NHCNG DI SAN VAN HOA
VA THIEN NHIEN NOI TIENG CUA ETHIPIA
C
dng hda Ddn chii Lien bang Ethiopia la mdt qudc gia nam d Ddng Phi. phia bac gidp vdi Eritrea, phia ddng bac gidp Djibouti, phia ddng gidp Somalia, phia lay gidp Sudan vd phia nam gidp Kenya. Ethiopia cd dien lich 1.127 nghin k \ dan sd ban 60 trieu ngirdi ihudc 200 sac tdc. ndi 83 Ihir lieng. thu dd la Addis Ababa. Day da timg Id viing ddt cua vua chiia vd lir xua da ndi lieng vdi nhung vudn cay xanh luai ciing cac lau ddi. nhd thd trdng le.Theo tieng H>' Lap. Ethiopia cd nghTa Id khudn mat bdng chay do phdn Icm lanh thd nudc nay Id sa mac. Cbinb tren sa mac Danakil - mdl dai sa mac Icm nhdt Ethiopia cdch thi Iran Lalibela linh Wollo 200 km.
ngudi la da phat bien dugc b(5 xuang ngudi Boza ciing Id bd xuang ngudi hda thach dau lien ciia the gidi. cho Ihay Ethiopia chinh Id mdt cdi ndi cua lodi ngudi cdch ddy 5.15 trieu nam.
Ngudi Ethiopia rdt tu bdo Id ddn tdc cd nhirng sy tich quan Irgng ciia ibe gidi. Mdt vi du theo kinh thdnh, Chiia da xay dung khu
vudn Dia dang Eden nam dau dd gan con sdng Ghion. tire Id sdng Nile Xanh cua Ethiopia bay gid. Eloac nbu theo kinb Cyu Cfoc. nir hoang Sbeba cila Ethiopia da timg lap nen mdl tuyen dudng 1cm ndi nudc nay vdi thdnh dja Jerusalem, vd bang doan lac da chd gia vi. vdng bac den Jerusalem bieu lang dire vua Salomon. Nhd van Ba Tu the ky thir 111 da ghi lai: tren mdnh dat nay la Ethiopia, ed mdt de che cue ky biing manh. dd la Abyssinia - nicDt trong bdn vuong qudc cd dai Idn nhat the gidi gdm Ba Tu, Abyssinia, La Ma vd Trung Qudc. Abyssinia ciing la nhd nudc Idu ddi nhdl d chau Phi can Xahara. De che ndy ndi tidng vd lua Id, gdm vdc, hd lieu, tram huang vd nbimg dieu miia bung hdp dan Nhidu chuyen kd rdng, gido boang Alexandre 111 da timg vidt thu trd chuyen vdi dire vua xu Abyssinia la Prestor John; birc thu nay sau dd gdn 250 nam da dugc ngudi Bd Ddo Nha tim thdy kbi hg tcVi du Ijcb tai Ethiopia. Nam 615. phu nhan gido chii Hdi gido Mohammed da ddn chai va nghi ngai d Ethiopia... Ngudi Ethiopia cdn lin rang chiec hdm dung Phdp dien ciia ngudi Do thdi xua ma hodng tir Moses Ai
Tgp chi nghien cdu CH AC Pill A TIllAG HO^G so 07 (47) thang 7/2009
Cap lam de chira 10 dieu ran cua Chiia cung dang dugc cat giii tai mdt nhd ihd bi dn a tbi tran Aksum phia bac ddt nudc vd do nhung ngudi bd phdp trdng coi.
Hien nay. Ethiopia la cao nguyen dd 1cm nhdl chau luc. Tir cao nguyen ndy. ede ddng sdng tudn chay xudng phia dudi vd Id ngudn sdng cua nhieu qudc gia lan can bao gdm Ai Cap. Kenya vd Sudan. Dae biet. hd Tana Id khai tbiiy cua con sdng Nile Xanh himg vT lu ngdn xua da Id nai dien ra cdc bdn tinh ca ljch su d ede vuong trieu ven sdng.
Vi truyen thdng ljch sir. vi phong canh thien nhien diem le vd nhieu dieu k}' thu.
hang nam ed rat nhieu du khdch den Ethiopia. Cira ngd budc vao huyen thoai Ethiopia la thj Iran Lalibela nam phia bac ddt nudc, tren do cao 2.500m so vdi mat bien.
each thil dd Addis Ababa 640km. Ddy Id mdt trung lam ton gido lin ngirdng linh thieng nhat nudc ndy, cd gdn 15 nghin ddn, chii veu Iheo dao Co ddc cbinb thdng. Thi Iran dugc the gidi biet ldi Ian ddu lien bdi cdi ten la Roha vao the ky XIl-XIlI dudi thai vua ddng thdi la thdnh Gebre Mesqel Lalibela, iiicit hoang de eudi eiing cua trieu dai Zagwe cai Irj mien bac Ethiopia sudi 200 nam. Chu) en ke rang, kbi dire vua sinh ra, ed mdl bdv ong tir dau keo tdi bao quanh dng, ngudi dan cho rang dd Id diem bdo dng sau nay se tro thanh vua cua Ethiopia. Kbi len ngdi vd sau lan Iham vieng thdnh phd Jerusalem (nav thudc dat nucVc Israel), ncTi dugc menh danh Id nianh ddt thdnh cua ngudi Hdi gido, dire \ ua da quyet djnb xav- dung Roha tra thdnh mdt Jerusalem thir hai, dng cting dat ten eho nhieu lau dai. cone trinh, cau cdng iheo
nhirng cdi ten trong kinh thanh \a a Jerusalem. Mdt edng trinh dd so ma diic \ ua cho xdv- dung cdn ton lai den na\ Id quan the nhd thd dao Co ddc bang dd do \ a Id long hda eua nhieu trucmg phdi bdv gid. Roha \d sau ndv la Lalibela da tra thdnh thu dd eua Ethiopia sudi hai the kv \d nav la mgt diem du lich van hda ddng kbdeb nhat ca nuci-c.
0 Lalibela, trdi nhieu nang. do dd mgi ngudi thucmg phai mang theo d che nang.
Ngudi dan an v-dn rat dc;p, trang phuc cd iruv-en la khan quan, khan ddng \ a khan che mat. Nhieu ngudi sdng bang nghe hudn ban hang hod. Ndi bill la tram hu'crng - chat nhua cua mgt loai gd quy hoiic nhu rircni lej. mgt loai nudc giai khdt lam tir niiit ong \a nircic hoa qua dimg trong nhung cai binh nho biing biin khd. Ke dd la rau cjua. re cu. thao du'cTc lav- tir tren rirng.
1-Thiopia cd den 8 khu di san the gicVi.
trong do duoc _\eu ihieh nhat la 6 khu di san xan hda \a thien nhien sau dii\:
1. 7 J nhd thd hdng dd khdi dirdi trieu vua Lalibela (1167 - 120^) a Lalibela. duac L'NESCO cdng nhan la di san the giiri niim
1978. Vdo nam 1187. dire vua Lalibela quvet dinh kien thiet thu dd thanh mdt thdnh phd gidng het Jerusalem vd cho xav dung tai ddv
13 nha thd bang da, kien true kieu .W Cap.
vdi cdt keo Hv- Lap, cua sd Arab, cae dieu khae hinh chir van vd ngdi sao David... Cac cdng trinh can tdi 4.000 thg \-a phai lam lir thdi vua Lalibela den bet 100 nam. Chiing deu nam dudi long ddt, phia tren la rirng keo:
nhieu gido dudng dugc deo ggi tir da niii luii cd nbtmg bdng cdt mdu do. \ a thdng iiluiu bang nhirng hdnh lang ddi rgng.
Tgp chi nghien ciru C 11 i l PHI A 1 Kl \ G n(t\ti so 07 (47) thang 7/2009
Quan the nhd thd dd gdm bdn nhdm:
Nhdm phia bac cd nha thd Chiia cim the Bete Medbane Alem, la lrung lam cua dao Ca ddc Lalibela cung la nhd thd Icm nbal irdi ddt. cdng trinh dugc dyng tren 36 iru dd md phdng theo sd lugng nhirng tin dd dau lien di theo Chua; nhd thd Bele Maryam la cdng trinh cd nhat the gidi: nha thd Bele Golgotha la noi dat lang md vua Lalibela va nha thd Selassie dat lang md Adam. Nhdm phia ldy gdm nhd Ihd Bete Giyorgis, cdn ggi Id nha thd thanh George vd Id nhd thd cdn bao ldn nguyen ven. Nhdm phia ddng cd nhd thd Bete Amanuel xua la nha ihd hodng gia; nhd thd Bele Merkorios khd nang trudc do Id mdt trai lii; nhd thd Bete Abba Libanos vd Bele Gabriel-Rufael la cdc cung dien lien ke mdt Id nudng bdnh. Cudi ciing Id tu vien Asbetan Maryam vd nha thd Yimrebane Krisios cd the da dugc xay dung vao the ky XI theo kieu Aksumite vd trong ddng. Ngudi chdu Au ddu lien chiem ngudng nai ndy Id nhd ibdm hiem Bd Ddo Nha Pero de Covilba (1460-1526) vd nha Iruyen gido ddng thdi eung Id dai sir Bd Ddo Nha Erancisco Alvares (1465-1540). Han 800 nam qua, nai ddy Id noi nhdn ddn cdu nguyen bang ngdy.
Trong giao dudng ludn thap nen sang, linh muc quan khan xep, that lung in binh boa;
cdc tin dd chdn Iran, do trang dai vang bdng ngdy lung niem trong khdi huong ma bd trdm mac.
2. Qudn thi Idu ddi Easil Ghebbi tgi tinh Gander tdy bdc Ethiopia, cdch Ihii dd Addis Ababa 760 km dugc UNESCO cdng nhan la di sdn thd gidi nam 1979. Day Id mdt thdnh phd - pbdo dai bao bgc cdc cung dien va nhd ihd vdi mdl birc ludng tbanb ddi khodng
900m vd Id nai thiet trieu, nai a cua dire vua Easiladas vd ngudi ke vj trong the kv XVll - XVIIL Do da chdn kieu ddi dd lien tue eua lien hodng, nam 1636 boang de Easiladas da quyel djnh chgn Gonder Id thu dd bdnh chinh. Nam 1650 dng da cho xdy dung mdt Idu ddi khdng Id md nay ggi Id Idu ddi Easiladas hda iron nhieu phong each kien iriic nhu Hindu An Do, Nubia, Arap, Baroque Bd Ddo Nha vira buyen bi vira hien dai, trong dd cd nhiing Ida thdp cao. nhung Id chdu mai rdng de nhtrng khau than cdng vd cd ld'i 12 cdng. Tiep luc sau dd Id 7 nhd thd vd 7 cdy cau. Cdc vi vua sau ndy lan lugt xdy dung them 5 lau ddi. cung dien ciing hang ehuc nhd thd vd lu vien 1cm nhd khdc.
Tat ca deu dugc xdy bang da vdi Iron vdi ldng irimg. Tuy khdng cd may dieu hda nhiet do song nhd quanh nam md cira sd vd lai nam dudi bdng bach dan nen ludn mat dju,
tham tho. "Ii
3. Thdnh phd cd Aksum tinh Tigray cue bdc Ethiopia, sdt bien gidi phia bac nudc nay vdi cdnh ddng bia (ddi luang niem) bdng da.
dugc UNESCO cdng nhan Id di sdn ihd gidi nam 1980. Aksum vdn la mdt vuang qudc cue thinh. ddi trgng giua de chd La .Ma phuang Ddng vd Ba Tu. Day dugc lin Id nai sinh nir boang Sbeba vd cat gitr hdm Phdp dien cua hodng tir Moses Ai Cap nhidu the ky trudc Cdng nguyen, va ngay tir thd kv thir nhat da Id trung tam budn bdn vdng bac va ngd voi cua chdu Phi vugt bien Hdng Hai tdi La Ma. Vdo thd ky IV. hodng dd Ezana cua Aksum da cbinb phuc thung liing sdng Nile, trj vi cd chau A lan chdu Phi. One da cho xdy dung nhieu cdng trinh v T diii ddn nav \ an cd ve dep ddc dao bao gdm nhtrng laim md
Tgp ehi nghien euu CHAI PHI A TIllAG f)6>G so 07 (47) thang 7/2009
va dai tudng niem (la nhting tam bia ICTU dat trudc lang md). Ke luc dng. cdc vj vua da xay dung dugc nhtrng cdnh ddng bia dd gdm
176 tam bia Idn quay mat ve hudng nam cao gan 25ni. ndng 16 tan (ldm bia 1cm nhdl cao 32.9m nang 517 tdn). chdp dinh trdn. tren mat trudc vd sau vd canh cd khae nam qua cdu. dinh dTa ddng vd nhirng ddng chu dugc lin la nhung bdi tbanb kinh ciia dao Ca ddc budi ddu du nhdp Elhiophia dudi thai vua .•\ksum cdch ddy khoang 1.600 nam. Cac khai qua! d Aksum bal dau lir nam 1906 do lien sT Enno Littman thyc bien. Sau dd den ihap nien 80, vien nghien ciru Ddng Phi eua Anh cting bat dau khai qudt nc7i ndy. Ve cdnh dong bia dd. ed ba phdn: ddng bia a phia bac la nai cd lam bia ldn nbal. ddng bia lrung lam vd ddng bia Gudit c7 phia tdv lay ten mpt hodng hau cd dai vdi cbu y(}u la cac ngdi mg the ky thir IV. Ve cdc cdng trinh van hda khae cd nhd thd Dire me Marv- of Zion xdv dung nam 1665 dugc lin diing cat giir hdm Phap dien. cdc bao ldng khao ed \-d ddn tgc.
Hon dd Ezana tren cd viet chir Sabaean. Ge ez va Hy Lap cd dai vdi y ngliTa lucmg tu nhu hdn dd Rosetta. lang md v ua Bazen. nhd tam cua nir hodng Sbeba. cung dien Taakha xay dyng thd ky IV vd eung dien Dungur ihe k\ VI. lu vien Abba Penlalewon \ a Abba Liqanos ciing nhirng birc iranh da Lioness Gobedra...
4. Cdng vien qudc gia Thung limg song Awash, tmh Shewa. ddng Elhiopia. edeh ibu dci Addis Ababa 200 km. dugc UNESCO cong nhdn Id di siin the gidi nam 1980.
Ngoai phong canh thien nhien luvet dep.
nhieu thde nudc. sdng sudi ddi 100 km. ddng ihirc Viit phong pbii trong hem 30 nam qua tai
dav da pbdl hien dugc nhieu cd \al cua ngudi lien su nhu dung cu eat ggi bang da eudi \ a nhd bep cd nhdl ihe gicVi cimg nhieu hda ibacb xuong ddng v at bi ghe vd ed ludi ddi 2.5 trieu nam. TUN el \di hem ca la \ao ngdy 24 ihdng 11 ndm 1974. hai nhd khoa bgc Donald Jobanson \ d Tom Grii\ da pbdl bien dugc nhung mdu boa ihach ddu lien eua lodi ngudi. md liic ddu la mdl xircmg cang lay phai. xuong sg. xucmg diii. xuong sudii.
xuong chdu vd xuong hdm ducii. Sau dd bai tudn Id nbimg manh xircmg quan trgng khdc giiip tai lao den 40% bd xuong cua ngudi nguv en ibuv-.
5. Cong vien quoc gia Thung liing sdng Omo tdy nam Ethiopia, each ihu dd .Addis Ababa 870 km. duc^c UNl-SCO cdng nhiin la di san the gidi nam 1980. Da> la mgt \iing thien nhiC-n cue k\ hoang da. cach biet \di ben ngoai nhc'r mgi da\ mii cua l-'lhiopia cao ldi 4.500 m. he dam lii\ sdng Nile phirc tiip
\a sa niiic bae Ken_\a. Noi na> ciing tim thay nhic'U hoa thach hem bdn trieu tudi cua ngirdi lien su Homo Gracilis. Thung limg cung la noi du> nhdl a 1-Thiopia \d ea chau Phi tap trung da sac tgc. Trong dien tich ehirng 15 nghin kiir ed tcVi hc7n 10 dan tgc ndi 10 ngdn ngu khdc nhau phan ehia thdnh hai nhdm ngdn ngir Id Nilo-Sahara (Sahara sdng Nile)
\ a .Vtro-.Asiatic (.\ Phi), trong dd nhdm Sahara sdng Nile gdm ede dan tgc Bume.
Mursi. Surma. Nhdm \ Phi gdm ngucri Karo. Banna. Bashada. Haniar \a Di/i...
Mdi ddn tdc cd ban sac rieng song dac diem chung Id deu sdng du muc. thich \ e miii. Xiim minh. lam cdc kieu tdc. mat nil. nha> muii....
Hg cung tuan theo lap luc ddnh dau dc) tudi gdn lien vdi nhimg le nghi phirc Uip.
Tap chi nghien ciru CII i l PHI A IHIAG fJOXG sA 07 (47) thang 7/2009 59
6. Cdng vien quoc gia Simien tinh Gonder. dugc UNESCO cdng nhdn la di san the gidi nam 1978. La mdl quan the phong cdnh ly nhien boanh trang. nam ben man ddng ciia cao nguyen Geech ihudc bia lay Dai san Simien (Massif) - mdl khdi da basalt 75 irieu ludi. Trong cdng vien cd nhieu dinh niii. deo vd vuc sau lam cham. ket qua ciia nbimg Iran nui lua phun cdch day 40 irieu nam va sy xdi mdn dat keo ddi hang nghin nam. Dac biet la nggn nui Ras Deshen cao nhat Ethiopia va cao thir thir tu d chdu Phi ( 4.620m), ciing mdl ranh sau - Ke nut Lcin xe dgc ddt nudc. Hang nam nai nay cd hai miia nang vd hai miia mua. Trong bai miia mua tir ihdng hai den thdng ba vd lir ibdng bay den thdng chin, lugng mua lrung binh la 1.550 mm. Nhiet do thap nbal tir - 2.5^C ddn 4" C va cao nhdt tir 1 l"C den 18*^0. Do chenh leeb do cao nen mac dii d gan dudng xich dao.
tren niii vdn cd suong khdi va tuyet.
Trong cdng vien cd ba viing cay cdi khdc nhau. Sudn nui thdm thap la nai ngudi ddn trdng trgt. Len ldi 3.600m la cdc rimg thdng.
bach ddn vd keo. Tren ntra la ddng cd vdi lodi cd dudi trdu. ihacb lam. co lira vd cay lobelia... Rdi rac khap niii ciing cd nhieu hoa iham nhu lam xudn. buong thao. bdch xii.
ngii sdc... Thdng 9 miia mua. hoa dai na thdm sudn nui. thu hut nhieu tay chup anh.
Cd 21 loai ibu gdm 7 loai dac htm. quy hiem nhdl la lodi de rimg walia. khi ddu chd gelada vd sdi Simien. Ngodi ra la cdc loai khi colobus. linh cau. linh mieu. linb duang. chd rirng. bdo. Ign cd. son duong van.... Cd 137 loai chim gdm 16 loai dac hiru nhu cd quam.
sdu Maribou. qua den md day. vet xanh. se vdng. sao dd. chim hel. gd gd. ken ken. dai bdng - lodi chim ldn thu hai chau Phi ciing Id lodi chim bay cao nbal chdu luc cimg nhieu loai cdn triing. than lan vd ludng cu.
Quanh niii ngu cu nhieu dan lgc. md ddng nbal Id 2.500 ngudi dan Ambara. vd bg diing tdi 50 - 80% dien tich cdng vien de sinh sdng. canh tdc. Dudi chdn nui Id mdt ngdi lang nhd song rat ndi lieng. la nai dire vua Haile Selassie vd ntr boang Elizabeth II da timg den ibani quan vd nghi mat vdo nam 1960. Trong Idng cd nhieu qudn phuc vu ca phe dang vd lanh. bdnh injera Idm tir ke niii chdm vdi nudc sdt huong dja lan... Nhd khdng kbi mdt me, cay cdi xanh luai. ddng vat phong pbii, bang ngdy deu cd bang tram ngudi ldi tham quan, tha didu, di khinh khi cdu bav qua niii cao thi dua ciing nhtrng cdnh chim ngcpp irdi.
Chu Mgnh Cudng Cong tac vien Tap ehi Nghien ciru Chau Phi va Trung Dong
Tgp ehi nghien cdu CII AC PHI A TKCING t>d.\G so 07 (47) thang 7/2009
