xu NGHt - OAT VA NGIfOI
M6T mN6 UI 6MIII
Thdi Kim Dinh
Din ea Njh^ - Tinh Ithi ^lion) ^ha vi i^n ii hin tit riSn) tf61 eie 4i9u h6 lao i^n^, hit ru, hit giao duyin nam od eho i(n hit tie bQa, hit xim, hit nhi tr6 ( i dio). Oiy l i nhihig m6n ngh^ thuit e6 tinh ehuyin nghidp ivfc din gian hoi, dJu r6 nit dia ^hinmg, trong d6 e6 hit vi, hit glim l i "d$e sin" eda xir Ngh^
1. Hat giam
"Giam la mgt the logi van hge - am nhge dan toe giau sae thai dja phuong (Ngh? - TTnh) nhat. Tir "Giam", ve ngir nghTa eho den nay van edn mo hd. Cd ngudi Igi eho nd xuat phat tir tinh eaeh ehap van va lay Igi eua mgt khiie hat trong doi thogi", tuy nhien eaeh giai thieh nay eung ehua thoa dang, ehua du sue thuyet phyc. "Dya theo mgt sd bdi hdt gigm cdn sdt lgi, tgm cd bdng chiing cho rdng gidm da tdn lgi lie the ky XVIII... nhung lgi dua theo nhac di?u thi cd the ngd rdng gidm bdt ngudn tie mgt logi ddng tdc lao dgng ndo dd xudt hi?n tic xa xua... cd lien quan den cdch phdt dm cua xii: Ngh?. Ngodi ra gidm cd the lien quan den mpt vdi di?u hdt ndo dd cua ddng bdo thieu sd vdn cd sy giao luu vdn hod vdi ngudi Kinh xii: Nghe xua... " (Dia chi vdn hod ddn gian Ngh^ TTnh - Nxb Nghe An, 1005). Nhu vay la ngudn goe, thdi gian ra
ddi, den ngir nghTa cua chu- "Giam" van ehua rd rang.
Ve the van, bai (hoac kho) giam co ban cd 5 cau, moi cau 5 chir gieo van chan: cau 1 van trac, cau 2 va cau 3 van bang, eau 4 van trie va cau 5 (eau My Igi, di?p) cimg van trac: "Ai khun (khdn) bang Tir Hdi/
cang mdc dgi Thuy Kiiu/ Nghe ldi ndi md xieu/ Ve thu binh cudn gido/ Hg cgt cd cudn gido"
Ciing cd khi mdi cau chi cd 4 chir hoac dai tdi 6, 7, 8 chir va mgt bai (hoac khd) giam cd thg keo dai hang chyc cau bang each tang .them cau van bang. NhCrng tay dat chuy?n gidi thi khdng bj gd bd ve cau, van ma bien hoa rat sinh dgng: ...Vi chg Hgi tui (tdi) quen cu Dinh/ Vd (vdo) Lgc Thien tui (tdi) quen cdu Am Ninh/
Quen dng Tdm Ca Lai Thgch (chuyen van trac)/ Quen dng Bdt Trgch a Giang Dinh (trd Igi van bang)/ Quen dng Ky Budi ngodi Vinh...
Mgt bai hat gigm dai thudng gom nhieu khd, cd khi tdi may chyc khd ndi tiep nhau. De lam lien mgch, cau dau khd sau phai hi?p van vdi eau cuoi khd trudc. Logi nay thudng md dau va ket thue bing hai cau 6-8, hoac chi bang mgt cau 6.
Cd logi bai gi^m nhat thiet phai "sang tac irng khau" tgi eho nhu bai hat doi dap, ddi thogi hay bai trinh dien trude ddng ngudi bang dgc xudng hoac hoa.
thanh de eiing chung vui khi chuc mirng, ea tung, ke chuy?n hay cd dgng mgt viee mang tinh thdi sir. Ngudi ta kieng hat Igi nhii'ng bai cu (va lgi cung khd cd bai thich hgp vdi hoan canh luc hat). Dd la nguyen tic ddi vdi nhirng tay hat giam cir khdi. Do vay, nghe nhan hat giam ngay trude deu phai gidi sang tac. Ldp tac gia nay deu la ndng dan, thg thu cdng, dan budn bd, chu khdng ed nha nho tham gia.
Vdi logi bai giam dai hoi ke mdt cau chuyen hoac dien dgt mgt tam trgng (thudng ggi "gigm ve" hay "ve gigm") thi ngudi sang tac phai chuan bj chu dao, sip x6p ket cau, trau chuot van chuang... de ke dugc hay, bay td dugc y kiSn, tinh cam. Nhirng bai hat nay tuy
S6 12/2011 Jh6ng tin KH-CN Nghe An (48]
Xlir NGHE - O A T V A NGIfOI
vln truy6n mi$ng nhung cd mgt so la tae pham dinh hinh, ed gia tri b^n vu'ng. Mgt it bai nhu "Chuc thg vua Ty Due", "Ky suang phu til"... da vugt khdi phgm trii sang tac dan gian. Tac gia nhu'ng bai hat giam, "vh gigm" ay phan Idn la dan thudng, nhung mgt bg phan la nha nho, nha khoa bang nhu cac cu Til Ngung, Dau phu Cam, Dau huy?n Than, Giai Huan, Nghe Ke...
Am nhgc ciia hat gigm cung nhu "dm nhac ddn ca xir Ngh^ ndi chung cdn mgc mgc, chua cd ket cdu hodn chinh, dya vdo ldi theo cdc the tha, tren ca sd ddu gipng de bien thdnh giai dieu " (Hoang Tgo - Tu- ddn ca den kfeh hdt); "khodng cdch giira hdt vd ndi khdng xa bao nhieu" (Le Nggc cau - sach tren).
Dieu hat giam nghe khdng mem mgi, du duong, uyen chuyen nhu hat vi, ma deu deu, tram tram, la san pham cua mgt viing dat xa noi dd hgi, khdng cd sdng ldn thuyen to... nhu d nam Ha TTnh. Tuy theo mdi trudng dien xudng va thdi quen cam thy cua tirng vimg ma lan dieu, tiet tau hat gigm ed it nhieu khac biet, nhung van khdng xa bao nhieu. Do sir khae nhau dd ma eac nha suu tam, nghien ciru am nhgc thudng ggi theo nhieu ten rieng biet: gigm ndi, giam ke, giam ru, giam cira quyen (?)...; cd ngudi Igi ggi ten theo mdi trudng dien xudng: giam dd dua, gigm treo non, gigm dudng trudng...
Gigm dugc trinh dien trong nhieu mdi trudng khac nhau, dudi nhieu hinh thOrc:
Ngudi hat giam khi lao ddng, trong sinh hogt thudng ngay; Cd khi mgi ngudi cimg hat dong thanh nhu phudng di cui Phii Minh (Can Ldc) ed tyc le khi tren nui xudng, tap trung mgt noi de nghi ngoi, rdi gai trai cimg nhau eat ganh len vai, bat dau hat ddng thanh tren dudng ve cho den xdm, dgi logi nhu: "Ddng Can Mai thi doc/Dpng Trd Dd thi ddi/ Ra din ddng Hai Vai/ Thdm chimg chi la khde/ Chi thdm chimg la khoe..." Cd khi mgt ngudi ddc xudng mgt bai bay td niem rieng vdi bgn, cung la vdi chfnh minh, nhu chang trai phudng gat trudc luc tir gia ban gai cat len khiic hat:
"Ram ciing da rd rdi/ Tooc (rg) ciing da rd roi/ My (mg) re ve mdt nai/ Tui (tdi) re ve mdt nai/ Mai ddng (dudng) sd xa xdi/ Tui
vi khdng gdp my...'\ Cd khi hai ngudi ban gap nhau, cimg hat doi dap de mua vui, hoac de trao doi y k\kr\, tinh cam; ed khi mgt ngh? nhan hoac phudng hat den noi xa Ig, gap djp tet nhat, te ll thi nglu hirng hat mirng, hat ehiic; Igi ed khi, dem ving, eon thuyen xudi ddng sdng, ngudi cheo thuyen dgc diln bai hat gigm ty sy ho$c tru' tinh (Phu tu hinh thdm, M? ddng, Tinh ca 24 nil... hay mgt bai hat cd ngi dung yeu n u d c . ) - dd la "giam dd dua"
Cac ba m? thudng hat ru con bing nhii'ng bai ve gi§m va cac ngh? nhan hat xam eung trinh diln nhilu bai giam. Ngudi ta ggi day la "giam ru", "giam xam"(?).
Nhung trong buoi dau, hat giam chu yeu la hat giao duyen, doi dap nam nu'. Trong bai phii "Trung Le thdt hod" ciia Le Trgng Ddn viet nam 1885 cd cau: "Ngodi dudng thi ngudi dgo timg dodn, dodn hgp ldng, dodn hdt gigm..." cho thay Iiic nay, vi?c hat ddi dap nam nu dang thjnh hanh.
Cugc hat thudng do trai gai trong lang (hoac trai cac lang Ian can) den hat vdi nhau. Mdi "phe" hat thudng cd ba den nam, bay ngudi, trong dd nhat thiet phai cd ngudi sang tac gidi. Ngudi nay ijrng khau hat va nhung ngudi khac "hat cap" theo sat Idi, sat gigng.
Ndi dung budi hat la cugc ddi dap, thi tai giira hai phe nam niJ, nhung cudi ciing bao gid cung la cudc "td tinh" Khae vdi hat vi, nhii'ng bai hat gigm ddi dap khdng ehi nam, bay cau, ma cd thi miy chuc cau, ca biet ed nghe nhan irng tac - hat hang tram cau. Vi vay, ed ngudi eho day la "td tinh bing van xudi" Hat gigm doi dap thye chat la cugc bieu dien thi tai, chu yeu giira cae nghe nhan cam diu, cdn nhirng ddi dap nam nii' chi cdn thiy d Thgch Ha, Cim Xuyen (Ha TTnh)...
2. Hat VI
Hat VI eung la "dae san" cua dan ea Nghe TTnh.
Day la Idi hat hoa tinh, giao duyen nam nir rat phd bien d Ha TTnh vao cudi thi ky XIX, dau thi ky XX; theo mgt so sach va bai vilt thi tir diu the ky XVIII, vi da thjnh hanh.
Ldi hat vi chi la cau van lyc bat hay lyc bat bien thi. Khae vdi gigm, di?u hat vi bay bong, ngan vang, nhat la khi hat tren sdng nudc... Tiiy theo mdi trudng diln xudng ma nhgc dieu cua vi ed nhirng thay ddi tren CO sd di?u CO ban, nen cac nha nghien cuu am nhac thudng ggi ten khae nhau: vi dd dua, vi phudng cay, phudng ndn, phudng budn, phudng vai, vi treo non (phudng di cui, di cd...)...
Cd thi nghT ring, vi la dieu hat cua vung sdng nudc, sinh ra trudc tien tir viing sdng nudc Lam, sdng La... Gigng hat dd dua trong treo, nghe man mac, xao xuyIn Idng ngudi, nhit la hat trong dem khuya... Ldi
So 12/2011 Jhdng tin KH-CN Nghg An [49]
XIJ NGHE - OAT VA NGUOI
hat lai rat trir tinh, chai chudt ma ty nhien, dac bi?t la khdng ed tir Han Vi?t, ngoai nhung tir "loan, phugng": Gid md (ddu) gid thdi sau lung/ Dg md dg nhd ngudi dung the ndy?/ Bdng trdng cm tudng bdng den/
Bdng can (cdy) em ludng bdng thuyen anh xudi/ Nudc le ldp xi cdu ddy/ Anh thuang em chua trgn mgt ngdy, ghe lui hay nudc chdy cho be anh trdi/ A i bdt be anh lgi kel nen ddi vg chdng...
Ngudi cheo thuyin, ngudi chd b6 budng tieng hat ra giira khoang menh mdng trdi nutVc, chi cd minh hat eho minh thudng thire, minh hat de trai tinh cam cua minh trudc thien nhien. Va thien nhien nhu ngudi bgn ldng dap lgi cam hirng eiia ngh? sT dan gian bang tilng dgi eiia niii non, sdng nudc.
Khi nao dd, g^p mgt thuyin bgn ngang qua, thi tir eon thuyen ay s8 cd Idi dap lgi, chi ddi ba cau hat, ddi ba cau trao ddi du de td mdi ddng cam, rdi hai thuyin Igi xa nhau.
Rdi cd nhirng eon thuyen eiing xudi, eo y cheo gan nhau, hoac cap Igi ben nhau ma hat... Hoac nira, cd ngudi tir tren bd "hat vgi" ra, dap Igi tieng hat giira ddng sdng...
Tir dd ed vi ddi dap.
Vi phudng budn hd, phudng cui, phudng cd, phudng cay... deu la vi ddi dap nam nir khi di dudng, khi lao ddng ngoai trdi, khoang dang, dam chat trii' tinh:
Mdt ngdy hai Iran treo non/ Ldy chi md dep, md gidn hdi anh?.../ Mgt ngdy hai ban cam den/ Ldy gi md phdn rdng den hdi chdng?/ Dua anh ra tgn cdu Dang/ Tinh so Ngdn Hdng, ngai bdng rdo Rum...
Vi phudng ndn, phudng vang, phudng vai cung la vi giao duyen nam nir khi lam viee trong nha. Dgc bi?t, vi phudng vai dugc td chire quy eu, ch^t che nhat. Khi phudng hat con trai den thi phai dirng ngoai ngd nha cd con gai tap trung keo sgi, det vai, hat "danh tilng" ring minh da din:
Chdn ndy vui ve licng birng/ Tay nghe tieng phugng xa chimg tdi nai/ Di qua trudc ciea vudn ddo/ Chg (thdy) hoa thien ly mudn vdo hdt chai... Mdt luc sau, phe nira mdi hat dap lgi: Dimg xa, khoan keo a phudng/ Hinh nhu cd khdch vien phuang
tdi nhd...
So 12/2011
Thi la hai phe bit dau "hat dgo", den khi hat da
"say" thi "hat chao hat mirng" roi "hat hdi" Day mdi la ch$ng dau. Chjng thir hai "hat dd hat doi"
mdi la ch^ng quyet Ii?t nhit, keo dai nhat. Hai ben vi hdi, dap dii chuy?n "tren trdi dudi dat", chuy?n chCr nghTa, van chuong... ed khi nhieu dem ehua diit. Day la cugc "sat hgch" khit khe kiln thirc ciia nhau, nhung qua duge eh$ng nay thi hai ben da trd thanh than thilt. Liic dd ben nir mdi "hat mdi": "Bgn din mdi bgn vd nhd/ Che tdu xin rdt, rugu trd xin ddng"
"Hat mdi" la phan md dau chang thiir ba "Hat xe kit", td tinh... Cuoi cimg la phan "hat tien": "Anh ve nudc mdt ddng ddng/ Thdu thien, thdu dja, thdu ldng em chua!... "; "Ra vi chin nhd mudi thuang/ Budc chdn len ngya, cdm cuang diing ddng "...
Khdng nhu hat giam va cac logi vi lao dgng khac, vi phudng vai ed eae nha nho, ke ca cac nha khoa bang tham gia. Khdng ehi ben trai, ben gai eung mdi thiy nho, dng tii hay it ra cung mdi mgt ngudi gia gidi sang tac, cd kinh nghi?m de "ga" chuy?n.
Nhirng ngudi nay phai giau khdng eho doi phuong biet minh la ai, thudng triim khan, ao Ien dau, nen ggi I a "dng triim ddu" ''Van te hai cd gdi Trdng Luu" cd eau: "Leo len giuong thi quan hg nam bdy dng.../ lgi cd dng ddp do trum ddu..." Do dd, Idi hat vi phudng vai, nhat la phan hat dd hat ddi it chat trir tinh ma giau chat tri tu?, dimg nhieu chir nghTa, dien tich:
Do:
Sdch Hdn vuang chudng (chdng) hgc ldu nay, Hdi ai cdu sdng Vi, ai cdy Lgch (Lich) san?
Sdch Hdn vuang anh xin ndi nudng (ndng) hay, dng Lie cdu sdng Vi, vua Thudn cdy Lgch (Lich) san.
Doi:
Nhd anh "nhdt nhgt" dd sudt "mgt ngdy
"Dem " cdn ta tirdng "dg " ldng rdy nhd trdng.
Chd em "nira thdng " ni rdi,
Om ddn "bdn nguyet" dya ngdi cung "trdng" ...
Theo giai thogi thi tir thi ky XVIII d Ha TTnh da cd nhilu lang hat phudng vai, tieu bieu la lang hat Trang Luu. Chinh tir day da xuit hien bai "Thdc ldi ngudi con gdi phudng vdi..." (cua Nguyen Huy Quynh) va cac bai "Thdc ldi ngudi con trai phudng ndn", "Vdn te sdng hai cd gdi Trdng Luu" (cua Nguyen Du).
Dang chu y la d Ha TTnh, nhat la d vimg Cim Xuyen, Ky Anh, khi hat vi, ngudi ta thudng xen vao mgt dogn hat gigm 6k phii hgp vdi tam trang nghe nhan va cung lam cho cugc hat sinh dgng hon. O Nhan d Nam Du la ngudi gidi vgn dyng each nay./.
