BO QUE TiNH VA CAC HOAT DONG NHAM P H A T HUY ^ ,^^
TiNH TiCH c u e , CHU DONG, SANG TAO
CliATRiMAIieiA05-7Tli6l ^^''
ThS. Doan DUng Ttianh Trudng Bgi hgc H^ng Birc I. D$t vdn dl tre biet tgo tiianh e$p, thdnh ddi 5 - 6 tuli Id dgy tti xdc dinh 3 Que tmh Id mOt trong vdi 2 ddi higng cd hen quan vdi chieu kich ttiudc tten mdt vgt nhitng bd do dftng dl choi nhau theo mdt ddu hifu ndo dd. (chieu dai, rgng, cao), dong thdi quen Ihudc gdn gui doi vdi fre. Tilp den, dgy tre dim din 10 dgy tti each so sdnh kich thudc Sft dyng que tinh bdng vifc tl vd dim theo khd ndng, dgy tte gifta 2 dli tugng theo tftng chftc cdc hogt ddng phft hgp tgo cdc nhdm cd so lugng ttong chieu kich thudc bdi cdc bign chdng nhftng chftng ta cd thl phgm vi 10 vd ldm quen cac chft phdp khdc nhau (xep chong, hinh thanh, cung co va phdt sl trong pham vi 10. Sau ciing, xlp kl, xlp long vdo nhau hay ttiln cac bilu tugng todn hgc dgy tte ggp 2 hay nhilu nhdm d§t tten cung mgt m$t phdng vd cho ttd md cdn cd thl luyfn tgp, dli tugng rli dim, dong thdi udc lugng cac kich thudc bdng phdt triln cdc qud trinh tu duy dgy tte phan chia mgt nhdm doi mdt). Tilp din, dgy fre xlp cac ciia tte, d$c bift Id tu duy toan tugng cd so Iugng ttong phgm doi tugng theo mgt trinh ty ndo hgc. Thyc tl, khi t l chftc cho vi 10 thdnh 2 phdn vd tim hit dd ve kich thudc, tft dd fre cd tri hogt ddng vdi que tinh ta cdc kha ndng phdn chia cung thl sft dyng thdnh thgo cdc tft:
thudng thdy nhftng hogt dgng vdi vif c lgp va giai cdc bai todn nhd nhdt, to hem, to nhdt, ...
dugc thilt kl vdi bg que tinh them, bdt trong phgm vi 10, Culi cung, dgy fre cdc phep do:
truyen thing (bd gim 10 que b, Cdc biiu tirgng ve hinh do dung tich, do difn tich hay tinh gilng nhau). d bdi vilt dgng do khdi Iugng. Khi hudng dan ndy, chftng tdi dua ra bg que Trudc tien, dgy fre nhgn fre thyc hifn cdc phep do ndy, tinh mdi ciing vdi cdch sft dyng biet, so sanh, phdn bift cac hinh ta dgy fre do mgt doi tugng bdi chftng nhdm phdt huy tinh tich co ban (hinh vudng, ttdn, tam nhieu thudc do vd do nhidu doi cyc, chft ddng vd sdng tgo ttong gidc, chft nh^t), cdc khoi hlnh tugng bdi cimg mgt thudc do, qud ttinh nhgn thftc cua fre mau ca bdn (khli vudng, ttdn, try, tft dd hudng dan tte biet dien gido 5 - 6 tudi - Ifta tuli chudn chft nhgt) theo cdc d§c dilm dgt kit qud do dl so sdnh dd ldn bi din trudng pho thdng. d$c trung ve dudng bao, m$t gifta cdc dli tugng.
n . Gidi quyet vdn de bao cfta chung. Tft dd dgy fre Nhu vgy, khi tl chftc thyc 1 Nfi dung hlnh thdnh tgo nen cdc hinh, cac khoi ca hifn ngi dung hinh tiianh cdc cdc bilu tugng vl sl lugng, bdn dd qua cac hogt dgng xlp, bilu tugng todn, ddi hdi chung hinh d^ng, kich thutyc cho tre n ^ , cdt hinh,... Culi cftng, dgy ta phdi Unh hogt, sang tgo, lya miu gido 5 - 6 tuli tte lien hf, vgn dyng cac hinh, chgn m$t hf thing cac hogt 0. Cdc biiu tirgmg vi so khli dy vao thyc tien qua tiinh dOng chcri hay cdc hgat dgng iir^g hgc, choi va ttong cudc sing. mang tinh chdt vui choi cftng
D I hinh thdnh cdc bilu c Cdc biiu tugng vi kich vdi dl dung, dl choi phft hgp.
tugng vl sl lugng, trudc tidn ta thit^c Chftng ta cd thl md huih hda, cy dgy tre thilt lgp tuong ftng 1 - Ndi dung co ban ddu tien till hda cac bilu tugng toan hgc 1 dl so sdnh lye lugng gifta cac khi hinh flidnh cdc bilu tugng fren nhdm giftp tte de tiep cgn, nhdm doi tugng, ding thdi dgy ve kich thudc cho tte mau gido tilp thu vd Uen hf v§n dyng.
Nh4it bAi Hgiy 21/6/2013 - N^y duyft Oing 25/6/2013
TAPCHlTHI^B{GlAODMC-S(i95-7/20U • 21
NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG
2. Nhfhig ydu cau trong cdng tdc t l chftc cdc boat dfng tri tuf cho trd mdm non
a. Dgy tre biit 0eu khiin chtt ^ cua minh
Doi vdi tte mdm non, khd ndng chu y ed chft dinh dang hinh thdnh vd phdt ttiln, song chft y khdng chft dinh vdii chiem uu thl. Vi vgy, ve bd ngodi cfta sy v§t, hifn tugng (mau sdc, kich thudc, hinh dgng,...) vln hdp dan ldi cuon sy chu y cfta frd. Dk giftp tte gidi quylt dugc nhifm vy hgc t^p d ttaidng phd thdng sau nay, ngay tft Ifta tuli mdm non d$c bift Id tti mau gido 5 - 6 tudi, chftng ta cdn ren luyfn cho trd bilt t§p trung chft f vao nhftng vdn de cdn n h ^ thftc, Trong cdng tdc gido dye, edn tgo dilu kifn de giftp tti chuyen ddn tft chft <i khdng chft dinh din chft y cd chft dinh. Dilu nay ed the tiln hdnh frong cdc tilt hgc, trong frd choi vd frong giao tilp hdng ngdy.
b, Phdt triin hogt dgng cam nh^n
Nh|in thftc cdm tinh Id con dudng nhgn thftc co bdn cfta frd mdu gido vl thl gidi xung quanh. Nhd cd cdm gidc vd tri gidc phdt ttiln md tti cd mdt vln tri thftc khd phong phft vl thl gidi xung quanh. Dd Id nhftng tri thftc "tien khoa hgc*' nhftng bieu tugng ve the gidi xung quanh. Vin tri thftc ndy rdt cdn thiet cho hogt ddng hgc t$p sau ndy cfta tre. M$t khdc, sy tri gidc cfta trd thudng mang thih khdng chft dinh. Sy hdp dan be ngodi cfta sy v$t (hinh
dang, mdu sdc, kich thudc... ) ludn ldi cudn sy tlip trung chft y cfta tte. Vi v|y, dl hogt ddng cdm nhgn cfta fre phdt triln theo hudng tich cyc, lam tiln de cho n h ^ thftc ly tinh va hogt dgng hgc t^p sau ndy, cdn ren luygn cho fri bidt cdch quan sat s\r v$t, hign tugng d till gidi xung quanh. Tftc Id chuyen ddn tri gidc khdng chft dinh sang tri gidc cd chu dinh frong cdc hogt ddng (vui chcri, hgc t$p,...)
c Phdt triin tu duy Cimg vdi sy phdt ttiln mgnh md cua hogt dgng cdm nhfin, tu duy tryc quan ciia tte cung rat phdt tridn. NIU d ddu tuli mau gido, tu duy tryc quan hanh dgng chilm uu till, thl din tuli mdu gido nhd vd mdu gido ldn tu duy true quan hinh tugng chilm uu thl, Nhd cd tu duy tryc quan - hinh tugng phdt tridn, khd ndng hf thong hod cdc bidu tugng cfta tte ngdy cdng phdt triln, Tri sft dyng cdc bilu tugng ttong dau de gidi quylt cdc bdi todn khdch quan d§t ra mgt cdch tich cyc. Trong nhftng tinh huong phftc tgp, cdc bilu tugng don Id ve the gidi khdch quan khdng giai quylt dugc vdn de, tri dd bidt kit noi nhieu bilu tugng theo mgt vdl ddu higu d$c tnmg dl gidi quylt vdn dd. Ddy Id kilu tu duy tryc quan sa dd. Nhu v^y, tu duy tryc quan so do chi Id mdt ndc thang phat triln cao cfta tu duy ttyc quan - hlnh tugng nen nd chua thl gidi quydt dugc nhihig van de phftc tgp ben frong cua dli tugng. Van dl d$t ra la cdn phai kich thich sy xudt hifn cfta
cac ylu td tu duy Id gic, thdng qua vifc phdt trien tu duy tryc quan hinh tugng ndi chung va tu duy tryc quan sa dd cho tte.
Tdm lgi, dl thyc hifn tit cdc hogt ddng phdt tridn tri tuf cho tte mdm non thi vifc td chftc cdc hogt dgng phdi bao gom cdc ylu td cd thl tgo dilu kifn dd cdc ndi dung todn hgc dugc tac dfng tryc tilp hay gidn tilp din tte ddng tiidi tur cdc gidc quan (thinh gidc, tti;
gidc, XUC gidc,...).
3. Bg que tfnh vdi vifc phdt huy tfnh tich cyx, chu d$ng vd sdng tgo cua trd
a, Cau tgo bp que tinh - Moi b$ que tmh gim 10 que vdi kich tiiudc khac nhau:
Que thft nhat 5 cm, que thft hai 1 Oem, que thft ba 15cm, que thft tu 20cm, que thft ndm 25cm, que thft sdu 30cm, que thft bdy 35cm, que thft tdm 40cm, que thft chin 45cm vd que tiift mudi 50cm.
- Mil dogn Scm (cdn ggi Id moi khdc) ttdn moi que tmh dugc son mdu theo thft ty:
xanh, dd, frdng, tim, vdng cftng vdi chu ky l$p lgi ciia chung.
b. Mgc tiiu gido dgc khi SI? dgng bp que tfnh
- Luyfn tgp nh|in biet, so sdnh cdc sl ttong phgm vi 10 vd ldn hon 10.
- Luyfn t^p nhgn biet va so sdnh cdc hinh vudng, chft nhgt, tam giac.
- Luyfn t^p nh^n bilt, sdp xep cdc bilu tugng vl kich ttiudc theo mgt thft ty ndo dd.
- Phdt huy tinh tich cyc, chft dOng, sdng tgo cfta fre ttong cdc 28 • TAP CHtTHI^BIGlAO DMC-5^95-7/2013
hogt dfng, tu dd luyfn ^p pMt triln kha ndng suy lu$n logic vd tu duy todn hgc cho tre.
c Cdcb sdr dgng - Doi v&i cdc bieu tirgng vi so lirgng
Phdt cho mdi tte mgt bg que tinh:
+ Yeu cdu ttd dim xdc dinh sd lugng bd que tinh.
+ Ylu cdu tte sdp xep cdc que tinh theo thft ty cao ddn rdi so sdnh, nhgn xet ve chieu cao cua cdc que tinh liln ke, tft dd giftp tre ttidy dugc sy hem kem nhau 1 khdc gifta chftng.
+ Ydu cdu fre chgn vd xlp cdc chft sd tuong iing (vdi sl khdc cfta mli que tinh) xulng phia dudi mli que tinh (H. 1).
1 2 s 4 s e 7 a
dugc mdt sd ldn cd thl phan chia thdnh 2, 3 sd be vd ngugc lgi gdp 2, 3 sl be thi dugc sd ldn. Chdng hgn: 10 bdng 7 tiidm 3; b ^ g 7 tiiem 2, them 1;
bdng 6 thdm 4 hay bdng 6 them 3, ttiem 1;...
- Doi v&i cdc bieu tirgng ve hinh dgng
Phdt cho moi fre mgt bg que tinh:
+ Yeu cdu fre nhdc lgi d$c dilm d$c trung cfta cdc hinh vudng, tam gidc, chft nhgt. Tft dd giftp fre nhgn thdy cac hinh nay cd thl dugc tgo nen tft bdi vifc xlp hinh vdi cdc que tinh.
+ Hudng dan frd xlp hinh vudng vdi cgnh Id 7:
- Xdc dinh que thih cd dg ddi 7 (khdc)
- Xdc dinh cac que tinh cd ting df dai bdng 7 (6 va I; 5 vd 2;4vd3).
- xlp hinh vudng tft que tinh cd dd ddi Id 7 cling vdi cdc c$p que tinh cd tong dg dai bdng 7. Rd rdng chi cd mdt hinh vudng dugc tgo thanh (H. 2).
( 9 ; 8 v d l ; 7 v d 2 ; 5 v a 4 ) ; ( 9 ; 8vdl,5vd4;6vd3);(9;5vd 4;7va2;6vd3);(8vdl;7vd 2;6vd3;5va4).
- 05 hinh vudng cd cgnh Id 10: (10; 9 vd I; 8 vd 2; 7 vd 3); (10; 9 vd 1; 8 vd 2; 6 vd 4);(10;9val;6va4;7vd3);
(10; 6 vd 4; 8 vd 2; 7 vd 3); (6 vd4;9vdl;8vd2;7vd3).
+ Hudng dan fri xep cdc hinh chft nh|lt cd 2 cgnh ddi hon bang nhau vd cftng bdng 7; bdng 8; bdng 9 vd bdng 10.
Vi dy hhih chft nhgt cd cgnh Id cdc que tinh (9; 5 vd 4; 3,2 vft 1)(H.3)
H.I
+ Ggi y giup trd nhgn xet cdc sl ty nhidn Uln tidp nhau thi ban kem nhau I.
+ Yeu cdu tre nli tilp que tinh so 1 ldn que sd 9 rdi so sdnh vdi que sd 10, giftp fre ttidy dugc: 9 tiidm I Id 10, hay 10 bdng 9 tiilm 1.
+ Tuong ty, giup fre thdy dugc: 10 bdng 8 thdm 2,2 tiidm 8,7 tiilm 3,3 tiiem 7; 3 bdng 1 ttiem 2, 2 tiiem 1 vd 2 bdng 1 tiidm 1.
+ Luyfn tgp giftp trd tiiay
H.3
+ Hudng ddn ttd xlp cdc tam gidc vudng, cdn, diu vd tam gidc thudng. Cd rdt nhilu cdc tam giac dugc tgo thdnh.
Vi dy: tam gidc vudng cgnh 3, 4, 5; tam gidc can cgnh 5; 4 vd 1,3), tam gidc diu cgnh 5,4 vd 1, 3 vd 2) vd tam gidc thudng cgnh 5, 6, 9) (H. 4).
H.2
+ Hodn todn tuang ty ta cd thl hudng ddn tte xlp:
- 01 hinh vudng cd cgnh Id 8 ( 8 ; 7 v d l ; 6 v d 2 ; 5 v a 3 ) .
- 05 hinh vudng cd cgnh la 9: (9, 8 vd 1; 7 vd 2; 6 vd 3);
H.4
Ngodi vifc hudng dan frd xlp cdc hinh ca ban, chftng ta TAP (Hi THI^BIGlAO DMC-5695-7/2013 « I
NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG
cd thl hudng ddn fre tgo ra cdc san phdm khdc tii bdi b$i que tfnh ndy (H. 5).
H.5
- Doi v&i cdc bieu twgng ve kich thu&c
Phdt cho mli tre 1 bd que tinh.
+ Ylu cdu frd sdp xlp cdc que tuih theo thft ty cao ddn;
tiidp ddn; ddi dan; ngdn ddn.
(Trong moi trudng hgp nhu v^y, hudng d b dk frd xdc dtnh dugc que tinh cao nhat, thap nhdt; ddi nhdt, ngdn nhdt).
+ Ylu cdu tre lay 3 que tfaih bdt ki, sdp xep ttieo thft ty ldn dan (cao, ddi), tft dd giftp frd hieu vd ftng dyng dugc cdc bieu tugng: Cao nhdt, thdp hon, ) nhat. Ddi nhdt, ngdn hon,
+ Hudng ddn tte thyc hifn cdc phdp do:
- Do mdt v|it bdng nhieu tiiudc do. Vi dy, do que tinh ddi nhdt vdi 3 thudc do Id que tinh ngdn nhdt, que thih cd dd ddi bdng 2 ldn que tinh ngdn nhdt vd que tinh cd dd ddi bdng 5 ldn que tinh ngdn nhdt, qua dd giftp fri thdy dugc moi quan
hf gifta dg dai cfta thudc do vdi vat cdn do: NIu thudc do cd dg ddi cdng ldn thi kdt qud do cang be, vd ngugc lgi,
- Do nhilu v|lt bdi cftng mdt thudc do. Vi dy, do que tinh ddi nhdt vd que tinh cd dd dai bdng nfta que tinh ddi nhat bdi que tinh ngdn nhat, qua dd giftp fre thdy dugc mli quan hf gifta dg ddi cfta tiiudc do vdi vat cdn do: Ndu vgt can do cd dg ddi cdng ldn thl ket qud do cdng ldn,
- Hudng ddn fre sft dyng kit qud do di so sdnh chilu dai (chilu cao) gifta cdc ddi tugng. Vi dy, que tinh nay ed dg ddi bdng 5 ldn que tinh ngdn nhat. Que tinh kia cd dd dai bdng 8 ldn que tinh ngdn nhdt. Vgy, que tinh ndy ngdn hem que tinh kia.
- Hudng ddn tti tgo ndn cdc hlnh co bdn to, nhd khdc nhau, tft dd so sdnh sy giong va khdc nhau gifta cdc lunh. Vi dy, hudng dan tte tgo ndn hmh chft nhgt cd cgnh (10 va 7) ; (8 vd 9) ; 6 ; (5 vd 1) vd tam gidc cd cgnh 2 ; 3 ; 4. Ggi y dd tti cd thl xac dinh dugc hmh chft nh^t to han bdi hinh chft nhgt cd the chfta dugc hmh tam gide, Hmh tam gidc nhd hon bdi hlnh tam gidc khdng chfta dugc hhih chft nhgt (H. 6).
H.6
Tft nhftng gi vfta ttao dli, cd thl thdy vifc t l chuc cdc m • TAP CHf THI^BIGlAO DMC-5d 95-7/2013
hogt dgng ciing vdi nhftng ylu cau, ggi y hgp ly, bd que tinh mdi (gdm 10 que cd kich thudc khdc nhau) dd phat huy dugc vai frd cfta nd ttong cdng tdc phat trien tti tuf ndi chung vd khd ndng tu duy toan hgc cho fre ndi rilng.
III. Ket Iu$n Tre mdm non hgc bdng chai, chcri md hgc, vi v|y vifc td chftc cho fre hgc t$p qua chai ngdy cdng dugc chu frgng phdt triln. Trong cdng tdc ndy, cdc hogt ddng vdi que tinh thudng dugc khai thdc khd hifu qua. Tuy nhidn, vdi bg que tinh tmyln thdng (gdm 10 que tinh bdng nhau) vifc hudng ddn tie hogt dgng tgo nln cac sdn phdm cdn nhihig hgn chl, chdng hgn khi budng dan tte xep hinh vudng, ttd chl cd thl xep lunh vudng vdi cgnh Id mgt que tinh ho$c hinh vudng vdi cgnh Id 2 que tinh,... Hay khi hudng din tte xep cdc que tinh thdnh ddy thl cung chl cd mgt trudng hgp cdc que tinh xlp thanh mft ddy cd chilu cao hay chilu ddi bdng nhau. Vi the cdc bdi todn nhdm giftp frd xac dinh ddi tugng ldn nhdt nhd hem, nhd nhdt (ve chieu dai, chilu cao) cung nhu cdc bdi todn dgy tte do mgt ddi tugng bdng nhieu thudc do hay dgy tte do nhilu dli ttigng bdi ciing mgt thudc do khdng dugc thyc hifn.
Song, vdi yeu td khdc nhau vl kich tiiudc thi bd que tinh mdi chilm uu thl hem, dudi sy hudng dan cfta gido vien, cdc hinh vudng sd dugc tre tgo ndn da dgng phong phft hem.
(Xem tiip trang 37)
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NGHIEN CLTU & UNG DUNGliliiiiiiiiiiliiinciJinTMcniiliHAi-ciliiiiiiifrilDigt
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TS. Ld Ngoc Son, BP ado dgc vd Bdo tgoThS. Bt Thj Lan Anh, xS Hda Thugn, Tp. Buon Ma Thupt, tinh D&kLdk
1. Hilu "vdn hda todn hgc" nbu thl ndo?
Theo Tft diln Tilng Vift:
"Vdn hda Id tdng thl ndi chung nhftng gid tri v|t chat va tinh thdn do con ngudi sang tgo ra frong qud trinh lich sft;
Id nhihig hogt dgng cfta eon ngudi nhdm thda mdn nhu cdu ddi sing tinh thdn; Id tri thftc, kiln thftc khoa hgc; trinh d^
cao trong sinh hogt xd hfi, bilu hifn cfta sy vdn minh;
nln vdn hda cfta mdt thdi kl Uch sft cd xua, dugc xdc dinh ttdn CO sd mft ting thl nhftng di v|it tim thdy dugc cd nhitng d$Q dilm gilng nhau" ([1], trang 1100).
Theo Nguyen Cdnh Todn:
"Vdn hda todn hgc tftc Id hg thing nhihig phdm ehdt cfta tu duy vd nhdn cdch hdp tiiy dugc qua vifc hgc todn, ldm todn vd ben vftng den muc dft cd qudn cdc kiln thftc todn hgc thi cdc phdm chdt dd vdn cdn" ([2], ttang 8).
Theo Bui Vfin Nghj: "Vdn hda todn hgc bao gim ting thl nhihig tri thftc gid tri, tri thftc phucmg phdp cfta todn hgc vd ittiftng gid tri tinh thdn dn chfta ttong nhftng tri thftc dd" ([3], trang 4).
YIU tl clt ldi ciia "vdn hda todn hgc" chlnh Id "tu duy todn hgc", Id "nhdn cdch"
cua con ngudi ndi chung, cfta
Mid" M' "^y 10/6/2013 • Ngiy duyft dAng 25/6/2013
ngudi ldm todn va hgc todn ndi rilng. Vdn hda toan hgc cftng vdi cac thdnh td khac cfta vdn van hda chung, Uln quan den hg thing gid tri vd ndng lgc ciia moi ngudi, giup con ngudi nang cao chdt lugng cudc sdng.
Cd thl hinh thdnh vdn hda todn hgc tft nhilu con dudng, dudi nhilu hmh thftc, nhung deu cd nguyen tdc chung Id "tiieo sudt cugc ddi" cfta moi con ngudi.
2. Dgy hgc phat hifn vd gidi quylt vdn dl nen v§n dyng trong dgy hgc todn nhu thl nfto?
Theo Nguyin Bd Kun ([4], ttang 187), 'Trong dgy hgc phdt hifn vd gidi quylt vdn dl, gido vidn tgo ra nhihig tinh hudng ggi vdn dd, didu khien hgc sinh phat hifn vdn dl, hogt dgng ty gidc, tich cyc, chft ddng va tgo tri thftc, ren luyfn ki ndng vd dgt dugc nhirng myc dich hgc t$p khdc". Dgy hgc phdt hifn vd gidi quylt van dd cd nhftng ddc dilm:
- Hgc sinh dugc d$t vao mgt tinh hudng ggi vdn de chft khdng phai Id dugc thdng bdo tri thftc dudi dgng cd sdn.
- Hgc sinh hogt dgng ty giac, tich cyc, chu dgng, sang tgo, huy dgng tri thuc va khd ndng cfta mhih dd phdt hifn va giai quylt vdn dl chft khdng phai chi nghe thay gidng mgt each thy dgng.
- Myc tieu dgy hgc khdng phdi chi ldm cho hgc sinh linh hgi dugc kdt qud cua qud trinh phat hifn vd gidi quyet vdn dl md cdn d cho ldm cho hg phat triln khd ndng tiln hdnh nhftng qua trinh nhu v|y. Ndi cdch khdc, hgc sinh dugc hgc bdn thdn vifc hgc.
Trong dgy hgc phat hign (PH) vd gidi quyet van de lGQVD)yphdt hipn dugc hidu theo nghla: tim thdy cdi chinh minh chua biet vd cd nhu cdu muon biit, dugc ditng de noi rd vai tro cua hgc sinh (HS) trong vi$c tiir tim toi, tranh lugn vd thdo lugn de tim cdch GQVD. Van di la mgt bdi todn, mgt cdu hdi hay mpt doi hoi, yiu cdu mgt cd nhdn hogc mgt nhdm, dua ra cdu trd l&i, cdc hdnh dgng phdi tiin hdnh, md chua biet con du&ng ndo ddn din ket qud. Didm quan ttgng doi vdi dinh nghTa Id chwa biet con du&ng ndo ddn den cdu trd l&i. Vdn dd gom ba phdn CO bdn: 1) Thong tin: Id cdi dd bilt, dd Id cdc dft kifn, dilu kifn (gid thilt) niu vdn dd dudi dgng bdi todn. NIU dudi dgng cdu hdi, ho$c yeu cdu hdnh dgng khdc, tiidng tin thudng tilm dn ttong hodn canh xdy ra vdn dl.; 2) Kit qud: la cdi can tim (neu dudi dgng bdi toan), ldi cdn gidi dap (niu dudi dgng cdu hdi,...); 3) TAP CHtTHI^BIGlAO DVC-5095-7/2013 • 31
NGHIEN Ctru & UNG DUNG
Chu thi: ylu cdu tim dugc kit qud thyc sy Id rdo can, nhung chft thl cd ddng co vd cd kha ndng vugt qua (hmh 1), Ki ndng GQVD Id khd ndng vgn dung nhimg kien thwc, kTnang, kinh nghiem cd dugc trw&c do de thtiTC hien qud trinh gidi quyit mgt tinh huong m&i, theo mgt quy trinh. pk GQVD cdn din mdt hf thdng cdc ki ndng. Nhung khdng cd nghta Id, eft dp dyng cdc lot ndng vao G Q \ ^ Id sl tiidnh edng. Cd thl tiln hdnh dgy hgc PH va G Q \ ^ theo quy ttinh:
i) Gido vidn dua ra tinh hudng cd van de
ii) Gido vidn tl chftc cho hgc sinh PH vd GQVD tiieo cac budc:
Budc 1: Tilp c§n va phdt hifn vdn dk
Budc 2: Dinh hudng GQVD
Budc 3: Tim vd tiinh bdy cdu trd ldi
Budc 4: Kiem fra vd gidi tiiich
iii) Gido vidn xdc nhgn kit qua GQVD vd phat tiiln \ ^
3. Dgy hgc phdt hifn vft giai quyet vdn de gdp phdn liinh thftnh nSn yeu to nfto cua vdn hda todn hgc?
Sau moi tilt hgc, mSi bai hgc, hgc sinh cd thd ldm gidu thdm kidn thftc todn hgc, cd thim dugc k^ ndng tinh toan ho^c gidi cdc bdi todn. Thl nhung, sy ttudng thdnh vl tu duy va nhdn cdch thudng phai qua mgt cdng dogn ddi, cd till hdng ndm hgc, mdt giai dogn hgc t$p, thgm chi cd cudc ddi.
V X N D £ (CANHAN-tTHOrq
y^ C H O T H E >^
1 Cintrd 1
Ham mu i n V. 1 ViMsiTc 1 y
CfnAi btft Mfl AHMifl
_ . J twtqu
' ») Bi/«c1 | - ^ Btr*c2 \-*\ B*r*c3 | - ^ BU*(4 |—1
GQVD
(Xi h ^ (t^lMn, h ^ tac, gidp doi - HJinh (l^ng (h^ thfng kining))
Hinh 1. Cdu tnic cua vdn de - Qud trinh GQVD theo kiiu "mua ddm thdm
lau". Khi nhdn cdch vd tu duy dugc hinh thdnh, tdc dgng qua lgi vdi nhau, tgo nln net v ^ hda frong tftng bg mdn, V ^ hda todn hgc dugc hlnh thanh theo con dudng rdt chung dd.
Tuy nhien, frong dgy hgc todn, mdt vai phuang phdp dgy hgc cd thl ldm tit nhifm vy ndy, mgt frong cdc phuang phap cd thl ndi den Id dgy hgc phdt hipn vd gidi quyit vdn de.
Tgi sao ndi dgy hgc phdt hipn vd gidi quyet vdn de gop phdn hinh thdnh vdn hda todn hgc? Trong cdc xu hudng dgy hgc khdng truyin thing, phuong phdp dgy hgc phat hifn va gidi quyit vdn dl cd kha ndng giupl hgc smh bfing hogt dgng thyd tiln vd tiidng qua hogt dgng, biit cdch phdt hifn vdn de, bilt cdch gidi quylt vdn dl, ket qud Id hgc smh cd dugc kiln thftc mdi, ky ndng mdi, va ban the, nhdn cdch ciia hgc
sinh dugc hinh thdnh, tgo nen
"vfin hda todn hgc".
Vi dg: Bdi hgc: Difn tich hinh tam gidc (Todn 5)
Dl chuan bj cho hgc tgp bdi mdi, gido vien (GV) cd thi tien hanh kilm tra, dn t$p, bd sung kiln thftc vd kl ndng dd cd cua HS, chfing hgn: Neu cdng thuc tinh difn tich hhih chit nhilt? Hdy vS mgt tam giac vi xac dinh cdc dudng eao cd the cd cua tam gidc?
Muc tiiu vfin tdt:
- Hgc sinh PH dugc Wnh tam gidc chua cd cdng tiiftc tinh dign tich, nhung cd till tim dugc;
- Hgc smh ty hinh tiidnh cdng thftc tmh difn tich ciia hinh tam gidc, bdng cdch: tinh difn tich hinh tam gidc c6 kich thudc: ddy 3cra vd chilu cad 4cm (bdng cdc cdch khac nhau), bilt phdn tich kit qua, suy lugn dl tim ra cdng thftc khai quat bfing cfit ghdp;
32 • TAP CHtTHI^BIGlAO DUC-5695-7/2013
- Hgc sinh biet vgn dyng kien thftc giai quylt bai todn cy the vd phdt hidn VD mdi frong thyc hdnh.
Cdc hogt dgng DH chu yeu:
VBI: Hinh 0tdnh cong thuc GV tgo tmh hulng cd VD bfing cdch: dua hinh tam gidc chuan bi sfin (nhu hinh ve dudi) GV tgo tinh hulng cd \ ^ bdng cdch: dua hinh tam gidc chuan hi sdn (nhu hinh ve dudi), yeu cau HS tinh (Ufn tich cfta hlnh tam gidc
- Td chftc cho hgc sinh PH va thn hieu VD (HD theo nhdm nhd), GV ggi y de hgc smh PH dugc: VD dugc d?it ra la gi?
(tinh difn tich cua hinh tam giac), HS tim hidu cdch ndo de GQVD?
- T I chuc cho HS hogt dgng GQVD:
+ HS thdo lufUi dl xudt hudng giai quyit vd thyc hifn (HD tiieo nhdm). HS cd till GQVD bfing cac cdch:
• Cdt tam giac ghdp thdnh hinh chft nh|it (hlnh a);
• Sft dyng 2 tam gidc bdng nhau, ghep thanh hhih buih hdnh (hmh b);
• Sft dyng 2 hlnh tam gidc bfing nhau, ghep thdnh hmh chft nh^t (Unh c);
• Hodc dem sl d vuong nfim trgn trgng tam gidc.
+ Cdc nhdm trinh bdy cdch CJQ^^ cfta nhdm ntinh. GV giup HS ty rut ra dugc: sft dyng 2 tam gidc bfing nhau cdt, ghep thanh hinh chft nhgt Id tiiu^
Igi hem (cdc each khdc khdng thugn lgi). GV cd thd hudng
danHS:
• Sft dyng bd dl dung hgc t§p Todn 5: Ldy ra 2 tam gidc bdng nhau (trong dd cd mdt tam gidc d3 chia ldm 2 mdnh) roi ghep thdnh hinh chft nh|it.
• Ho$c sft dyng gidy (dd chudn bi sdn d tren), cdt ding thdi 2 tam gidc bdng nhau (gdp ddi mdnh giay, cdt theo hlnh tam gidc dd vg), rli cdt mgt tam gidc (theo dudng cao) de dugc 2 tam gidc nhd ghep vdo tam gidc kia de dugc hinh chft nh^t - T I chftc cho HS phdn tich VD vd khdi qudt hda "N^ (HD cd nhdn kit hgp YSD chung cd 16p).
+ Giio vien mo ti HD c&t, g h ^ trSn bang hinh vS;
+ GV hudng din HS so s&nh, 6.b\ ctiieu cic yeu to hlnh hpc trong hlnh vvta ghep 6k nh$n thiy: chi^u r$ng cua hinh chtt nh^t bing chilu cao ciia hinh tam giic, cliieu dii cua
hlnh chtt nh§t bing c ^ diy cua hlnh tam giic. Tir d6, GV c6 the ggi y:
• Viet cong thtic tinh di$n tich cua hlnh chtt nh^t?
(chilu cao x diy)
• So sinh di?n tich cia hinh tam giic v6i di$n tich ctia hinh ch(t nh$t vi rijX ra cdng thiic tinh d i ^ tich ctia hhih tam giic ((chilu cao x diy):2)
GV nhin xet ket qui lim vijc cua HS, khii quit hda: S
= (a X h ) : 2 (cing don vj do), trong ib a li dp dii diy, h li chieu cao tuong ting vdi diy a, S li di$n tich (kem hlnh v5).
• Luu -j HS: cin ghi nhd cdng thuc, cich thinh Ijlp cdng thic de vin dyng trong nhfhig trudng hpp khic sS gip sau niy.
HS 4p dvmg cdng thuc (via thinh lip) di tinh di$n tich tam giic di neu:
((3x4);2) = 6(cm^)) Ti>LP CHl THI^BICIAO DVC-sfi 95-7/2013 • 33
Ill
IGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG VB2: Th\fc hanh - Bii I: Tinh dien tich hinh tam giic mi dd dii diy vi chilu cao co cing dofn vi do.+ HS tu lim vi n6u ket qui. HS khic nhjn xft (each tinh Vfl ket qua).
a) 8 X 6 : 2 = 24 (cm^; b) 2,3xl,2:2=l,38(dm^)
+ GV to chic cho HS khi, gidi giip dd b ^ . Nhin xet vl don vi do (diy vi chilu cao diu cd don vi do li cm (dm), dien tich cd don vi do li cm^ (dm^)).
- Bai 2; Tinh dien tich hlnh tam giic mi dd dii diy vi chieu cao khdng cd cing don vj do (1 bii) vi 1 bii tinh di?n tich hlnh tam giic mi dp dii diy vi chilu cao cd cing don vj do, so do li s6 thjp phin nhung s6 chi s6 d phin nguyen khic nhau.
+ HS tv lim vi neu ket qui. HS khic nhin x6t.
a) 5m = 50 dm; ho$c 24dm
= 2,4 m 50 X 24:2 = 600 (dm^);
hoic 5x2,4:2 = 6 (m') b) 42,5 X 5,2 ; 2 = 110,5 (m^)
+ Hpc sinh PH them VD:
s6 do dd dii diy vi chilu cao khdng cing don vj do (ciu a).
+ GV t6 chic cho HS khi, gidi giip ds bim. GV nhin xet, kit luin vi neu VD: trudc khi ip dung cdng thic tinh dien tich hbh tam giic can luu y dilu gl?
Bin lu^n: Vdi each 16 chlic hogt dgng hoc tap nhu trirt, yiu td "vdn hoa toan hpc "
nao dupc hinh thanh? Cich t6 chic d?iy hpc n6u tren, ylu to cdt ldi cia "vin hda toan hpc"
Ciic giai tfoan c&a ^ qui trinh J
Nhiem v^ TD
i
Hinh thinh gii thuy^
i
Xic minh gii thuyet
i
Kilm tra kit qui
(
^ Cic bir6rc O Q V O ^ NTiepclnviPHVO
i
ejnh hudng GQVO Hm cau tri liri
1
Xic nhfn v i giil thich
i
Hinh 2: Quan h? giUa tw duy va GQVD dupc hinh thinh, dd li "tu duy"
vi "nhin cich".
T i nhihig kien thic, kl ning di cd t i trudc, blng nd l\rc cia ban thin (cd thl can din su giip dd cia GV vi su h6 trp cia hlnh inh true quan), HS di giii quylt dupc VD mi trudc dd chua dit ra vi chua dupc giii quylt: tinh di?n tich cita hinh tam gidc.
Vi nhu viy, trong kho ting tri thic cua HS cd thdm kiln thic mdi, nhung cii quan trpng hon li hlnh thinh d HS phuang phap tu duy (TD), tjo thdi quen hpp tic trong hpc tip.
Qui trinh TD, cung nhu qui trinh GQVD diu cd niy sinh, dien biln vi kit thuc, nd li mdt qui trinh %hm cic giai do;in, cic budc kl tilp nhau.
Cd thl md ta m6i quan h? dd nhu sau (hinb 2):
TD vi GQVD cd moi qiian hp mit thilt vdi nhau. TD dl GQVD, thdng qua GQVD
mi phit trien TD. Mpt su l\ra chpn clu thin cic VD sS li sS li phuong tijn de ching ta phat triln ki ning GQVD, ren luypn TD cho hpc sinh.
Theo Nguyen Cinh Toin:
"Sv tich luy d diy cd thl vi sp tich liy cia nhihig h^t cit dS thanh bii phi sa. Moi tilt hpc cing cho ngudi hpc them m$t h^t cit vl tu duy vi nhin cich nhung khd thay, khd do" ([2], trang 7).
Tii lifu tham khio 1. Hoing PhS (chi bien).
Tic diin Tling ViH NXB Di Ning, nim 2003.
2. Nguyen Cinh Toin. Nen hoc todn nhu the nao cho tot ?.
NXB Giio due, nim 2009 3. Bii Vin Nghj. Dgy van hoa Todn hoc cho hoc sinh. T^p chi Khoa hpc Trudng DHSP HiNdi, thing 5/2013.
4. Nguyen Bi Kim.
Phucmg phdp dgy hgc mon (Xan tilp trang49) 34 • T4P CHl IHlfrBI GI&O DVC-sd 95-7/2013
till cdng tiittc tim hifu ciia hai sl sS li: (a +1) 12
Bii 7: Tim hai s6 chin bilt ting cua chiing li 2010 vi bilt giiia chiing c6 tat ci lls&\i.
Giii: Ta cd so dd sau:
C l c l c l c l c l c l c l c l c I c l c l C
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Hai sd chin lien tiep hon kem nhau 2 don vi. Theo so dd, hifu hai sd can tim li:
2x11=22. Sd ldn li: 2010 + 22):2=1016.Sdbel4:2010 -1016 = 994
Vay hai s6 cin tim 14:1016 v4 994.
• Nhin xet:
Hifu hai sd can tim li : 11 x2 = 22;llchinhlisds61fd giiia hai sd chin can tim.
Nhu v^y niu dl bii y6u 'ciu tim hai so chdn v4 d gitta chung cd a so le Hai cdng thttc tim hifu liai s6 se 14: a x 2.
C6 thl khii quit cich thiic tim nhanh hifu hai sd trong m3i tnrdng h<;ip nhu sau : Ting If:
Ting chin:
chSn - chSn - chSn (a+1) X 2 • I 4 - I 4 - I e
chSn -\k- chSn 14-chin-If
Vdi a 14 s6 so chin (s6 le) d gitta hai sd cin tim.
(Cdn tiip)
VdNHDATOHNHDCVJlDAYHOC.
fTiip theo trang 34) Todn. NXB D&i hgc su ph&m,Hd Nfi. ndm 2007.
5. Trdn Kilu. Todn hgc nhd tru&ng vd yiu cdu phdt triin von vdn hoa todn hgc. http://
diendantoanhoc.net/forum/
index.php?/topic/144-toan- hoc-nha-truong-va-yeu-cau- phat-trien-von-van-hoa-hoa-th/
6. Le Nggc San. Dgy hgc todn & tieu hgc theo htr&ng dgy hgcphdthipn vd gidi quyet vdn de. Lu§n dn Tiln sT gido dgc hgc, frudng DHSP Hd Ndi, 2008.
Summary
Typical elements of
"mathematical culture" is
"mathematical thinking", and also is the "personaUty"
of humanity. Mathematical culture can be contributed with many eases, in many forms, but there is a common principle called "continuing" of every human life.
Teachers can follow Duection method or Problem Solving method that pursues the process:
1. Teacher gives problem 2. Teacher organizes direction/ problem solving for students chasing these steps:
Step 1: Approaching and detecting issues;
Step 2: Problem-solving orientation;
Step 3: Finding and presenting the answer;
Step 4: Checking and explaination.
3. Teacher confirms the results of problem solving and develops problems
Thmkmg and problem solvmg have mtunate relationship with each other.
Thinking makes problem solving, then is developed through problem solving Searchmg problems carefully is the way to improve problem solving skills, to sfrengthen thinking, and to contribute personality for students.
TAP CHl THI^ BIGIAO DVC-sd 95-7/2013 • 49
