• - ' " .-i • !;• '-• - J S i r PHAM T P H d CHi MINH HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
1 ^ 1 ^ i M r u n i r v h O A H Q C JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
ISSN: KHOA HOC XA HOl VA N H A N VAN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES 1859-3100 Tap 16, So 5 (2019)' 69-79 Vol, 16, No. 5 (2019): 69-79
Email- tapclJil<tioahoc@hcmue.edu.vn; V^ebsite- http:/Ackh ticmue.edu.vn
TINH THAI VA CAC PHlTONG TIEN BIEU HIEN TINH THAI TRONG AN VAN TIENG VIET
Nguyin Thi Lf, Trdn Hodng^
Truong Dai hoc Nguyen Hue Trudng Dai hoc Suphgm Thdnh pho Ho Chi Minh Tdc gid lien he Nguyen Thi Le — Email, nguyenthilelq@gmail.com Ngay nh$n bar 05-02-2019; ngay nh$n b^) su-a: 19-3-2018, ngay duyet dang: 10-4-2019
TOM TAT
Tren ca sd khdo sdt ngd- lieu thuc te vd nen tdng Ii thuyet cita ngU- dung hoc, bdi viet nghien cuu cdc logi tinh thdi trong dn vdn vd cdch thiic su dung chung. Bdi viet cUng chi ra cdc phuang tien bieu hien tinh thdi nhdn thuc vd tinh thdi dgo nghia, phdn tich vd khdi qudt tdc dung cua nd doi V&I hieu qud giao tiep cua dn vdn tieng Viet.
Tic khda: tinh thai trong an van, ban an, ngdn ngii ban an.
1. Dat van de
Ban an (an van) la van ban phap luat ghi nhan quyet djnh eua tda an, danh ddu su kit thuc cua qua trinh td tung va cd the lam phat sinh mgt qua trinh td tung khae. Ban an cd tinh quyet dmh den sd phan, tinh mang, tai san ciia ea nhan va phap nhan. De dat hieu qua giao tiep, eae phat ngon trong ban an phai minli bach, khach quan va cd tinh thuyet phuc cao. Tinh thai ddng vai trd quan trpng tao nen hieu qua giao tiep ciia an van.
Tinh thai la radt pham trii vd cimg phiic tap ma cho den nay nhung nghien ciiu ve nd van chua dat dugc den sy hoan ehinh va thdng nhdt. Trong bai viet nay, chung tdi khdng cd tham vpng di vao nghien ciiu Ii thuyet ve tinh thai. Chiing tdi can cir vao nhiing tai lieu tham khao ed dugc, dya vao mgt khung Ii thuyet nhat djnh de lam co sd cho viec nghien ciru tinh thai va tac dung cua nd ddi vdi hieu qua giao tiep trong an van.
Tren co sd khao sat 74 ban an gdm 561 trang, thudc tda an sa tham, phiie pham ciia cac tinh thanh phia Nam nhu Ba Ria - Viing Tau, Binh Thuan, Cdn Tho, Dong Nai, Ddng Thap, Lam Ddng, Hau Giang, Long An, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh... trong thdi gian tir nam 2008 din nam 2010, chiing tdi tim hilu v l Hnh thai va cae phuong tien bilu hien tinh thai trong an van. De cd ca sd xac djnh cae loai Hnh thai trong an van, chimg tdi trinh bay mgt cachJdiai quat nhiing vdn d.h co ban v l Hnh thai nhu: khai niem ve tinh thai, phan biet tinh thai vdi ngdn lieu, cac loai tinh thai trong ngdn ngii, tir dd xac djnh loai tinh thai dupe sii dung trong an van va each thiie sir dung chiing. Tilp theo, chiing tdi ehi ra nhiing phuong
69
TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM
tien ngdn ngu bieu hien tinh thai trong an van, phan Hch va khai quat tac dung ciia nd dm vdi hieu qua giao Hip.
2. Tinh thai va cac phuong tien bieu hien tinh thai trong an van 2.L Tinh thdi trong dn vdn
Trong ngdn ngii hpc hien nay, khai niem tinh thai dugc cac tac gia dimg de chi mpt pham trii ngir nghia rgng Idn xoay quanh moi quan he giiia ngudi ndi, ndi dung mieu ta trong phat ngdn va thyc tl. Cd nhilu khai niem khae nhau ve tinh thai, nhung de hieu tinh thai mdt each rd rang nhat, eae tae gia thudng ddi lap nd vdi mdt khai niem gan giii khac la
"ngdn lieu".
Cao Xuan Hao khai quat su phan biet giiia ngdn Heu va tinh thai nhu sau: "Trong Id- gich hpc, ndi dung cua mpt menh de dupe chia lam hai phan. Phan thii nhat gpi la ngdn lieu (lexis hay dictum), tii'c eai tap hgp gdm sd thuyet (vi ngy Id-gich) va cae tham td cua nd dugc xet nhu mdt mdi lien he tiem nang, va phan thii hai gpi la tinh thai (modalite), la each thyc hien mdi lien he ay, cho biet mdi lien he ay la ed that (hien thye) hay la khdng cd (phii djnh nd, coi nd la phi hien thyc), la tat yeu hay khdng tat yeu, la ed the cd dupe hay khdng the cd dugc." (Cao Xuan Hao, 1991, tr.96). Ciing vdi each nhin nhan nhu vay nhung Nguyen Van Hiep dien dat don gian hon: "Ngdn lieu thuc chdt la thdng tin mieu td ddgng tiem ndng, cdn tinh thdi Id phdn dinh tinh cho thdng tin mieu td dy. " (Nguyen Van Hiep, 2008, tr.85). Nhu vay, cd the coi ngdn Ueu va tinh thdi la hai mat khac nhau tdn tai Hong cau tnic nghia cua phat ngdn ma cai nay lara eo sd eho sy tdn tai cua cai kia va ngugc lai.
Sy phan biet giiia ngdn lieu va tinh thai nhu vay eho phep chung ta di den mdt each hieu cy the ve tinh thai. Tinh thai bao gdm cae tham td ca ban nhu: cac tham td ve tinh tat yeu, tinh kha nang va tinh hien thyc. Nhung thara td nay dya tren co sd nhan thiic hay dao nghia dudi gdc do khach quan hay chu quan. Tir nhiing tham td co ban nhu vay, y nghTa tinh thai trong ngdn ngtr hgc dugc phan chia thanh nhieu kieu khac nhau nhu:
Cac y nghia khac nhau the hien sy danh gia, thai do, lap trudng ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi ndi dung thdng bao: ngudi ndi danh gia ndi dung thdng bao vl dp Hn cay, tinh hgp phap ciia hanh ddng, xem dd la dieu tich cyc hay Heu cue, la bat ngd ngoai ehd dgi hay binh thudng...
Cac y nghia ddi lap giiia khang dinh va phii djnh ddi vdi su xudt hien cua sy tinh.
Nhiing dac trung lien quan den sy dien tien cua su tinh, hen quan din khung ngu nghia ngir phap cua vj Hr ciing nhu mdi quan he giiia ehil the duge ndi din trong cau va vi tir (y nghia ve thdi, the va cac y nghia dugc the hien bang vj tir tinh thai, cho biit chii thi coy djnh, cd kha nang, mong mudn thuc hien hanh ddng...).
Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM Nguyin Thi Li vd tgk
Cac y nghia khac phan anh cae dae trung khae eiia phat ngdn va hanh dgng phat ngdn cd lien quan den ngii canh, xet theo quan diem danh gia ciia ngudi ndi.
Cac y nghia thi hien muc dieh phat ngdn cua ngudi ndi, the hien sy tae ddng qua lai gitia ngudi ndi va ngudi nghe.
Hieu ve tinh thai nhu vay, chimg tdi nhan thay rang trong an van tinh thai xudt hien d ba tham td: tinh tat yeu va tinh kha nang, tinh hien thuc tren co sd nhan thuc va dao nghia dudi gdc dp chu quan va d dang cue cap. Cac kieu y nghTa tinh thai bilu hien trong an van la:
The hien sy danh gia, thai dp, lap trudng ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi dilu dugc ndi tdi.
Cac y nghia the hien muc dich phat ngdn ciia ngudi ndi, the hien sy tac ddng qua lai giiia ngudi noi va ngudi nghe.
Tinh thai trong an van cd the quy ve hai loai: tinh thai nhan thirc va tinh thai dao nghTa. Tinh thai dao nghia va tinh thai nhan thiic cd nhiing kieu y nghia khac nhau ma ehiing cd the cd trong an van hoae khdng.
2.2. Cdc loai iinh thdi trong dn vdn 2.2.1. Tinh thdi nhdn thicc
Tinh thai nhan thiic dugc hieu la tinh thai ehi ra vj the hieu biit cua ngudi ndi, bao gdm ea sy xae nhan eiing nhu dam bao ca nhan cila ngudi ndi ddi vdi dieu anh ta ndi ra.
Tinh thai nhan thicc khdng ehi lien quan tdi tinh tat yeu, tinh kha nang ma cdn lien quan den miic do cam ket ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi dieu dugc ndi ra trong eau.
Tinh thai trong an van phu thudc rat Idn vao cau tnic phat trien nhan thuc cua an van.
Cau tnic phat trien nhan thiic cua an van gdm cd ba phan: "Nhan thay", "Xet thay" va
"Quyet dinh". Phan "Nhan thay" ghi lai mpt each khach quan ndi dung vy an, bao gdm dien bien cua vu an trudc khi Tda xet xir va tien trinh xet xii vu an. Nhimg ndi dung khach quan trinh bay trong phan "Nhan thay" dugc xem xet kT ludng va ket hop vdi nhiing quy djnh ciia phap luat; tda an se dua ra ket luan cho timg phan, timg ndi dung cy the. Qua trinh tu duy nay dupe the hien rd trong phdn "Xet thdy". Nhu vay tir '"Nhdn thdy" den "Xet thdy" the hien budc mdt eua qua trinh nhan thiic van de. Nhiing dieu neu trong phan 'Nhdn thdy" la nhiing dieu ma tda an nhan biet dugc bang true quan, va nhiing dieu neu trong
"Xet thdy" la ket qua cua qua trinh tu duy. Do do, tinh thai nhan thiic hong phan "Nhan thay" the hien kieu y nghia bdc Id thai dp, lap trudng eua ngudi noi (ngudi ndi d day la mdt tap the dai dien cho quyin lyc cua nha nude): ngudi ndi khdng cam ket hay xac nhan tinh chan thuc ciia dieu dupe ndi ra. Trong phdn "Xet thdy", tinh thai nhan thirc the hien kieu y nghTa bdc Id thai dp, lap trudng ciia ngudi ndi nhung vdi muc do cam ket, xac nhan hoan toan tinh chan thyc ciia dilu dugc ndi ra dya tren nhung bang chiing cd hieu lyc manh hoac nhiing co sd suy luan ma ngudi ndi cd dupe. Dieu nay tao nen tinh thuyet phuc ciia an van ddi vdi ngudi dpe, ngudi nghe.
TAP CHl KHOA HOC - Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM
2.2.2. Tinh thdi dgo nghia
Kieu y nghia tinh thai thii hai xudt hien trong an van thudc vl tinh thai dao nghia.
Tinh thai dao nghTa dupe hilu la loai tinh thai cd hen quan din nhan td y chi cua ngudi noi.
Neu nhu tinh thai nhan thiic chi ra vj thi hilu biit cua ngudi ndi, bao gdm ca sy xac nhan cung nhu nhiing dam bao ca nhan cua ngudi ndi ddi vdi dieu anh ta ndi ra thi tinh thai dao nghTa lai lien quan den tinh hgp thirc vl dao diic hay eae ehuan muc xa hdi khac ddi vai hanh ddng do ragt ngudi nao do hay chinh ngudi ndi thyc hien.
Trong an van, tinh thai dao nghia the hien ro nhat d phan "Quyit dinh" vdi kieu y nghia tinh thai the hien kilu muc dieh tai ldi ma ngu'di ndi thue hien xet d binh dien lien nhan. Ngudi ndi eho rdng dieu duge ndi tdi la bat huge, la dugc phep hay dugc mien trir, tu dd xae lap quyen va nghia vu cho ddi tugng dugc nhac den. Trong an van, tinh thai dao nghia dupe the hien vdi ba kieu y nghTa chinh: sy bat buoc, sy cho phep, sy cam doan.
Nhiing phuang tien ngdn ngii' bieu hien tinh thai dao nghTa gdp phan tao lap quyen va nghia vu cho ngudi nghe - la nhiing ddi tu'png thara gia td tyng. Tinh thai dao nghia trong an van dugc bieu hien qua nhieu phuong tien ngdn ngii khac nhau va kha da dang.
2.3. Cdc phwffng tiin biiu hiin tinh thdi trong dn van 2.3.1. Phuong tiin bieu hiin tinh thdi nhdn thicc
Phan "Nhan thay" cua an van khdng xuat hien nhiing yeu td danh dau tinh thai nhan thiic thi hien cac mirc do cam ket eiia ngudi ndi ve tinh chan thue eua dieu dugc ndi ra nhu: cd the, co le. hinh nhu, chdc chan, chdc hdn, chdc... de dam bao tinh dcm nghia eho ndi dung thdng bao. Phuong tien ngdn ngii ehu yeu de bieu thj tinh thai nhan thiie trong phan nay la eac quan ngii tinh thai. Cac quan ngu Hnh thai dugc dung d vj tri dau cau lam tang tinh mach lac, can ximg cho an van ddng thai bieu thj Hnh thai nhan thiic. Nd the hien kieu y nghia bdc Id thai do, lap trudng cila ngudi ndi: ngudi ndi khdng cam ket hay xae nhan tinh chan thyc cua dieu dugc ndi ra. Theo dd, ngudi ndi trinh bay dieu dugc ndi ra vdi tu each la dieu ma ngudi ndi dugc thdng bao qua rapt ngudi thii ba, nhu:
Theo X (thi) 1...1
(X la ehil the dugc nhac tdi trong an van nhung khdng phai la ngudi ndi) Vidu':
(1) Theo anh H. chi Hda hica kit hdn vdi anh, lai dung tinh cdm muon tien [. J.
(Tda an nhan dan tinh Bin Tre, Bdn dn sd 04/2009/DS-ST ngdy 17/12/2008) (2) Theo ngi dung dan khdi kien di ngdy 28/5/2008 vd ndi dung biin bdn hda gidi ngdy 27/8/2008 Ihi [..J
' Trong cac vi du, cliung loi se viet tat danli tir rieng (chi viet tat cliij cai dau, chang han: Ba Nguyin Thi Hai vigt iji la Ba N.T H) DS tien iheo doi, ngu vi du la mot cau hay chuoi cau qua dai, chiing toi se lu-oc bot ph4n n^i dung khong can thiSi. Phin luocbctl se dat irong dau [..,].
Yu'dng DHSP TPHCM Nguyin Thi Li vd tgk (Tda an nhan dan Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, Bdn dn sd 212I/2009/HN-PT ngdy 27/10/2009)
X noi la/ trinh bay/ cho la/khai nhan/khai bao/...
(3') Don khdi kien nedv 20/12/2006 cua dng V.P.X. V.K.L, V.K.A. V.P.T. V.K.C vd V.K.N trinh bay: Phdn ddt tranh chdp ranh cd nguon gdc cua cha me cdc nguyin don [..f.
(Tda an Nhan dan tinh Ddng Thap, Bdn dn sd 222/2009/DS-PT ngdy 25/6/2009) (4) Ong D. bd T xdc dinh tic ndm 1962 cho din nay vdn sir dung dung vai dien tich duac cdp quyin su dung ddt chic khdng lan chiem phdn ddt ciia cdc nguyen don.
(Tda an Nhan dan tinh Ddng Thap, Bdn dn sd 549A/2008/DS-PTngdy 23/12/2008) (5) Ludt su bdo vi quyin vd lai ich hgp phdp cua nsuvin don cho rdns phdn ddt dang tranh chdp co nguon gdc cua cha me bd R. bd H, dng R de lgi [...J.
(Tda an Nhan dan tinh Hau Giang, Bdn dn sd 46/2010/DS-PT ngdy 19/4/2010) Nhiing dang thiic nay cho phep ngudi dpc/ngudi nghe hieu rang nhung ndi dung thdng bao phia sau chi la nhiing thdng tin ma ngudi noi nhan dugc trong qua trinh nghien cuu ho so, tim hieu thye te vu viec. Ngudi ndi khdng dam bao tinh diing/sai cila nhiing thdng tin dd,
Trong phan "Xet thay", tinh thai nhan thirc the hien kieu y nghia bdc Id thai dp, lap trudng eua ngudi noi. Ngudi ndi trinh bay dieu dugc ndi ra vdi tu each la: dieu ma ngudi ndi suy luan dugc dya tren nhung bang chiing da dugc kiem dmh, nhiing can cii' phap luat.
Trong an van, each ndi nay thudng dugc the hien bang viec neu Ii do, can cii, nguyen nhan tmdc rdi dua ket luan sau hoac ket luan trudc va dua cac bang chiing sau. Phuong tien ngon ngii dugc diing bieu hien tinh thai dao nghia trong trudng hpp nay la cac khung tinh thai bieu hien quan he dieu kien - ket qua, nguyen nhan - ket qua nhu:
Sau khi..., qua..., can cii vao... Hoi dong xet xu-nhan dinh/thay rang...
Tir nhirng can ciir tren cho thay.... Hoi dong xet x u chap nhan/khong chap nhan...
Do...(nen)...
Vidu:
(6) Sau khi nghien cuu cdc tdi lieu, chirng cir cd trong hd sa vd qua phdn thdm tra xet hdi cdc duong su tai phiin tda, can cir vdo kit qua tranh ludn tgi phien toa, Hoi dons xet xic nhdn dinh:
(Toa an nhan dan tinh Bgn Tre, Ban dn sS 04/2009/DS-ST ngay 17/12/2008) il) Tit nhuns: can cu tren cho thdy phia bi dcm lihong idn ddt ciia cdc nguyen dan nen Hoi dong xet xir phuc phdm chdp nhdn [...]
Ti
TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM
(Toa an Nhan dan tinh Ddng Thap, Bdn dn sd 549A/2008/DS-PT ngdy 23/12/2008) (8) Do_ don khdi kiin khdng duoc chdp nhdn nen anh H phdi nop dn phi theo quy dinh cua phdp ludt.
(Tda an nhan dan tinh B i n Tre, Bdn dn sd 04/2009/DS-ST ngdy 17/12/2008) Cae dang thiic nay ket hgp vdi nhau trong lap luan d l chiing minh rang ngudi ndi da dua tren nhieu eo sd, xem xet vdn d l mdt each toan dien rdi mdi dua ra ket luan. Tir do, ngudi ndi cam ket tinh chan thyc, tinh phii hgp vdi thye te cua dieu minh ndi ra.
Ngoai ra, phan "Xet thay' trong an van ciing su dyng nhieu khung tinh thai chua tac tir khang djnh (cd, la) va tac hi phii djnh (khdng) de xac nhan v l mdt sy tinh da dugc chiing minh.
A c6/khdng co can cu de chap nhan...
A la phu hop vdi...
A la CO Cff sd...
A Iii diing...
(A la mdt ngi dung cy the da dugc neu trong phan "Nhan thay") Vi du:
(9) An so thdm da xd khdng chdp nhgn yiu cdu cua dng T ddi sd hihi Vi cdn nhd sd [...] Id cd ca sd vd dung guv dinh cua phdp ludt.
(Tda an Nhan dan Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh, Bdn dn sd I153/2008/DS-PT ngdy 22/9/2008)
(10) Cong ti N.Q cung khdng chung minh duac la minh co quyen nop don ddng ki kieu ddng cdng nghiep theo quy dinh cua Dieu 86 Ludt So hiru tri tue ndm 2005 nen khdng cd cdn cudi xem xet gidi quyit yeu cdu cua cdng ti N.Q.
(Tda phiie thdm Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, Bdn dn sd 05/2009/KDTM-PT ngdy 12/01/2009)
(11) Ldi khai nhdn tdi cua bi cdo phii hop vai cdc chuns cu da thu thdp tai ho so vu dn. phii hop vdi cdc ldi khai nhdn chiing. bien bdn khdm nehiem hien tncdng. bien bdn khdm nshiim tir thi cUng nhu kit ludn gidm dinh. Cd ca sd kit ludn cdc bi cdo C, T, Th, T deu phgm tpi "Giet ngudi" theo Khodn 2 Diiu 93 vd phgm tdi "Cd y gdy thuang tich "
theo Khodn 2 Diiu 104 Bo Ludt Hinh su md Vien Kiim sdt nhdn ddn tinh Ninh Thudn da truy td Id cd cdn cic.
(Tda an Nhan dan tinh Ninh Thuan, Bdn dn sd 04/2009/HSST ngdy 23/02/2009) Cac phuang tien bieu hien tinh thai nhan thirc trong an van dugc thi hien qua Bang sau day:
"ri^dng DHSP TPHCM Nguyen Thi Li vd tgk
Bdng L Cdc phuang tien biiu hien y nghia tinh thdi nhdn thicc trong dn vdn Quan ngu tinh thai Khung tinh thai Y nghta
Khong cam ket/ Theo X(thi) [...J xac nhan tinh chan X noi Id/ trinh bdy/ cho thyc cua dieu diryc Id/ khai nhgn/ khai noi bdo/...
Cam ket/ xac nhan tinh chan thyc ciia dieu duoc noi
Sau khi..., qua. ., cdn cu vdo... Hdi ddng xet xic nhdn dinh/thdy rdng...
Tic nhiing cdn cir tren cho thdy..., Hdi ddng xet xu chdp nhdn/khdng chdp nhdn. .
Do... (nen)...
A cd/khdng cd cdn cudi chdp nhdn...
A la phu hop vdi...
A Id coca sd...
A Id dung...
2.3.2. Phuang tien bieu hiin tinh thdi dgo nghia
Ngudi ndi trong an van la mdt tap the nhan danh Nha nude, dai dien cho phap luat va ngudi nghe, cung chinh la ddi tugng dugc ndi den, la nhiing edng nhan va phap nhan.
Quan he giiia ngudi ndi vdi ngudi nghe la quan he phap luat vdi vai tac ddng va vai bi tae dpng. Vi vay, an van sif dung nhung phuong tien bieu thi tinh thai dao nghia vdi muc dich rang bugc ve quyen va nghia vu thuc hien mdt hanh ddng nao day ddi vdi ngudi nghe. Muc dich nay the hien trong phan "Quyet djnh" cua an van.
Ndi den phuong tien bieu thj tinh thai dao nghia trong an van, trude het phai ke tdi nhirng vj tit tinh thai nhu phdi, duoc - hai vj tir tinh thai thudng xuyen xuat hien trong an van nham xac lap quyen va nghia vu thyc thi hanh ddng cho ddi tupng.
Vj tir tinh thai phdi the hien y nghTa tinh thai ve su bdt budc. Nhung phat ngdn sii dung vj tir tinh thai phdi bieu hien su bat budc ddi tugng dugc ndi tdi cd trach nhiem, nghia vu thi hanh mpt hanh ddng hay mdt dilu gi dd theo Heu ehuan phap luat dugc quy djnh tai cac dieu luat. Vi du:
(12) dng Chu tich UBND Thi xd Tdn An phdi chiu 50. OOOd dn phi hdnh chinh so thdm.
(Tda an Nhan dan Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, Bdn dn sd 2584/2 009/DS-ST ngdy 09/9/2009)
(13) dng X con phai nop dip 916.000 ddng tgi thi hdnh dn ddn su thdnh phd Cao Lanh.
(Tda an Nhan dan tinh Ddng Thap, Bdn dn sd 176/2009/DSPT ngdy 13/5/2009)
75
TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM
Vi tir tinh thai phdi ludn diing sau bilu thiic chi ddi tugng thyc thi nghTa vy va diing trude mdt vj Hr hanh ddng nhu: nop. chiu, thi hdnh... Va ddi khi, d l nhdn manh den nghia vu rang budc, phdi eon kit hpp vdi td hop tinh thai tinh khac nhu: cd nghia vu, cd trdch nhiem... Vi du:
(14) Neu dng T, bd P khdng thuc hiin nghia vu trd no neu trin. thi bd C vd cdc thua ki cua dng Th Id NTT, N.T.Th, N.T.P.Nvhdi cd trdch nhiem liin ddi trd sd tiin trin cho ngdn hdng.
(Tda an Nhan dan huyen Thap Mudi tinh Ddng Thap, Bdn dn sd 55/2009/DS-ST ngdy 27/8/2009)
Vj tir tinh thai phdi cdn di ciing vdi ddng tir "huge" nham nhan manh den tinh cudng hire cua nghta vu phai thyc thi, nhu:
(15) Budc anh V.T.Hphdi trd cho chi H.T.M.A sd tiin vdn vay vd ldi la 11.716.000 ddng (Mudi mdt trieu bdy tram mudi sdu ngdn dong)..
(Tda an Nhan dan thanh phd Cdn Tho, Bdn dn sd 09/2009/HNPT ngdy 15/4/2009) Vi tir tinh thai phdi khi ket hgp vdi tac tir phii djnh khdng thi lai mang mdt y nghia tinh thai khac la su cho phep, vi du:
{16) An phi so thdm cdc duong su khdng phdi chiu.
(Toa an Nhan dan tinh Ddng Thap, Bdn dn sd 89/2009/DS-PT ngdy 11/3/2009) Vj tir tinh thai duoc the hien y nghTa tinh thai ve su cho phep nham tao lap quyen cho ddi tugng duge nhac den, ddi tupng cd the thye hien hanh ddng ma Tda yeu cau hoac khdng. Vj tir hanh ddng ket hgp vdi vj tu tinh thai duoc thudng thay trong an van la sd hihi, trie, nhdn lgi, quyen, su dung, mien.
V i d u :
(17) Bd T.T.K.C duoc sd hiru cdn nhd sd 286/60A, dudng Cdch Mgng Thdng Tdm.
phucmg Bui Hihi Nghia - thdnh phd Cdn Tho sau khi thanh todn xongsd tiin niu ben trin chobdNTC.
(Tda an Nhan dan tinh Binh Phudc, Bdn dn sd 18/2008/DS-PT ngdy 29/12/2008) (18) Ong T duoc quyin den thdm vd chdm sdc con chung.
(Tda an Nhan dan Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, Bdn dn sd 1153/2008/DS-PT ngdy 22/9/2008)
{19) Bd T T. Y duoc miin todn bo tiin dn phi ddn suso thdm, khdng phdi chiu dn phi phiic thdm.
(Tda an Nhan dan tinh Ddng Thap, Bdn dn sd 532/2008/DS-PT ngdy 04/12/2008) Khi vj tir tinh thai duac cd tac tir phii djnh khong dimg trudc thi nd lai bilu hien y nghta tinh thai ve su cdm dodn, vi du:
76
Yu'dng DHSP TPHCM Nguyin Thi Leva tgk (20) Ddnh quyin thdm nom, chdm sdc, gido due con chung cho dng S. khdne ai duoc quyen ngdn cdn.
(Tda an Nhan dan thanh phd Cdn Tha, Bdn dn sd 263/2008/DSPT ngdy 20/10/2008) Ben canh dd, trong an van cdn sil dung phuong tien tinh thai khac la td hgp tinh thai tinh, Td hop tinh thai tinh la nhiing k i t hgp til' raang y nghia tinh thai. An van sii dung bdn td hgp tinh thai tinh: cd trdch nhiem. cd nghia vu, cd quyen, ddnh quyin...cho...,txong dd hai td hgp dau cd y nghta tinh thai bat huge, vi du:
(21) 5 a T. T. Y cd nghia vu siao trd cho bd L.N.N sd tiin Vi gid tri ddt tgi thua 242 la 80.500.000 ddng vd tiin gid tri cdn nhd la 84.693.566 ddng.
(Tda an Nhan dan tinh Ddng Thap, Bdn dn sd 532/2008/DS-PT ngdy 04/12/2008) (22) Gia dinh cdc bi cdo cd trdch nhiimphdi hop vdi chinh quyin dia phuong trong viec qudn Ii gidm sdt cdc bi cdo trong thdi gian thic thdch.
(Tda an Nhan dan tinh Lam Ddng, Bdn dn sd 03/2009/HSST ngdy 15/01/2009) Hai td hgp tinh thai nay ciing ket hgp vdi ddng tir buoc nhdm nhdn manh nghta •vu bj cudng biic thuc thi, nhu:
(23) Budc dng N.V.N co trdch nhiem hodn trd cho vo chdng dng N.V.T vd hd V.T.H.D sd vdng dd nhdn Id 3,5 chi vdng 24k (98%) vd tiin chinh lech gid la 37.368.000 ddng.
(Tda an Nhan dan Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, Bdn dn sd 123/2010/DS-PT ngdy 20/02/2010)
Hai td hgp sau ed y nghta tinh thai ve su cho phep, vi dy:
(24) Bd L.N.N cd quyen luu cu trong thdi hgn 06 thdng ke tic ngdy dn cd hiiu luc phdp ludt.
(Tda an Nhan dan tinh Ddng Thap, Bdn dn sd 532/2008/DS-PT ngdy 04/12/2008) (25) Ddnh quyen khdi kiin cho bd N.T.C ddi v&i bd T.T.K.C v/v "Ddi gid tri quyin su dung ddt 104,56 m "hiin do bd T.T.K.C ldm nhd dtheo quy dinh chung.
(Tda an Nhan dan tinh Binh Phudc, Bdn dn sd 18/2008/DS-PTngdy 29/12/2008) Ngoai hai phuong tien tren, an van eon thudng xuyen sii dung cau true an tinh thai.
Cau tnic an tinh thai dugc hieu la cau tnic trong dd phuong tien ngdn ngy bieu thj tinh thai khdng xudt hien (ki hieu O thi hien vj tri dn phuong tien bilu thj tinh thai) nhung vdn mang y nghta tinh thai. Y nghta Hnh thai ma nhung cdu tnic nay thi hien la y nghta v l su bat budc.
Cau tnic: Budc..+ O vj tir hanh ddng
Nhirng vj tir hanh dgng thudng xuat hien trong cau tnic nay la: giao trd/ hodn trd/
thanh todn/bdi thudng... Vi du:
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TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM
(26) Budc anh M, chi T 0 eiao trd cho anh C, chi H 1.000.000 ding tiin ddt da nhdn vd 60.000 dong chi phi thdm dinli.
(Toa an Nhan dan tinh D6ng Thap, Bdn dn so 264/2009/DSPT ngdy 27/7/2009) Cau true chi gom vi tu hanh dpng nhu: nop, chiu... cung mang y nghia tinh thai ve su bat buoc, vi du:
(27) CIn plii xem xet thdm dinh tai chd cdp phiic tlidm la 50.000 dong, bd N $_cMhi- (Toa an Nhan dan tinh D6ng Thap, Bdn dn s6 532/2008/DS-PT ngdy 04/12/2008) (28) Ong N.A. T vd bd L. T.B.P <P ndy todn bo dn phi kinh doanh timong mai so thdm td 17.834.OOOd
(Toa an Nhan dan huyen Thap Muai tinh Dong Thap, Bdn dn so 55/2009/DS-ST ngdy 27/8/2009)
Tom lai, cae phuorng tien bieu hien y nghia tinh thai dao nghia trong an van duoc tong Icet a Bitng 2 sau day:
Bdng 2. Cdc phuang tien bieu hien y nghia tinh thdi dao nghia trong dn vdn
^***N^Phu'ong Y nghia ^*Vs^^
Su- bdt bu6c Su cho phep Sir cam doan
Vitfr tinh thai - Phdi - Duoc - Khdng phdi - Khong duac
TShop tinh thai tinh - Cd trdch nhiem - Cd nghia vu - Cd quyen -Ddnh quyen... cho
Cau true an tinh thai - Swpc.. . 0 + vi tir hanh ddng - <t) + vi tir hanh dgng
3. Ket luan
De xac lap quyen va rang budc nghta vu thyc thi hanh ddng cho ddi tugng tiep nhan, trong an van cd hai loai tinh thai: tinh thai nhan thirc va tinh thai dao nghta. Tinh thai nhan thiic trong an van cd mat chu yeu d hai phan "Nhan thay" va "Xet thay" vdi cac kieu y nghta: Ngudi ndi khdng cam ket hay xac nhan Hnh chan thyc cua dilu dupe ndi ra, ngudi ndi xac nhan hoan toan tinh chan thyc cua dieu dugc ndi ra dua tren nhung bang chiing ed hieu lye manh hoac nhung co sd suy luan ma ngudi ndi cd dugc. Hai kieu y nghta nay dugc hien thuc hda bang nhung bieu thiic ngdn ngii cu the la cac quan ngu Hnh thai va khung tinh thai. Loai tinh thai thir hai la tinh thai dao nghta. Tinh thai dao nghta xudt hien trong phdn "Quylt dinh" vdi kieu y nghTa: Ngudi ndi cho rdng dieu dugc ndi tdi la bdt budc, la duge phep hay dugc mien trir. Nhirng phuong tien ngdn ngir the hien tinh thai dao nghta trong an van la nhiing vj tir tinh thai nhu: phdi/khdng phdi, duoc/khdng duoc; nhung td hgp tinh thai tinh nhu: cd quyin loi, cd trdch nhiem. cd nghia vu, ddnh quyin...cho;
nhiing cdu tnic dn tinh thai nhu: buoc...+ 0 vi tir hdnh dong, ...0 vi tic hdnh dong
78
yu'dng DHSP TPHCM Nguyen Thi Le vti tgk
• Tuyen b6 ve quyen Ign: Cac tac giS x^c nh$n hoan to^n khong c6 xung ddt ve quyin Iqn.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Cao Xuan Hao. (1991). Tieng Viet - Sa thdo ngu phdp chuc ndng (quyen 1/ Ha Ndi: NXB Khoa hgc xa hgi.
Nguyen Van Hiep, (2008). Ca sd ngU' nghia phdn tich cu phdp. Ha Ngi: NXB Giao due.
THE MODALITY AND THE MEANING OF MODALITY OF THE VIETNAMESES VERDICTS
Nguyen Thi Le^', Tran Hoang^
^Nguyen Hue University Ho Cht Mmh City University of Education
Corresponding author: Nguyen Thi Le — Email: nguyenthitelq@gmail.com Received: 05/02/2019; Revised-19/3/2019: Accepted: 10/4/2019
ABSTRACT
Based on the sw-vey of the real linguistics data and in the context of pragmatics, this work studies the types of modality of Vietnamese verdicts and how lo use them. The work also expresses the meaning of epistemic modality and deontic modality as well as analyzes and generalizes the communication effectiveness in Vietnamese verdicts.
Keywords: The modality of the verdict, judgment, the linguistic in the verdict.
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