Cudi ndm 2015, cpng dflng kinh te ASEAN

NBHIEN cuu KINH Ti

GIAI PHAP DAY MANH XUAT KHAU HANG HOA VIET NAM SANG THj TRlTONG ASEAN

TRONG BOI CANH THANH LAP CONG DONG KINH TE ASEAN (AEC) 2015

PHAM CONG BOAN "

Tom tit: Cong dong kinh te ASEAN • 20)5 dugc thanh lap da tao ra ca hdi to idn nhffng cung day thach thffc cho hang hda mat khau Viet tiam. Thffc te. giai doan 2010-2015 kim ngach xuat khau Viet Nam sang ASEAN da tang len mffc 16.8 ty USD (2015) vdi mffc binh guan 9.1 ty USD/nam. Viec thffc hien day du cac cam ket vi thffong mai va dau tff cda ASEAN la ca hoi tdn cho xuat khau Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, nhffng thach thffc bdi sffe ep canh Iranh tff cac nen kinh te ASEAN vdl Viet Nam ia rat idn. Vi vay. can co nhifng giai phap hffu hieu tff ca phia Nha nffde va ban than cac doanh nghiep Vie! Nam trong viec nang cao sffe canh tranh cua cac doanh nghiep va nen kinh te de tan dung caeca hoi co dffOc tff hoi nhap ASEAN trong thai gian tdi.

Tirkhoa: Day manh xuat khau hang hoa Viet Nam. thi trffdng Asean. Asean -2015

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udi ndm 2015, cpng dflng kinh te ASEAN duoc thanh lap vfli cac muc tieu co p i n : (i) Tao lap thj truflng thong nhat vfli g i n 600 trieu dan; (ii) Di chuyen t u do cac y l u td s i n xua't. d i m bao tinh canh tranh cao; (ill) Phat trien dong deu cae nufle ASEAN; (liii) Hpi nhap d i y du nen kinh te loan cau. ASEAN-2015 duoc thanh lap da tao ra CO hpi to Idn nhung cung d i y thach thffc cho hang hda xuat khau Viet Nam. Oe hpi nhap thanh cdng va thuc day xua't kha'u hang hda Viet Nam can CO nd luc c i phia Chinh phu l i n doanh nghiep va cac co quan lien quan. ASEAN la thi trffflng dffng thff 3 ve kim ngach xua't khau cua Viet Nam nen day la thi truflng then vpng can co su nhan didn, khai thac nhung trien vpng va Ipi t h i de day manh xuat khau.

1. Khai quat tinh hinh xuat khau hang hoa Viet Nam trong ASEAN

* Pho Gido sU, Tien si, Trudng Dai hoc Thuong mai.

Nam 2010 dupe xem la nam ASEAN chuyen sang giai doan phat trien mfli, huflng de'n muc tidu thanh lap Cpng dong kinh te ASEAN vao nam 2015, theo dd xua't khau hang hda Viet Nam trong ASEAN cdng cfl nhffng chuyen bien tieh cue. Tff chfl truflc 2010, xud't khau hang hda Vidt Nam trong ASEAN chi tap trung vao gao va dau thd vfli kim ngach xud't khau trong khu vuc g i n 4 ty USD (2004) d i n 10,4 ty USD (2008) thi giai doan 2010-2015 kim ngach xua't khau da tang len mffc eao nhat 19,4 ty USD (2014) va 16,8 ty USD (2015) nhu vay vfli mffc binh quan/nam da tang 9,1 ty USD, tffc la hfln 2 lan so vfli giai dean tnJflc dd. Neu nhu trffflc 2010, ty trong kim ngach xuat kha'u hang hda Viet Nam trong ASEAN chi ehilm 1/5 tdng kim ngach thi giai doan 2010-2015 ASEAN da trfl thdnh thj truflng ifln thu 3 eua Viet Nam chi sau Hoa Ky Va EU, Xudt kha'u cua Viet Nam cd dupe k i t q u i nhu vay Id do Viet Nam da da dang hda mat hang xuat kha'u ngoai gao va

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dau thd, da tang nhanh kim ngach xuat khau:

Oidn thoai vd linh kidn, may vi tlnh va linh kidn, sat thep, mdy mflc, t h i l t bj cflng cu, hdng ndng s i n vd del may, ed phe, cao su va cde nhdm khde. N l u trufle nam 2010 nhap sidu tff ASEAN cdn Ifln thi giai doan sau dd thu hep. Cac thj truflng chinh cho xud't khau chO yeu la Malaysia, Singapore vd Thdi Lan, Indonexia. Nhu vay, ed t h i thay, mac du kim ngach xua't khau cOa Viet Nam sang ASEAN da tang manh nhung v i n con tinh trang nhap sidu, nhieu mat hang Viet Nam s i n xuat dupe nhu gao, giay, dien gia dung, mdt so thiet bj phu tung vdn con nhap khau dp hdng Vidt Nam chat lupng thap, gid cdn cao hay dtd mdt mat hang cfl kim ngach nhap kha'u Ifln, t i e dd tang nhanh cung vay.

Ngodi nguydn nhan tff nang Iffc quan trj va cdng nghe thap 10 phia doanh nghidp cpn cd nguyen nhan la co chd vd ehinh sdeh, chien luoc cua Quflc gia dfli vfli mat hang nay. Dac biet la nhap sidu cdn Ifln, n l u nam 2015 nhap sidu loan bp kinh t l chi 3,55 ty USD thi thi truflng ASEAN nhap sidu 5,6 ty USD. Dieu nay ddi hoi Chfnh phu vd doanh nghiep can cfl chinh saeh va bien phdp thilt thuc de day manh hon nffa xuat khau, khai thac tiem nang, the' manh cua oac mat hang hien cd, mfl rdng mat hang xud't khau va thj truflng xuat khau (hien mfli chi tap trung vao 4 nen kinh te Ifln cua ASEAN) mfli ban che dugc nhap sidu.

cac thi truflng tiem nang nhu Mianma, Philipin, Lao va Campuchia kim ngach x u i t khau eon thap. Didu dang chu y la sir ndi len cua Campuchia trong xuat khau gao, del may, tff chd 00 vi tri canh tranh yeu kem da vufln len thanh dfli thu manh nhfl co chien lupc, chinh sdeh dung dan. Thai Lan la mpt ddi thff canh tranh manh ve gao. hoa qua. det may va gan day la 6 to. Ngoai Ipi the ve tu nhien, did ly con Ipi the ve chien luoc, chinh saeh ho tro cho s i n xua't, x u i t khdu va nhan luc. q u i n tn.

Ve xang dau, Viet Nam la nufle s i n xuat, song gia thanh cao nen kho canh tranh. van phai nhdp vfli ly irong Ifln trong kim ngach (nam 2015 xap xi

15%). Cac bidn phap phdng vd cOa Viet Nam hau nhu chua duac dp dung do t h i l u kinh nghidm vd hdnh lang phdp ly cung vfli nhffng han e h l trong q u i n trj va kinh nghidm trong dfli pho vfli cac bidn phap phdng vd thuflng mai cOa cde nufle trong khu vuc vd trdn thd gifli. Them vdo dd la vide thieu thdng tin v l thj truflng vd mdi truflng, chuan muc phdp ly fl edc nufle nhap khau, t h i l u kinh nghidm trong budn ban qude td nen gap khd khan trong vide mfl rdng mat hang, md rdng thj truflng, trong dam phan, thue hidn hpp ddng, x(} ly tranh chap, bj dp gid... Vide nghien cUu, chu ddng tham gia chudi gia trj loan cau ban che do dd cung khflng phdt huy duoc lfli the, giam sffe canh tranh.

2. C o hfli va thach thffc dd'i vfli xua't khau hang hoa Viet Nam sang thj trUflng ASEAN

Ve cd hdi xuat khau:

ASEAN Id mdt thj truflng Ifln, cd t i c dp tang tarong nhanh. Theo thong kd cOa Tong cue H i i quan tU nam 1995 ddn 2015 tdc dp tang tnrflng kim ngach xua't nhap kha'u tU 3,9 ty USD len 42,1 ty USD tang g i n 13 lan va Viet Nam trfl thanh ddi tdc thuong mai Ifln thff 2 sau Tmng Qudo ASEAN la mpt khu vuc phat trie'n kinh te nang dpng cua the gi(S via GDP tdng nhanh. Toe dp tang kim ngach xua't khau sau 20 nam ke tU 1995 tang 18 lan, binh quan 17,1%/nam cao hon so vfli nhap kha'u, dieu nay chffng td xua't khau eo nhieu c i i thidn.

Vcri vide thffe hien d i y du cac cam k i t ve thuong mai vd dau t u cua ASEAN phu hpp vfli chien lupc phat tnen ode nganh djeh vu eua Viet Nam va phap ludt hien nay se giup xua't kha'u Viet Nam thuan Ipi hfln. Cung vfli do la vide di chuyen lao ddng cd ky nang, tay nghe trong ndi khdi eung thuan Ipi hon.

Hiep djnh dau tu loan dien (ACIA) cOng giup gia tang d i u tff ndi khdi va thu hut dau tff nufle ngoai giup Viet Nam co the tiep can vfli cac dong vdn d i u tff ifln va cflng nghd. q u i n trj hien dai.

Song can luu y r i n g nhffng CO hpi tren day cac nudc ASEAN deu duoc huflng vfli mUc dp khac nhau nen cung la thach thUc vfli Viet Nam. Chidn thing chf thufle ve nhffng ai biet khai thac cfl hpi va han che tdi da nhung thdch thuc.

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NBHIENCUU KHIH It

Ve thach thffc chd xuat khau:

Thdch thffc Ifln nhat la sffe dp canh tranh tU t u dp hda thuPng mai va dau tff trpng didu kidn ASEAN cd lfli t h i kha tuong dong vfli Viet Nam.

Cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam vffa y l u kdm v l ngufln lire (nhan luc, vdn, cdng nghd) va quan trj, thilu kinh nghidm trong budn bdn qud'c t l , trong xff ly cde tinh hudng, vu kidn. T h i l u thdng tin vd t h i l u h i l u b i l l ve thj truflng, luat phap, quy djnh cua khdi vd dfli tde. T h i e h l kinh te thj truflng Viet Nam chua day dO, ddng bp vd con nhieu diem bat hpp ly. Song chinh nhung sffe dp ndy cung se tao ddng luc thffc day Chinh phu vd doanh nghiep Viet Nam vuon len, chuyen khfl khan trfl thanh cfl hpi.

3. Giai phap chO yeu day manh xua't khau hang hfla Viet Nam sang thj truflng ASEAN nhuTig nam tfli

Mue tidu xuat khau theo Dd an phat t r i l n thj truflng cde khu vuc thfli ky 2015 - 2020, t i m nhin den ndm 2030 so 1467/QO-TTG cOa ThO tuflng Chinh phu ngay 24/8/2015, phdt t r i l n thj truflng khu vuc Dong Nam A dupe djnh huflng:

- T i l p tuc day manh xudt khau sang ode thi truflng Xinh-ga-po, Ma-lai-xi-a, Thai Lan, In-do- ne-xi-a va eao thj truflng edn nhidu tiem nang xuat kha'u la Lao, Cam-pu-chia, Mi-an-ma.

- Vd mat hang, tang ouflng xuat khau nhom hang cflng nghiep chd bien, chd tao cfl hdm lupng cdng nghe eao, nguyen lieu dau vao Id san pham trong nufle; tiep tuc day manh va duy tri x u i t khau nhom hang ndng, lam, thuy s i n , dac biet la cac mat hang cd the manh cua Vidt Nam nhu gao, thue pha'm, rau qua, ca phe, ca cao, s i n pha'm cao su, thuy s i n

Vfli muc lieu ehung la dat toe dp tang truflng xuat khau giai doan 2015-2020 la 11-12%/nam.

Trong do rieng thj truflng Dong Nam A de'n nam 2020 dat 30 ti USD (chiem 10% tfl'ng kim ngach xuat khau todn bp nen kinh te) va tdc do tang truflng binh quan trung binh 10%/nam.

De thuc hidn muo tieu tren can g i i m bdt su phu thupc vao mdt so thi trudng de g i i m rui ro.

day manh xue tidn thuong mai. khai thac tan dung

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tdt CO hdi cat g l i m thud, dfl bo hang rdo phi t h u l quan, nang cao hidu qua xua't kha'u, tao thuan Ipi cho xuat kha'u mat hdng cd Ipi t h i . Vfli ASEAN ngoai edc thj truflng Malaysia, Singapore, Thai Lan, Indonesia can mfl rdng cac thj trffflng tidm nang nhff: Mianma, Ldo, Campuchia.

- Ve mat hang: Day manh xua't kha'u cac mat hang edng nghidp e h l b i l n , che tap cP ham lupng cdng nghd cao, nguydn lldu dau vao Id san pham trong nufle, bdn canh dd duy tri vd day manh xua't khau cac mat hang ndng, lam, thOy, h i i s i n (gao, thuc pham, rau qua, ed phd, cao su) von la Ipi t h i cua VIdt Nam.

Thff nhat giaiphap vephia Chinh phO, Bd, nganh - Nha nufle t i l p tuc hodn thidn the e h l , chinh saeh dam bao sff ddng bd, hpp ly theo hffflng tao mfli trffflng thuan Ipi cho hoat dpng cua doanh nghiep nfli chung va cde doanh nghiep s i n xuat, c h i bien va xua't kha'u hang hPa chu luc, cfl tidm nang vd Ipi the. Oac bidt chu trpng xdy dimg chien Iffpc qud'c gia doi viJi mat hdng chu luc, ed kim ngach xuat khd'u Ifln nhu lua gao, hoa qua, cao su, cd phe; nhffng mat hdng sff dung edng nghe cao nhu dien thoai, may tinh vd dung cu, thiet bj cdng nghe cao, s i t , thep, ddt may va thOy s i n , cd ehfnh saeh thud thu nhap, t h u l gia tri gia tang hpp ly, g i i m thieu tfli da thud nhap kha'u linh kien va thiet bj, may mdc, thffc hien hoan t h u l tai dau tu, midn thue vd g i i m t h u l thu nhap doanh nghiep.

- Tang cuflng su phdi hpp giffa cac Bd, nganh trong hoach dinh va ban hanh chinh saeh d i m b i o su dong bd. tranh su chdng cheo, mau thuan tao thuan lfli cho cac td ohffo, doanh nghidp trong s i n xudt, che bien va xua't khau.

- G i i m thieu toi da ode thu tuc hdnh ehinh, chi phi sff dung co so ha tang cho s i n xua't vd xuat kha'u, day la mdt trong nhffng yeu td eo b i n tan dung CO hpi. khao phue nhffng khd khan ve chi phi logistics von kha cao trong gia thdnh hang xua't khau vd yeu to thfli gian trong xua't kha'u va tan dung CO hfli x u i t kha'u.

- Nha nfffle vp ngan hang Nha nufle cp ehfnh saeh tfn dung, lai suat hop ly tao thudn Ipi cho

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doanh nghidp san xuat, che b i l n , xua't kha'u t i l p can ngufln vdn nhanh chdng, thuan Ipi vfli chi phf vdn thap. Nha nufle tao thuan Ipi cho thu hut dau tu, lidn k i t vfli doanh nghidp nufle ngoai, uu tidn cde doanh nghiep sff dung cdng nghe cao cho san xuat, che bien hang xuat kha'u.

- Hoan thien, bo sung cac van b i n phap ly cho viec sff dung cdng eu phdng ve thuong mai, cung cap thdng tin canh bao rOi ro trong xud't khau.

- Da'y manh dam phan song phuong, da phffpng trong hop tac thffflng mai, d i u Iff vfli edc nfffle trong khu vuc ASEAN. Hfl trp cfl trpng tam, trpng d i l m xue tien cac mat hang cfl tiem nang, loi t h i Ifln, ty trpng cao trong kim ngach xud't khau.

- Day manh tuydn truyen, dao tao, cung cap thdng tin ve quy djnh cua khfli ASEAN dd'i vfli thuong mai, dau tu, thflng tin thj truflng; sff dung cac CO quan Thuflng vu, cde dai didn fl cac nufle trong khu vuc.

- Hfl trfl dao tao ngudn nhdn luc cho cac doanh nghidp ve kien thffc, ky nang va kinh nghiem trong s i n xua't, che b i l n va xuat khau, kinh nghiem quan ly.

Thff hai, giai phap ddi vdi cac hiep hoi nganh hang xuat khau

Tang cuflng phd bidn, to ehffe giao Iffu, hpi thao cac doanh nghidp ngdnh hdng xuat khau ve quy djnh cua khdi ASEAN ve thuong mai, dau tu;

kinh nghidm xua't khd'u, xff ly tranh chap va cac bien phap phpng vd; tang cuflng su hop tac, lien ket trong xua't khau doi vfli cac doanh nghidp ngdnh hang va hfl trp dao tao nhan lire, xay dung, quing ba thuang hieu.

Thff ba. giai phap ddi vdi doanh nghiep san xuat, che bien hang xuat khau

- Day manh viee nghien cUu nhu cau thj truflng. duy tri va mfl rpng mat hang mfli ma Viet Nam cd loi the yd tiem nang xudt khau, nhffng mat hang da khing djnh vj the tren thj truflng Thiet lap he thdng thdng tri tren thj truflng ve cfl hfli. rui ro thi truflng. mat hang.

- S8y manh dau tu trang thiet bj hien dai hoac lien ket vfli doanh nghiep nfffle ngoai de tang

effflng trang t h i l t bj, edng nghd hidn dai cho s i n xud't vd e h l b i l n hang xudt kha'u. ChO dpng nghidn cffu, tham gia vao chudi khu vuc, loan cau d l khai thac loi t h i trong chudi, ndng cao gid tri gia tang va hieu qua xua't khd'u.

- Day manh vide dd'i mfli q u i n trj, xdy dung c h i l n luoc, chinh sdeh, quy trinh eho hang xua't khau vd cac bien phap n h i m ndng cao nang luc canh tranh hang xuat khd'u.

- Day manh dao tao nhan lire tac nghidp vd quan ly, coi day la mflt trong nhffng yeu to cot Ifli d l ndng cao ndng luc canh tranh.

- Xay dimg kenh phdn phdi, coi trpng edc nhd phan phdi co uy tin, d i u tu xay dung va phat trien thuong hieu nganh hang, mat hang; quang ba thuong hieu va xue tidn.

Tang cuflng giao luu, hpc hdi kinh nghidm trong vd ngoai nufle, tang cffdng sff phdi hflp, lidn ke't vfli cac doanh nghiep trong vd ngoai ngdnh de xudt khau.

- Chua'n bj tdt cae bidn phap phPng chdng ban phd gia, rao e i n phi t h u l quan.

Tdm lai, d l tan dung cac co hpi va vffPt qua cac thach thffe khi hfli nhap kinh te qufle t l nfli chung va ASEAN ndi rieng, can su vdo cupc cOa ca Nha nufle, doanh nghiep va ngufli lao dpng. Moi doanh nghiep va mdi ngufli dan c i n chu ddng trong vide tim hieu thdng tin, chua'n bi cho minh mdt tam the canh tranh khu vuc va qud'c te. Oac biet cac g i i i phap tren day can phai cd su phdi hpp dflng bd. dudi su chi dao thdng nhat cua Chinh phu, Bd, nganh ddng thfli cung tdng quyen chu dflng, sang tao tU phia doanh nghidp xud't khau.H

Tai lieu tham khdo

/. Hii'p dinh Tliitang inai Imng hoa ASEAN lATIGA) Cha-am Thai Lan 26/212009.

2. Hiep dmh khung ASEAN ve Dich vii (AEAS).

Campui hia ngdy 2/9/2003

3 Quyet dmh 1467/QD-TTg ngdy 24 thdng 08 ndm 2015 ciia Chinh phu ve phe duyet de dn phdt trien cde thi Iruang khu vuc thdi ky 2015-2020, ldm nhin din ndm 2030.

4 HM'H' mou.gov.vn Bg Cdni;Thudng.

5 M Mil' custoim i^ov vn cud Tdng cue Hdi quan.

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