn Viet Nam da khang djnh sy hien dien cua Cai tdi gia dinh rat ro net trong nhdm khach thd nay. Didu nay da dugc chiing minh them 1 Idn ntta qua ke't qua khao sat chi'nh thdc thang do thu dugc (7 items vd cai tdi gia dinh tren tdng sd 21 items ciia thang do) dd'i vdi nhdm khach thd la 351 tre vi thanh nien Viet Nam (bao gdm 166 nam, chie'm 47,3% va 185 ntt (chidm 52,7%). Ddi vdi nhdm khach thd nay, he sd Cronbach Alpha cho loan bd thang do la 0,82. Dac biet, he sd a = 0,86 cho Cai tdi gia dinh ciia tre. Ke't quii phan tich nhan td' dugc thd hien trong bang sd lieu sau:
Bdng 1: Ke't qud phdn tich nhdn tdcua thang do ttt ddnh gid bdn thdn eho tre vi thdnh nien Viet Nam
Cac items
Gia dinh toi yeu thuong tdi Bd me tdi ton trong tdi
Trong gia dinh tdi, moi ngudi khong nghi de'n tdi Tdi hai long duoc sinh ra trong gia dinh minh Gia dinh toi thudng nghi rang toi ching la gi ca Toi cd mot vi tri quan trong trong gia dinh Toi cam tha'y thoai mai trong gia dinh minh
Com 1 0,743 0,710 0,702 0,701 0,687 0,652 0,645
2 ponent
3 4
72 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 10 (187), 10 - 2014
Tdi nghi rans ban be tdn trong tdi Trong nhdm, tdi th^y minh lac long Trons nhdm, tdi duoc moi ngudi ySu mfin Mgi ngudi khdng mudn tdi la thanh vidn trong nhom ciia ho
Tdi CO it ban than de'n mUc tdi co th^ dSm duoc Moi ngudi ySu m^n tdi
Tdi thoai mai trong tai ca cac mdn th^ thao Tdi chai the thao tdt hon hSu he't cac ban ciia toi Ban be nguong md tdi trong cac hoat ddng the thao
Tdi ghet choi th^ thao cung nhu cac hoat ddng the chat
Moi ngucfi nghT rang tdi khong du kha nang de luyen tap cac mdn the thao
Moi ngudi nghT ring tdi hoc tdi b trucmg Trong nhom ban d trudng, moi ngUdi luon hoi y kie'n ciia tdi khi lam viec gi dd
Tdi gap khd khan vdi rai nhieu mdn hoc
0,720 0,708 0,701 0,616 0,592 0,579
0,758 0,725 0,700 0,594 0,568
0,766 0,643 0,545 Phuong phap rut trich nhan td: Principal Component Analysis.
Phuong phap xoay nhan td': Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
Ttt nhiing kdt qua khao sat dd'i vdi cac nhdm khach thd khac nhau la tre vj thanh nien Viet Nam, chung tdi cho rdng cd thd tin tudng vao luto didm vd su tdn tai cua Cai tdi gia dinh d nhdm khach the nay. Ben eanh dd, mdt lan ntta, tac gia bai vidt cflng ghi nhan vd sy thidu vdng ciia Cai tdi cam xuc trong ty danh gia ciia nhdm ddi tugng nay. Day la su khac biet rat rd net so vdi cac kdt qua nghien cihi da dugc cdng bd vd ty danh gia ban than cua tre vj thanh nien tren thd gidi ma chung tdi da cd djp tidp cto.
4. Ban luan
Cd thd ndi rdng tu danh gia ban than la mgt ITnh vye nhan dugc sy quan tam rat nhidu ttt cac nha nghien cim tren thd gidi, nhaT la trong linh vye tam ly hgc xa hdi. Ddi vdi nhdm khach the la tre vj thanh nien Viet Nam, ben canh nhflng didm tucmg ddng vd mdt sd ITnh vye, ty danh gia ban than d nhdm khach thd niy cd nhttng didu khae biet kha rd net. Viec khdng thu dugc kdt qua dang tin cay qua cac Idn khao sat vd Cai tdi cam xiic ciia tre dat ra nhidu cau hdi.
TAP CHI' TAM LV HOC, Sd 10 (187), 10-2014 73
Lieu cd phai day la d o ndi d u n g cac item dat ra chua thuc su phu h g p vdi each th^ hien cam xiic ciia tre hay do tre vi thanh nien Viet N a m c h u a cd thoi quen bdc Id c a m xiic/danh gia c a m xuc ciia minh trong md'i q u a n he vdi n g u d i khac?
Thie't nghT rang cdn cd nhfing cdng trinh nghien ciiu c h u y e n sau hon vi ITnh vuc nay de cd the luan giai m d t each x a c dang nha't cho cai tdi c a m xiic or tre vi thanh nien Viet N a m .
Ben canh d o , su tdn tai m g t each dn dinh C^i tdi gia dinh ciia tre q u a eac lin khao sat cho p h e p k h a n g dinh tdm quan trgng cua gia dinh trong vide tu danh gia ban than ciia ddi tugng nay. N h u vay, du cho xa hgi da cd nhieu bie'n d6i so vdi trudc kia, dii md'i quan he cua tre da tr6 nen da d a n g va phong phii hon rat nhieu so vdi tre e m cae thdi ky trudc thi tre vi thanh nien Viet Nam hien nay v i n ludn coi trgng cac md'i quan he trong gia dinh. D i l u n a y chi phd'i manh me tdi tu danh gia ban than cua cac e m .
T a i lieu t h a m k h a o
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iO. Marsh H.W., Self description questionnaire lU: The construct validity of multidimensional self-concept ratings by late adolescents. Journal of educational measurement, 21 (2), 153 - 174, 1984.
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