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NghiSn curu dir^c ti^n hdnh d^a tren tdng h^rp cdc cong trinh n ^ S n cihi trong vd ngodi nude ve hi^u qud cdng v i ^ cua ngucri lao d$ng. K^t qud cho tfaSy, cd 7 nhan to anh hirdng, bao gom: (1) E)Ong lyc Idm vi?c cua ngirtri lao dOng; (2) S v hdt tdng vdi cdng y i?c ciia ngudi lao dgng; (3) Cam kit vdi cdng vi?c cua ngudi lao dOng: (4) Sv ho tn? cua edp trfin; (5) S\f b5 trg cita d6ng nghi^; (6) Si; cing thing cdng vi$c vd (7) Phong cdch Idnh d^o.
Bdi viet giup xdy d ^ g khung ly thuyet nghien cuu ndng cao hi^u qua cdng v i ^ cho ngudi lao dgng trong cac td chirc d Vi^t Nam.
Tit khda: Hi^u qua cdng v i ^ , c ^ g thfing cdng vi$c, ho trg cua Idnh d^o, hS trg cua dong nghi?p.
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Nhan l^c trong moi td chue ludn dirge xem Id ngudn l^c dau vao quan trgng nhdi quylt dinh s\r tdn t^i va phdt trien ciia td chue dd. Mgt td chdc sd hihi 1 ^ lugng lao dgng cd chdt tugng cao vdi ddy dii cdc kien thuc, ky nSng va thdi dg Idm v i ^ tdt se dugc kilm chung thdng qua hi^u qud cdng \ iec cua nhan vien. Tuy nhiln, trSn thvc tl cd khdng it cdc td chdc cd bl day truyin thdng, co dgi ngu lao dgng hung hdu nhung hi^u qua cdng v j ^ van khong cao. Dieu ndy d$t ra yeu edu cdn xem x^t den cac yiu td tac dgng tdi hi^u qua cdng v i ^ ciia ngudi lao dgng, tu dd xay d ^ g CO sd ly lu^n cho viSc nghien cuu nang cao hi^u qua cdng v i ^ cho ngudi lao dgng trong cac td chue hi?n nay.
2. Car sd ly Ihuyet cua nghUn cihi 2.1. Hifu qud cdng vifc
Theo Ddng Thj Hdng Hoa (2016). hi?u qua cdng vi?c ciia ngudi lao dgng dugc xem nhu chdt lugng lao dgng, trong dd, muc dg hoan thanh chue trdch, nhi^m vy cua ngudi tao dgng (ket qua hoan thdnh nhi?m vy dugc giao) Id tieu chi trung tdm, chu yeu nhdt. la dau hi^u cy thi nhdt, rd nhdt de danh gid hi?u qua cdng vi?c. Do dd, hi^u qua cdng vi?c (job performance) dugc xem nhu ket qua dau ra ciia chdt
lugng lao d$ng. Nghien edu cua Tsui vd cdng sy (1997) (Tsui et al., 1997) dd chi rS, hi§u qua cdng vi^e dugc do b4ng 9 thang do xoay quanh so sdnh thdnh tich cdng v i ^ ma ngudi lao dgng d^t du^c vdi: Muc trung binli, yeu cau djt ra, vdi ddng nghi?p vd sy hdi Idng cua hg vdi kit qua d^t duge.
2.2. Mpt so nhdn to dnh hudng tdi hi^u qud cdng vi^c cua ngudi lao dgng
Nghien cuu vl cac nhan td anh hudng tdi hi?u qufi cdng vi§c cua ngudi lao dgng dd dugc nhieu tde gid trong vd ngoai nude tiip cdn vd dd th6ng nhdt vl mgt sd nhan td tde dgng dudi ddy:
2.2.1. Dgng luc ldm vi^c cua ngudi lao dpng Theo Wright (2003), dgng lyc lao dgng dugc do ludng bdi sy: Cd het sue de hodn thdnh cdng vi?c du gSp cae khd k h ^ , sdn sdng bat dau ngdy Idm vi?c sdm hoae d t^i mugn de hoan thdnh cdng vi?c, thudng tdm vi?c chdm chi hon ngudi khac cd ciang cong vi?c, ldm vi?c quen thdi gian. Tde gid khdng djnh, tdn t^i mdi quan h? ty 1$ thudn gi&a d^ng tyc ldm vi^c vd hi?u qua cdng vi?c cua ngudi lao ddng.
Truomg Due Thao (2018) khing djnh, ddng tyc ldm vi?e duge sinh ra tu nhu edu, nhu cau lam xudt hi^n myc lieu ben trong chii thi, khi dd dgng tyc tam vi§c dugc hilu la sy khao khat vd ly nguyan ciia chu thi
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gong vi«c thyc hi^n edc hdnh vi nhim dat du<;Te myc Qfai ciia minh ^ liln vdi myc tieu cua td ehuc. Vii Tlfl Uyen (2008) dd trinh bdy ve md hinh ket qua thvrc hi^ cdng vi?c cua mdi cd nhan nhu sau: "Kit qui diyc hi?n cdng yi?c = Khd ndng + dgng lyc; Khd ping = Kha ndng bim sinh x Ddo t^o x Cdc ngudn lyc; Dpng lyc = Khao khdt x Ty nguy?n". Nhu vay,
^ g tyc titm v i ^ cd mdi quan h$ tde dgng din hi^u qua cdng v i ^ ciia ngudi lao dgng.
2.2.2. Sv hdi ldng vdi cdng vi?c cua ngudi lao Theo Alferaih (2017), nghien edu ve mdi quan h$ gifta sy hdi ldng vd hi?u qud edng vi?c la mgt trong nhOng ngi dung nghien cuu truyen thdng vd do djnh trong ede nghiSn edu ve tam ty hgc lao dgng (Alfeiaih, 2017). D$c bi?t, nd thudng dugc cac nhd nghien edu xem x€t tdi trong cdc nghien cihi vl quan trj ngu6n nhdn lyc (Li and Ngo, 2017) vd td mgt trong nhOng nhdn td ddu vdo quan trgng tde dgng tdi hi^u qua tiim vi§c cda nhan viSn trong cdc td ehdc (Edwards et al., 2008, Fu and Deshpande, 2014, Li and Ngo, 2017). Sy hdi tdng doi vdi cdng vi?c s5 Idm ngudi lao d^ng tdm vi?c t^n tam hon, sy tan tdm sg uyc tiip tdm hi^u qud cdng vifc tdng ten (Judge et al.. 2002).
Sy hdi Idng vdi cdng vi?c dugc hilu la sy ddnh gid ve nilm vui thich xudt phdt tir cdng vifc ciia mgt ngirdi, bao gdm ca tinh cSm vd n h ^ thdc (Edwards et at., 2008). Nhieu nhd nghifin edu dd quan tdm giai thich moi quan hf gii^a sy hai tdng va hifu qua cdng vifc. Theo hg, thai dg ddi vdi cdng vif e sg anh hudng tdi \ ifc ngudi lao ddng thyc hien cac hdnh vi dong cdng vifc (Ajzen, 1991, Ajzen and Fishbein, 2005) vd sy hdi ldng trong edng viec vdi hifu qua cong vifc ed sy tde d$ng qua l^i ldn nhau (Edwards el al.. 2008). Harrison vd eOng sy (2006) da khdng dinh inh hudng ciia sy hdi ldng cdng viec tdi hieu qui cdng vifc m ^ mg hem sy dnh hudng cua hieu qui cdng vifc vdi sy hdi Idng (Harrison et at., 2006).
2.2.3. Cam kit vdi cdng vi^c
Mli quan hf glfta cam kit vdi cdng vifc vd hifu qua cdng vifc cua nhdn vien Id mgt bien thai dg quan trpng, thudng dugc cdc nhd nghien cim xem xet Irong ede nghidn cuu vl qudn tri nhdn tyc (Li and Ngo, 2017). Day cumg td mdt trong nhirng yeu td diu vio quan trgng dnh hudng tdi hifu qua lam vifc cua ngudi tao dgng (Edv/ards et al., 2008, Fu and Deshpande, 2014. Li and Ngo, 2017). Nd khdng chi ddng vai tro trye tiep, cam kit vdi cdng vifc md cdn dugc col td yeu Id tmng gian chuyen tdi dnh hucmg
ciia sy hdi Idng ddi vdi cdng vifc vd tde dgng tdi hifu qud cdng vifc (Sahninen et at., 2017). Ngirge lai, theo Carmeti \d Freund (2013), cam ket cdng viec dugc chuyen tat qua sy hdi tdng dnh hudng tdi hieu qua cdng vifc ciia nhan vien. Nghien eim cua Fu va Deshpande (2014) dd khdng djnh cam kit vdi cdng vifc dnh hudng d muc tnmg binh tdi hifu qua cdng vifc cua nhdn vien. Tuong ty Id ket qua nghien cuu cua Li vd Ngo (2017), cdc tde gid da phdt hifn sy doh hudng thudn chidu cua cam ket vdi cdng vifc tdi hifu qud cdng vifc cua nhdn vien. Ndi cdch khde, cdc nhdn vien cd earn ket cdng eao vdi cdng vife thi hifu qud cdng vifc cua hg edng cao (Li and Ngo, 2017). Nghien cuu eua Yu vd cgng sy [2014] cung cho thay, sy tucmg quan phan dnh mdi quan hf thudn chilu giuTi 2 yiu to cam ket vdi cdng vife vd hifu qua cdng vifc ciia nhdn vien (Yu et al., 2014).
2.2.4. Su hd trp cua edp trin
Theo Edward vd cgng sy (2008), sy hd trg eiia ngudi quan ty cd lien quan ch$t chg tdi hifu qud thyc hifn nhifm vy cua nh3n vien (Edwards et at., 2008). Nhung sy lien quan nay tiieo thdi gian sg gay ra nhdng hifu img khac nhau vdi tung mue dg ho trg khac nhau. Thdi gian ddu, dnh hudng sy ho try ciia ngudi qudn ly ten hifu qud edng vifc cua nhan vien la tucmg doi gidng nhau, diu theo chilu hudng di ten. Nhung vl lau ddi, hifu qud edng vifc ciia cac nhan vign nhdn duge sy ho try tieh cyc td nhd qudn ly sg tiip tuc tSng ten, trong khi do hifu qud cdng vifc cua cac nhan vien nhdn dugc sy ho trg thip d nhd quan ty se di xudng (Kanat-Maymon and Reizer, 2017). Sy hd trg td edp tren (Idnh d?o, ngudi qudn ty trye tiip...) nang lyc Idnh dao, dgng lyc lam vifc cua lanh dao, cac yeu to mang tinh cd nhdn va phong caeh lanh dao/sy hS trg cua ngudi qudn ty..., cd tde ddng khdng nhd tdi hifu qua cdng viec cua nhdn vien.
c i p tren dugc coi la mpt tt^ong nhiing yeu td mang lai sy hdi long va dgng lyc lao dgng cho nhan vien, do do sy ho trg cua hg se giiip cho hifu qua cong vifc ciia nhan vien tang ten. Tuy nhien, sy ho try cua cip tren cung cd the tdm cho nhan vien mdt cdm giac ty chu, qua dd ldm giam hifu qua cdng vifc. (iJ mgt gdc dp khde, neu khdng cd sy hd trg cua ngudi lanh dao, cdc nd lyc cua nhan vien trong do cd nd lyc dl thye hifn edng vifc hifu qua hon cd thi di ehfch hudng (Kanat-Maymon and Reizer, 2017). Cung tuang ty nhu cdc nhan td tren, sy ho trg cua nhd qudn l> dnh hudng tdi hifu qua cdng viec ciia nhdn \ ien khong phai tuc nao cung thdng
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nhdL N ^ i e n cuu cua Chen vd Silvertfaonie (2005) cbo thdy, khdng cd mdi tuong quan ndo gifta sy ho try cita ngudi qudn ly ddc trung bdi phong each Idnh dao tdi hifu qud edng vifc ciia nhdn vien (Chen and Silverthcme, 2005).
2.2.5. Su hd trg cua dong nghidp
Kalteber (1977), Harrick vd ddng sy (1986) dd nhdn manh, thdi dg dch eye vdi ddng D^tfp vd ede gidm sdt tu nha quan ty gdp phan dang ke ndng cao hifu qua edng vifc cho nhdn vien (Ph?m Due Chinh, 2016). Sy hS Ui? eua ddng nghifp diu cd dnh hudng tdi hifu qud ldm vifc nhung cd miic dg khde nhau. Theo Sargent vd Teny (2000), ho ffy cua ddng nghifp Hgn quan m|t thiet hon tdi sy hdi tdng cdng vifc vd hifu qua Idm vifc so vdi hS trg tu nhd qudn ly. Jurkiewics vd ddng sy (1998) chi ra, d khu vyc cdng, moi quan hf giita nhdn vien vd gidm sal vien thdn thifn, hda hgp sg Id dgng lyc de hg ldm vifc tot hem. cd hifu qua hem (Jurkiewies el al.. 1998).
Eltickson (2002) vd Borzaga (2006) cho thiy, moi quan hf vdi dong nghifp cd dnh hudng khdng nhd tdi sy hai Idng cdng vifc vd hifu qua cdng vife eua nhdn vien (Borzaga and Tortia. 2006, Eltickson, 2002).
Wright (2001) nhan m ^ h , nhdn vien trong ca hai hf thdng cdng vd tu diu mudn cd mdt tmdng Idm vifc tdt, ddng nghifp than thifn, sin sang ho trg nhau ldm vife dl ed hifu qua cao nhat). Peterson vd ddng sy (2003) eho bilt, sy than thifn trong giam sdt va mdi quan hf vdi ddng n^ifp Id mgi trong so nhihig nhan td quyet djnh dgng lyc lam vifc vd hifu qua trong cdng vifc (Peterson et al., 2003). Cdc nghign edu ciia Koustelios (2001), Peterson vd ddng sy (2003) ciing di din ket ludn, tdn Mii mdj quan hf tich cyc giite nhan id h5 trg nr ddng nghiep vdi dgng lye tdm vifc vd hifu qud cdng vifc ciia nhdn vien (Peterson et at., 2003).
2.2.6. Sucdng thdng cdng vifc
Theo Dobreva-Martinova vd cpng sy [2002], cd nhilu khia c^nh cua sy cang thing nghl nghiep nhu:
Sy mo hd, sy xung dpt, sy qua tai, sy khdng hifu qud vd trdch nhifm vdi ngiKri khde. Trong dd. sy lien kit giita xung dpt vdi sy hdi tdng cdng vifc \d hifu qud cdng vifc rdt manh me vd nhat qudn (Dobreva- Martinova et a!.. 2002).
Cang tiling yong cdng vifc dl cap din cdm gidc dp lyc vl thdi gian, sy ban khodn vd to iSng cd Hen quan din nhifm vy edng vife (Hunter and Thatcher.
2007). Sy cang tiling cdng vifc, d mgl trang thdi nh? nhdng hem. ddi khi cdn duge eoi Id n b ^ g dp
lyc cua cdng \ifc \a d mdt chimg myc ndo dd dnh hudng tich cyc idi hifu qud cdng Wfc cda nhdn vidn.
Nhung, khi dp lyc edng vifc dugc ddy teii eao, Idc nay dp lyc chuyin tiianh nhihig cSng tiidng Oting cdng vifc, dilu ndy thudng dnh hudng khdng tdt tdi hifu qud Idm vifc cua con ngudi. Do dd, cd nhieu nghien cuu trong cdc bdi cdnh khde nhau chi ra sy dnh hudng khdng gidng nhau cua cfing tiling cdng vifc tdi hifu qud. Tuy nhien, trong cdc nghidn cihi trude ddy. m$t tieu eye ciia cfing thing cdng vifc dudng nhu ddng vai trd ndi trgi hem.
Ly tiiuylt vl cfing thing cdng vifc ggi ^ sy lien quan gifta cfing tiling vd hifu qua cdng vifc (Hunter and Thatcher, 2007). Nghien eim eiia Mohr vd Puck [2007] tgi cdc lien doanh Ddc - An Dp tgi An DO cho tiiiy, mde idc dgng ldn vd ngugc chilu cua sy cfing thing cdng vifc ciia cdc tdng gidm d6c tdi hifu qui hogt ddng eiia ede lien doanh, chinh Id hifu qud cdng vifc ciia ede long gidm doc ndy (Motir and Puck, 2007). Nghien edu ciia Abuatrub [2004] vdi tgp hgp mau td 263 y Id ngudi MJ vd 40 y td thupc cdc qu6c tjch khde, kit qua cho thay cfing thing cdng vifc anh hudng tidu cyc tdi hifu qud cdng vifc cua nhflng ngudi tham gia phdng vin. Hg cho bilt, cfing thing edng vifc khien hg ludn ed nhihig sai sdt trong thye hifn cdng vifc, do dd hifu qud cdng vifc khdng Ayxqc nhu <i mu6n (AbuAlRub, 2004).
Tuy nhien. edc nghien cim cua Chen vd Silvertiiome [2005] vdi mau 126 nha qudn ly d cdc cong ty djch vy vd sdn xuit tgi M^ (Chen and Silverthome, 2005) vd nghien edu cua Zhang vd cpng sy yen tgp hgp miu Id 368 nhan vien vd 45 qudn ly Igi edc ngdn hdng thuong mai thuOc tinh Chilt Giang, Trung Qude lai khdng djnh khdng cd sy dnh hudng cd y nghTa Uidng ke eua sy cdng thing cdng vifc tdi hifu qud cdng vifc d cdc doi tugng mSu dugc dilu tra (Zhang el al., 2011). Tham chi, nghien cim ciia Hunter vd Thatcher edn cho thdy tde dOng dudng nhu mang tinh tich cyc cua cfing tiling edng vifc tdi hifu qua cdng vifc (Hunter and Thatcher, 2007). Nhu vdy, nhimg bdng chimg txi cdc nghiSn ciiru trude ve sy tac dgng ciia cdng thing cdng vifc tdi hifu qud cdng vifc dudng nhu chua dgt duge sy nhdt qudn cao (Hunter and Thatcher, 2007) vd cin dugc thyc hifn d edc nghien cuu tiip theo.
2.2.7. Phong cdch Idnh dgo
Mpt sd nghien ciru dfi ehi ra mdi quan hf tde dgng gifta phong cdch Ifinh dgo vdi cang thing cdng vifc vd hifu qud cdng vifc eiia nhan vien Diln hinh nhu nghien edu ciia Babin vd Boles (1996), vdi 261
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ddi tugng Id ede nhdn vien phyc vy tgi nhd hdng thufc cac tiiinh pho phia Nam nude My, ghi nhdn cic linh dgo ed phong cdch thdn tiiif n hay yy giup Bhan vien sg ldm gidm cfing thing trong cdng vifc cda nhdn vien vd tdng hifu qud edng vifc cua hp (Babin and Boles. 1996). Nghien edu eua Brouer vi Harris (2007) eung cho thay, sy trao ddi thudng xuy^Q gii^ Idnh dgo vd nhdn vidn (mgt trong ede phong cich Idnh dgo) sS tde dpng tdi hifu qud cdng vifc cua nhSn vien. Tuy nhien, mdc dp vd chilu tiudng inh hudng lgi lehdc nhau tiiy vdo dieu kifn, lin suit tuong tde vd sy trao ddi dd cd tieu eye hay kbdng (Brouer and Harris, 2007). Ndi cdch khde, khi phong cdch Idnh dgo hudng tdi sy trao ddi s6 anh hudng tdi sy cfing thing vd hifu qua cdng vifc cua nhin vien.
IChdng giong kit qud ciia cdc nghien cuu tren, n^ien cuu ciia Dobreva-Martinova (2002) vd cpng sy tren 1.068 quan nhan Canada khdng tim thiy sv dieu tiet gifta cdc hdnh vi ctia Ifinh dgo tdi mdi quan hf gifta edng thing nghl nghifp vdi sy hai long cdng vife ciia nhdn vidn. Ket qud ndy duge cdc nhd nghian ciru gidi thich do sy dnh hudng cua muc dg cing thing khdng cao d edc qudn nhdn (Dobreva- Martinova et al., 2002). Nghien edu ciia Bono vd cfng sy (2007) tren mdu Id 57 nhan vien chfim sdc sire khde bdng xe edu thucmg tai My vdi 889 phan hii trong cdc ca lim vifc. Nghien edu khdng di theo hirdng kiem dinh sy tac dgng trye tiep cua phong
cdch lanh dgo tdi hieu qud edng vifc cua tihan vien, md nghien edu mdi quan hf gidn tiep thdng qua sy dieu tiet cua phong each lanh dgo tdi moi quan hf gifta dieu tiet cdm xuc vdi cfing thing trong cdng vifc. Tuy nhien, cdc tac gia da khdng ghi nhdn dugc cd sy anh hudng nao eua phong cacti Ifinh dgo tdi mdi quan hf gifta 2 biin tren (Bono et al., 2007). Cd thd hieu, khdng ed sy dnh hudng gian tiep cua phong each lanh dgo tdi hifu qud cdng vifc cua nhan vien.
Do dd, vifc nghien curu tde dgng ciia nhan to phong each Idnh dgo tdi hifu qud cdng vifc cua ngudi lao dpng vdn Id mgt hudng nghien ciru can cd cic kiem chimg d nhilu ITnh vye khde nhau.
3. Kit ludn
Qua vifc hf thdng hda vd phdn tich cac cdng tdnh nghien edu cua cac tde gid d trong vd ngodi nude vl hifu qua cdng vifc cua ngudi lao dpng, tde gid dfi khai qudt nen moi quan hf tde dgng cua 7 nhan td anh hudng, bao gdm; (1) Dpng tyc lam vifc cua ngudi ldo dpng, (2) Sy hai long vdi cdng vifc ciia ngudi lao dgng, (3) Cam ket vdi edng vifc cua ngudi lao dgng, (4) Sy ho trg eiia cap tren, (5) Sy ho trg ciia dong nghifp, (6) Sy edng thfing cdng vife vd (7) Phong each lanh dao. Kdt qua nghidn edu ndy tgo ca sd ly tuan eho vife tien hdnh nghign eim ddnh gid thyc trang hifu qua cdng vifc vd cae nhdn to tde dpng tdi hifu qua edng vife eua ngudi lao dgng trong cac td chdc, qua dd tao eac cdng ey nhdm tfing cudng hieu qua cdng viee eho ngudi tao d^ngv
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Ngiy nhgn bdi: 23/4/2020
Ngdy phdn bifn d d n h gid vd s u a c h i t a : 3/5/2020 Ngdy c h i p n h d n d d n g b d i : 12/5/2020
Thdng tin tde gid:
ThS. DU'ONG M I N H T U IVirdng Dgi h ^ c D a i N a m
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE WORK PERFORMANCE OF STAFF
• Master. DUONG MINH TU Dai Nam Untversity
A B S T R A C T :
This paper w a s written by reviewing domestic and foreign researches on work performance of woilcers. T h e paper summarized 7 factors affecting the performance of workers and these factors are: (1) Working motivation of employees; (2) Satisfaction of employees with their j o b ; (3) Commitinent to tiie work of e m p l o y e e s ; (4) Leadership support from superiors; (5) Peer support from colleagues; (6) J o b stress a n d (7) Leadership style. T h i s paper is expected to help develop a research tiieoretical framework to improve the performance o f employees working for organizations in Viemam.
K e y w o r d s : Work performance, j o b stress, leadership support, peer support.
