HO CHI MINH veil VIEC XAY D I J N G NHA NlfCfC VIET NAM
H0P PHAP, H 0 P HIEN
• N G U Y I N VAN DL/C
TOM TAT:
De xay difng Nha mX6c phap quyen Vigt Nam, Hd Chi Minh da de xua't va ciing Trung ifOng Dang lap ra Chinh phii lam thdi dd lanh dao nhan dan gianh chinh quyen. Viec to chitc Tong tuyen ciJ thanh cdng va cdng bd'Hien phap, cac phap lenh la bifdc quye't dinh sii ra ddi cua Nha nu'dc ta theo thdng le qudc te, quan ly xa hdi bang Hien phap va phap luat. Vdi phong each ngoai giao tai tinh cua Ngifdi, Trung Qudc, Lien Xd va hang loat cac nu'dc xa hoi chu nghia (XHCN) da cdng nhan va dat quan h6 ngoai giao vdi Viet Nam. Thang Idi dd khang dinh Nha nifdc ta ra ddi la hdp phap, hdp hig'n ma Chu tich Ho Chi Minh da day cdng vundap. Bai vie'tphan tich tiftudng cua Hd Chi Minh vdi viec xSy dUngNha nu'dc Viet Nam hdp phap, hdp hien.
Ttf khoa: Ho Chi Minh. Nha nu'dc hdp phap, hdp hien.
1. Dat van dd
Hd Chi Minh khdng chi la nha ttf lu'dng Idi lac, Ngifdi cdn la nha thifc tien vT dai. Sud't cudc ddi hoat ddng each mang cua minh, Ngifdi ludn ludn tim each difa ly luan vao thi/c tiln de dem lai hieu qua cao cho boat ddng Cac boat ddng trong thifc ddn va phong each cua Hd Chi Minh giup chung ta hieu sau sac hdn tu' tifdng cua Ngu'di.
Theo do. tim hieu "Hd Chi Minh vdi viec xay difng Nha nu'dc Viet Nam hop phap, hdp hie'n" la tim hieu chudi nhu'ng hoat ddng sdi ndi cua Ngu'di de xay difng Nha mfdc Viet Nam dan chu cdng hda thanh mdt Nha nu'dc hdp phap, hdp hien.
2. Td chiJc xay dtfng Nha niidc Viet Nam hdp phap, hdp hien
2.1. Xay difng tien de quan trQfig de Nha nUdc Viet Nam ra ddi hdp phap, hdp hien
Vao dau thang 8/1945, nhan thay thdi cd khdi nghTa gianh chinh quyen dang de'n gan, Ho Chi Minh de nghi td chiJc Hdi nghi toan qud'c ciia Dang. Vdi tinh than khan tru'dng, tranh thu thdi gian, Ngu'di chi thi viet nhieu thu hda tdc, tung giao thdng dac biet di cac hu'dng de thiic giuc cac dai bieu d cac dia phi/dng ve Tan Tran hop Hdi nghi toan qud'c cua Dang.
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LUAT
Khoang ngay 10/8/1945, khi ban vdi mdt sd' ddng chi ve cdng viec chuan bi Hoi nghi toan qud'c cua Dang ma Thifdng vu Trung u'dng chifa quyet dinh ngay. Ho Chi Minh ndi: "Nen hop ngay va cung khdng nen keo dai Hdi nghi.
Chiing ta can tranh thu tifng giay, tifng phut, tinh hinh se chuyen bi6'n nhanh chdng. Khdng the dd Id cd hdi"'.
Theode nghi cua Ngifdi, ngay 14/8/1945, Hdi nghi toan qud'c cua Dang di/dc khai mac tai Tan Trao. Hdi nghi da khang dinh: Cd hoi rat tot cho ta gianh quyen ddc lap da tdi. Do tinh hinh thay ddi rS't mau chdng nen ngay 15/8/1945, khi bie't tin NhSt dau hang ddng minh vd dieu kidn, Hd Chi Minh da de nghi ket thiic Hdi nghi sdm de cac dai bieu ve ngay cac dia phifdng, kip thdi phat ddng quan chiing khdi nghTa gianh chinh quyen.
Hdi nghi da quye't dinh thanh lap Uy ban Khdi nghTa toan qud'c lanh dao Tong khdi nghTa va lip Bd Tif lenh giai pbdng quan Viet Nam. Nhif vay, Nghi quyet Hdi nghi toan qud'c cua Dang la tien de dau tien lam cd sd cho viec thanh lap Chinh phu lam thdi Viet Nam.
Tie'p theo dd. Qud'c dan dai hoi difdc td chifc tai Tan Trao, tif ngay 16 de'n ngay 18/8/1945.
Thanh phan cua Qud'c dan dai hdi bao gdm cac dai bieu Bac, Trung, Nam va dai bidu kidu bao d nifdc ngoai, dai bidu cua cac dang phai chinh tri, cac doan the nhan dan, cac dan tdc, cac ton giao.
Qud'c dan dai hdi nhidt liet tan thanh chu tru'dng Tong khdi nghTa cua Dang, nen quye't dinh thanh lap Uy ban giai phdng dan tdc Viet Nam. Ve chifc nang, Uy ban nay cflng nhif Chinh phu lam thdi cua nu'dc Viet Nam trifdc khi thanh lap mdt Chinh phu chinh thti'c. Ve nhiem vu, Uy ban nay thay mat qud'c dan giao thiep vdi cac nu'dc ngoai va duy tri mot cdng viec trong nifdc. Ve td chiJc, Uy ban giai phdng cd mdt Ban Thu'dng trifc gdm 5 uy vien, do Ho Chi Minh lam Chii tich. Day la tien de thiJ hai. Tien de nay the hien diing "y Dang, long dan" cho nen ngay 18/8/1945, Ho Chi Minh vie't "Thu' keu goi Tong khdi nghTa" de cdng bd' vdi qud'c dan, ddng bao ve quye't dinh tren va keu goi nhan dan: "Uy ban dan tdc giai
phdng Viet Nam cung nhif Chinh phu lam thdi ciia ta liic nay. Hay doan ke't chung quanh nd, lam cho chinh sach va menh lenh cua nd dtfdc thi hanh khSp nifdc. Nhif vay thi To qud'c ta nha't dinh mau difdc ddc lap, dan tdc ta nhat dinh mau du'dc tif d o " - .
Cach mang Thang Tarn thang Idi da chitng minh nhiJng nhan dmh, de nghi ciia Hd Chi Minh la chinh xac. Va, dd la nhifng tien de quan trong de Nha nifdc Viet Nam ra ddi hdp phap.
2.2. To chdc xay dUng Nha niidc Vi§t Nam theo diing thong le cuamQtnha ntidc phap quyhi hi$n dqi
Sau Cach mang thang Tam, Hd Chi Minh de nghi Chinh phii lam thdi can dtfdc md rgng hdn niTa vdi sir tham gia cua nhieu tang Idp nhan dan, cac dang phai yeu nifdc, nhan sT tie'n bd; ddng thdi sdm cdng bd' danh sach cac thanh vien Chinh phu ISm thdi. Theo dd, nhieu thanh vien trong Chinh phii la can bd Viet Minh da tif nguySn nhifdng chd cho nhifng ngifdi khdng phai Vi^t Minh. Day la mdt ciJ chi dep tuyet vdi vi Idi ich chung ciia da't ni/dc va dan tdc Viet Nam.
Ngay 2/9/1945. tai Quang trifdng Ba Dinh.
thay mat Chinh phii lam thdi, Chii tich Ho Chi Minh da doc ban Tuyen ngdn ddc ISp, trinh trong tuyen bd' tru'dc qud'c dan, ddng bao va nhan dan the'gidi viec thu tieu chd do thifc dan phong kie'n d nu'dc ta va thanh lap Nifdc Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda. Tie'p theo, le tuyen the ciia Chinh phii lam thdi difdc cii' hanh. Day la sif khang dinh tinh hdp phap ve sif ra ddi ciia Nha nu'dc Viet Nam.
Ngay sang hdm sau, ngay 3/9/1945, Chij tjch Ho Chi Minh chii tri phien hop dau ti6n ciia Hdi ddng Chinh phii nifdc Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda. Trifdc Hoi ddng Chinh phu, Ngifdi trinh bay Nhifng nhiem vu ca'p bach ciia Nha nifdc Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda, trong dd cd nhiem vu:
"Chung ta phai cd mdt hie'n phap dan chii. Tdi de nghj Chinh phii to chifc cang sdm cang hay cudc tong tuyen cu" vdi che' do phd thdng dau phie'u. Tat ca cdng dan trai gai 18 tudi deu cd quyen iJng c\i va bau ciJ, khdng phan biet giau ngheo, ton giao, ddng gid'ng,..."^.
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Thii nhat, ve viec to chiic Tong tuyen CM";
Ngay 16/10/1945, Hdi ddng Chinh phii thdng qua Sac lenh ve the le Tong tuyen c^, dinh ngay Tdng tuyen ciJ la chu nhat, ngay 23/12/1945 va thdng qua sd'lifdng dai bieu cho tifng dia phifdng.
De chuan bi, Hdi ddng Chinh phu difdi sd chu tri ciia Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da cd 19 cudc hop ban vd Tdng tuyen cii tru'dc khi nd dien ra, ben canh nhieu ndi dung khac cung dang can difdc giai quye't. Ngoai ra, Ngifdi cdn cd nhieu hoat ddng phuc vu cho Tong tuyen cu', nhif: gap gd ndi chuyen vdi thanh men, gu'i thifcho thieunhi, keu goi cac tang Idp nhan dan tham gia bau cii, hop vdi dai dien cac dang phai. dac biet la viec tie'p va nhan Idi dd nghi ciia dai dien Bd Ttf lenh Trung Hoa tai Vi6t Nam.
Du'dc sif ddng y ciia Hdi ddng Chinh phii, ngay 18/12/1945, Ngifdi ky Sa'c lenh sd 76, ve viec hoan ngay Tdng tuyen ciJ trong toan cdi Viet Nam de'n ngay 6/1/1946. Nham han che' hoat ddng pha hoai ciia bon phan each mang, Trung ifdng Ddng va Chii tich Ho Chi Minh chii tru'dng thanh lap Chinh phii Lien hiep lam thdi cd mdt sd' phan tii trong Viet Nam Qud'c dan dang va Vidt Nam Cach menh ddng minh hdi tham gia, vdi dieu kien phai td chtfc td't cudc Tong tuyen c\i, thd'ng nha't cac life lifdng vu trang va se tif chlfc khi trieu tap Qud'c hoi. Ngay 1/1/1946, Chinh phii Lien hiep lam thdi ra mat tai Ha Ndi. Chu tich Ho Chi Minh ra Tuyen bd' chinh sach ciia Chinh phii Lien hiep lam thdi ve dd'i noi, dd'i ngoai.
Nhif chiing ta deu bie't, mac dii "thii trong, giac ngoai" tim moi each de' ngan can nhu'ng Tong tuyen ciJ van du'dc td chiJc thanh cdng td't dep.
Day la lan dau tien trong lich siJ nifdc ta cd mot Qud'c hoi dan chii, tid'n bd.
Ngay 2/3/1946, ky hop thd nha't Qud'c hdi khda I Nddc Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda long trong khai mac tai Ha Noi. De tap trung mui nhpn vao ke thu chinh la thdc dan Phap va han che nhSng hanh ddng pha hoai cua bgn phan ddng, Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh de nghi Qud'c hdi cho phep 70 dai bieu ciia cac dang phai tham gia Qud'c hdi
khdng qua bau ciJ (20 ngifdi ciia Viet Nam Cach menh ddng minh hdi, 50 ngifdi ciia Viet Nam Qud'c dan dang). Qud'c hdi nha't tri de nghi dd va bau Ngifdi lam Chu tich Chinh phii khang chien va giao nhiem vu td chiJc Chinh phii mdi - Chinh phu khang chien. Qud'c hdi da bau Ban Thifdng trifc, Tieu ban Dif thao Hie'n phap, Khang chien liy vien hdi va Doan Co' va'n td'i cao.
Ky hop thu' hai Qud'c hdi khda I nifdc Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hda didn ra ttf ngay 28/10 de'n ngay 9/11/1946, tai Ha Ndi. Taiky hop nay, Qud'c hdi da liy nhiem cho Chii tich Hd Chi Minh td chiJc mdt Chinh phii mdi, mot Chinh phii khdng cd bon phan ddng tham gia. Sau khi Chinh phii mdi du'dc thanh lap, Ngu'di tuyen bd' trifdc Qud'c hdi rang: "Chinh phu nay td ro cai tinh than qud'c dan lien hiep, la mdt Chinh phu chu trong thifc te va se nd \\ic lam viec. de tranh thii quyen ddc lap va thd'ng nha't lanh thd ciing xay difng mdt nu'dc Viet Nam mdi.
Chinh phii nay la Chinh phii toan qud'c, cd du nhan tai Trung, Nam, Bac tham gia. Dac biet la ddng bao Nam Bd khdng nhifng d tien tuyen xung phong giiJ gin da't nifdc, ma lai cdn hang hai du*
vao viec kien thiet qud'c gia"-*.
Thii hai, la viec trien khai xay dung Hien phap:
Ngay 20/9/2045, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh ky Sac lenh so' 34 ve viec thanh lap Uy ban dif thao Hien phap cua nifdc Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda de de trinh Qudc hdi. Ngay 31/10/1945, Ngifdi da hop Hdi ddng Chinh phu ban ve ban di; thao Hie'n phap da du'dc Hdi ddng xem xet. Sau dd, Hdi ddng Chinh phu cd 3 cudc hop ban tidp ve ban difthaoHie'nPhap va dich ratie'ng Phap de dang bao La Republique.
Song, su hoat ddng cd hieu qua cua Chinh phu tren thdc te mdi la yeu tdquyet dmh si/ ton tai va phat trien ciia nd. Vi vay, de dieu hanh da't nu'dc, ke tiir ngay khai sinh nu'dc Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda den ngay toan qud'c khang chien. Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da tie'n hanh "xac lap cd sd phap ly va nhifng nguyen tac dan chii cua chinh quyen nhan dan; chu tpa cac phien hop ctia Hdi ddng Chinh phu. ky hdn 200 Sac lenh ve td chifc
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LUAT
bd may Nha nifdc, cac bd va Uy ban hanh chinh cac cap, ve td chiJc va xay difng \\ic lu'dng vQ trang nhSn dSn..."^
Tai ky hop thii' hai Qud'c hdi khda I, Qud'c hoi da thao luan mdt each dan chii ban di/ thao Hie'n phap do Uy ban dif thao Hie'n phap trinh bay.
Ngay 9/11/1946, Qud'c hdi thdng qua Hien phap cua nifdc Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda.
Tat ca nhifng hoat ddng tren da khang dinh rang, Nha nu'dc Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda difdc xay du'ng theo diing thdng le ciia mdt Nha nifdc phap quyen hien dai, cd Hie'n phap va phap luat de quan ly xa hdi.
2.3. Tie'n hanh cac hoat dgng ngoqi giao de cac nUdc cdng nhqn Nha nitdc Viet Nam
Sau Cach mang thang Tam, Ho Chi Minh da nhidu lan gu'i didn, thif, Idi keu goi cac nu'dc ddng minh vdi mong mud'n difdc ho cdng nhan Nha nu'dc Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda, song khdng du'dc dap i/ng. Vi the', trong budi mit tinh cua nhan dan Thii dd tru'dc Nha hat thanh phd', ngay 7/3/1946, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh ndi vd Hiep dinh Sd bd 6-3, rang:
"Nifdc ta da ddc lap thifc sif tif thang 8 nam 1945. Nhu'ng tdi nay, chifa mdt cifdng qud'c nao cdng nhan nen ddc lap ciia ta. Cudc dieu dinh vdi nifdc Phap se md ra con du'dng lam cho qud'c te thifa nhan ta. Nd se dan ta de'n mdt vi tri ngay cang chac chan tren trifdng qud'c te. Dd la mdt thang Idi ve mat chinh tri... Ddng bao hay nen binh tTnh, doan ke't, trong ky luat"^.
Nhan Idi mdi cua Cao uy Phap Dacgianghd, ngay 24/3/1946, Chii tich Ho Chi Minh hdi kien vdi Cao liy tren tuan du'dng ham Emin Bectanh, dau tren vinh Ha Long, nhifng chi thd'ng nha't du'dc viec phai doan Viet Nam len du'dng sang Phap dam phan chinh thifc tai Pari vao ngay 3I/5/I946.
Chuye'n di tham chinh thifc nifdc Phap nhan dip Hdi nghj Phdngtenndbid ciia Chii tich Ho Chi Minh la mdt net ndi bat trong nhifng boat ddng ngoai giao ciia Ngu'di thdi ky nay, nham gi^dng c a o n g g n c d d o c l a p d a n tdc va thien chi hda binh
cua nifdc Viet Nam Dan chii cdng hda. Va, de cd them thdi gian chuan bi cho cudc khang chie'n trifdng ky ciia dan tdc, Ngu'di ky vdi Phap ban Tamadc 14/9/1946.
Do phai cUng Trung ddng Dang va Chinh phii lanh dao cudc khang chie'n bao ve nen ddc lap, tif do ciia nu'dc nha nen dau nam 1950, Ngifdi mdi cd chuyen cdng du bi mSt sang tham Trung Qud'c va Lien Xd. Day la chuye'n cdng du lich su' ciia Chu tich Ho Chi Minh, vi do la bifdc di ngoai giao quan trgng thu hiit sif ling hd ciia Trung Qud'c.
Lien Xd va cac nu:dc XHCN dd'i vdi each mang Viet Nam. Chuyen di da mang lai kdt qua vd ciing to Idn: Trung Qud'c la nu'dc dau tien cdng nhan va dat quan he ngoai giao vdi Vidt Nam.
ngay 18/1/1950; tiep theo la Lien Xd, ngay 30/1/1950; Trieu Tien, ngay 31/1/1959; trong thang 2/1950, hang loat cac nifdc XHCN da cdng nhan va dat quan he ngoai giao vdi nifdc ta.
Cd the khang dinh rang, nhifng hoat ddng ngoai giao ciia Ngifdi thanh cdng da md ra mdt thdi ky mdi cho cudc khang chien than thanh ciia dan tdc ta.
3. Ke't lu§n
Ngay tif luc tim du'dc con difdng cdu nifdc. Ho Chi Minh da rS't quan tam den xay difng mdt nha nddc phap quyen Viet Nam ciia dan, do dan, vT dSn Khi difdc giao trgng trach difng d^u Nha nu'dc thi Ngifdi cd dieu kien dd bie'n sif quan tam ay trd thanh hien thifc. Bang nhiJng boat ddng sdi ndi, phong phii, day tai tri ciia minh. Ho Chi Minh cung vdi Trung ifdng Dang cheo lai con thuyen each mang Vidt Nam vUdt qua mudn van khd khan, gian khd de cap be'n vinh quang.
Td tifdng Ho Chi Minh ve xay difng Nha nddc Viet Nam hdp phap, hdp hien mai mai la dinh hifdng cho viec xay difng va hoan thien nen dan chu cung vdi Nha nifdc kieu mdi d nifdc ta.
Tie'p bifdc theo Ngu'di, cac the he ngu'di Viet Nam da, dang va se gdp cdng siJc, tri tue cua minh vao sif nghiep xay difng va bao ve vifng chac Nha nifdc Vidt Nam XHCN cung nha dat nifdc tifdi dep nay •
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O V A T R I C H D A N :
' Nguyen Luang Bdng (2004), Gap Bac d Tan Trao. in trong cuo'n Bctc HS d Tan Trao. Nxb Chinh tri quo'c gia - Bao tang Tan Trao - ATK, Ha Noi, ir.lL
'- Ho Chi Mmh (2011), Toan tap. t.3, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia - Su that. Hd Noi, ir 596 J Ho Chi Mmh (2011). Toan tap, t.4. Sdd, tr.7.
' Ho Chi Minh (201}}. Toan lap. t.4. Sdd, tr.481.
' Hoc vien Chinh tri quae gia HS Chi Minh, Vien H6 Chi Minh va cac lanh tu cua Ddng. (2016). HS Chi Minh - Bien nien tieu stf, t.3. Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia - Su that, Hd Noi, tr. VL
'HOC vi&n Chinh tri qmlc gia HS Chi Mmh, Vien HS Clii Minh vd cac lanh tu cua Ddng. (2016), HS Chi Minh - Bien nien tieu svt, t.3. Sdd. lr.!49.
Ngay nhan bai: 19/9/2019
Ngay phan bi?n danh gia va siJa chifa: 29/9/2019 Ngay chap nhSn dang bai: 9/10/2019
Thong tin tdc_gid:
ThS. N G U Y I N VAN 0I?C Tri/dng Dai hoc Van Lang
PRESIDENT HO CHI MINH WITH THE ISSUE OF BUILDING A CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGITIMATE STATE OF VIETNAM
• Master. NGUYEN VAN DUC Van Lang University
ABSTRACT:
In order to build the law-governed state of Vietnam, President Ho Chi Minh proposed and together with the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam set up a provisional government to lead Vietnamese people to take power. The successful organization of the general election, the announcement of the Constitution and ordinances were decisive steps to the birth of the Government of Vietnam in accordance with international practices and manage the society of Vietnam by the constitution and laws. Thanks to his ingenious diplomatic approach, China, the Soviet Union and u series of socialist countries recognized and established diplomatic relations with Vietnam. This victory affirmed that the Government of Vietnam is legitimate and constitutional. This article analyzes Ho Chi Minh's thought with the building of a constitutional and legitimate state of Vietnam.
Keywords: President Ho Chi Mmh, state legitimacy, constitutionality.
18 So 19-Thang 10/2019
