KINH TE - PHAP LUAT CHAU AU
J KINH NGHIEM XAY DUNG HE T H 6 N G KHOA HOC, C O N G N G H E V A D 6 I M(3I (STI) COA T H U Y D I ^ N V A M O T s f i GOI Y DINH HU(3NG C H I ^ N LUOC CHO VI|T NAM
TRONG B6\ C A N H HOI N H A P QU(5C T ^
Dao Thanh Truong*
Tom tat: Trong xu the hqi nhgp quoc te vi khoa hpc vd cong nghe (KH&CN), so vdi cdc quoc gia khdc trin thi gidi, nen KH&CN cua Viet Nam phdt triin a muc thdp cd ve ddu tu vd hieu qud hogt dgng. Nhiim vu ddt ra doi vdi Viet Nam Id phdi co nhimg thay ddi vd hodn thien hi thong khoa hoc, cong nghe vd ddi mdi (STI). Bdi viit nghien cicu kinh nghiim trong viic xdy dung he thSng STI cua Thuy Diin trin ca sd do dua ra nhihig dinh huang chinh sdch nhdm thtic day thuang mgi hoa kit qud nghiin cihi khoa hoc, tdng tinh lien kit giica cdc thdnh phdn trong he thdng, tang lugng ddu tu cho hogt dong STI,... Ddy se la nhOng bdi hoc thiit thuc gop phdn thuc day hi thdng STI cua Viet Nam thay ddi vd bdt kip vdi nhip phdt triin chung cua cdc nudc tren the gidi.
Tu khoa: he thdng STI, khoa hoc vd cdng nghe, nghiin cicu vd phdt trien, chinh sdch, Thuy Dien
Todn cdu hda da trd thdnh ca hdi cho sy phat triln ciia cae qudc gia dya trdn hpp tac vd ddu tu tao thanh mot mang luai cimg lien kit vd phdt triln. Duge eoi la mdt nudc ed nin kinh tl tri thfic cao, dfing ddu thi gidi vl mdi trudng kinh doanh, phat trign thanh cdng he thing dli mdi vd Id mpt trong nhung nude cd tdng chi tieu cho hoat ddng nghien
' TS, Truomg Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hdi va Nhan van
Cliu va phat tiien (R&D) cao nhat tren thg gidi, Thuy Diln da trd thdnh nudc tien phong trong hoat ddng ddi mdi. Khdng mdy ai biet rang, hon 100 nam tmdc, Thuy Didn la mdt nugc ndng nghiep ngheo ddi. Tfi nhiing nam 1880 din nam 1930, khoang 1,5 trieu ddn (khodng 25% dan so Thuy Diln Ific dd) di cu sang Bdc Ml' khiln nudc ndy roi vao the yeu vd thigu ngudn nhdn Iye dl cd
' DSn theo s l lieu ciia VINNOVA, Swedish Govermental Agency for Innovation ^sterns.
20 NGHIEN CCru CHAU AU • EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°10 (181).2015
thi phat tiiln. Su vuon ldn thdn ki cua Thuy Diln vdi myc tieu chiln lugc Id dya vdo STI da dem Iai thdnh cdng ldn. Nhilu sdn phdm tu hoat ddng KH&CN eua Thuy Diln da dupe phd biln vd lam thay doi cd thi tmdng till gidi nhu: bao bi Tetra Pak, day tiidt an toan ba dilm, skype, bluetootii, cdm fing da dilm, mdn hinh mau, di ddng cam tay, sigu dm (ultiasoimd), khda keo, mdy trg tim,...
Nhirng chinh sach, cdch thfic xdy dung va phdt triln he thdng STI cfia Thuy Diln thuc su Id digu dang hpc hdi de edc qudc gia phdt trign kinh tl ddt nuoc va dat dugc nhirng thdnh tuu cao trong phdt tiiln KH&CN.
1. H$ thong STI cua Thuy Dien trong boi canh hoi nhap quoc te
LL Chi so va cdch thuc xay dung he thong STI cua Thuy Diin
Trong cac bdng xep hang vg chi sd ddnh gid nang luc ddi mdi, Thuy Diln diu xlp thfi
hang cao. Nud'c ndy dugc coi Id mdt tiong nhfing nin kinh tl canh tianh nhdt the gidi va la qudc gia di ddu ddi mdi tiong Lidn minh Chdu Au. Vdi dan so khodng 9,6 tiieu ngudi nam 2013 (chiem khodng 0,013% ddn sd thi gidi), mfic GDP cfia qude gia nhd be nay la 570.59 ti USD^ nam 2014, chilm tdi 0,92%
tdng gia trj nen kinh tg thg gidi. Nhfing lpi thi vl mdi tmdng kinh doanh, su uu dai trong cac khoan vay cfia ngdn hdng ddnh cho cdc doanh nghiep nhd vd vfia (DNNVV), sir lign kgt ddi moi chat che, sau rdng va higu sudt Iao ddng cao tao nen mpt mdi tmdng dli mdi vd cung thudn lgi cho bdt cfi cd nhdn hay td chfic ndo mudn khdi sy tgi Thuy Dien.
Dilu nay thg hien qua nang lyc canh tianh (Xem bieu dd 1).
Thuy Dien ludn chfi tipng vdo ddu tu va phat trien he thdng STI, coi day vfia Id muc tieu vfia Id phuong tien dg phat trign quic gia.
Mfic ddu tu cho R&D cfia Thuy Diln ludn thupc hang ddu trong Lidn minh Chdu Au.
Nguon: http://www.tradingeconomics.coni/
y^inA nghiem aeag dtAig... 21
• Thuy Diin ••••• •>•» Lien mmh Chau Au
Keu suit lao doag
Lfto d^ng limh d6cao%
Ngudn: Overview of competitiveness in 27 Member States, 2012.
Bang 1: Bau tir cho R&D ciia Thuy Diin Dan vi: % GDP
Lien minh Chau Au 1,93 Thuy Dien | 3,22
1,97 3,22
2,01 3,28
2,01 3,3 Ngudn: Eurostat.
Viec ddu tu cho R&D d Thuy Dien cung ldn cho khu vuc doanh nghigp ktnh doanh, cd sy phan hda ddc biet vdi mfic ddu tu khd khu vyc cdng chi ehiem mpt phan rat nhd.
Bang 2: Bau tu cho R&D chia theo khu vuc
Dan vi: % GDP
Khu vuc cdng
Khu vuc doanh nghigp kinh doanh
Khu vuc giio due dai hoc Khu vuc tu nhan khdng lgi nhuan
0,16 2,11 0,85 0
0,14 2,22 0,85 0,01
'SflM
0,16 2,22 0,89 0,01
i^^
0,12 2,280,9 0,01 Nguon: Eurostat.
22
NGHIEN CCrU C H A U A U - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°10 (181).201STrong hai nam 2012, 2013, Thuy Dien lign tuc dfing thu hai trong danh sdch nhfing qudc gia sdng tao nhat trong Chi sd Ddi mdi Todn cdu (Global Innovation Index - GII).
Cd rdt nhilu ca hdi danh cho cac doanh nghiep khdi su ddu tu vdo nganh cdng nghe
Bang 3: Xep hgng Globallnnovation Index - GII cua Thuy Biin cao. Thuy Didn eiing ddu tu vdi ti le ldn tiong GPD vao nghien cfiu khoa hpc vd giao dye. Vi thi, qudc gia nay la mdt md hinh nil bat ve sy dn dinh gifta ddi mdi va phdt triln thdng qua ede thfi hang xgp hang cua Gil va Innovation Union.
Xep hang 1 2 3 4 5
2013 ThuySi Thyy Dien
Anh HaLan
My
2014 Thuy ST
Anh . Thuy Biln
Phin Lan Hi Lan Nguon: www.globalinnovationindex.org
Biiu ah 2: Xip hang cua Thuy Diin iheo Innovation Union (2014)
U
0,000 - ' — • ' • " • • — . — , — * * RO BO LV LT PL HR SK a HU ES MT PT IT CV CZ EE SI EU AT FR BE IE UK LU NL DE Fl DK SE
I—I Nhiing nudc mdi doi mdi
^ Nhiing nuac ddi mdi chdm
'—I Nhftng nudc dang tiong tiln trmh ddi mdi H Nhiing nudc ddn ddu vl ddi mdi Ngudn: Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014.
~Xinh. nghiem aeag tlutng,,. 23
Trong nhirng nudc dan ddu vl ddi dot phd. Hinh 3 cho thdy su ehenh lech mdi (innovation leaders) gdm Dfie, Phdn ddnh kl vl chi sd ddi mdi giua Thyy Diln Lan, Dan Mach va Thyy Diln, cdc chi sd va cac qudc gia khac ti-ong nhdm ddn ddu ddi mdi cua Thyy Diln thuc sy mang tinh ndy.
Bieu do 3: Chi so ddi m&i c&a nhom cdc nir&c d&n dhu vi dSi m&i
2007 20O8 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
- T h u j B i l n Phin Lan
- Ban Mgch ^ j ^
Ngudn: Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014.
Nhung ket qua Thuy Dien dat duge thuc sy da dem lai nhung thay ddi ldn lao cho qudc gia ndi ridng vd cho todn thi gidi ndi ehung. Nam 2011, edc nhd khoa hpc Thuy Diln cd 9.473 bdi nghidn cfiu dugc cdng bd tien cae tap ehi khoa hpc quoc tl cd uy tin^;
nam 2012 cd 2.749 dan xin cdp bdng sang chl"*, tnmg binh Id khodng 290 don/mdt trieu ddn. Nhiing con sd bilt ndi do la mmh chiing ro rdng ve vi tri hang dau the gidi vg ddi mdi, sang tao cfia Thuy Dign.
Ci Thuy Dien, cu 4 nam mpt ldn, Chinh phii chudn bi mpt dy Iudt nghign cfiu va ddi meii, trong dd xdc dinh cac mye tieu dai han
^ Nguin: Worldbank (http:wdi.worldbank.Org/table/5.13)
* Nguin: Eurostat (online data code: pat_ep_ntot)
va ngan han eiing nhu kinh phi hoat dpng cho he thong STI tiong vdng 4 nam tilp theo. Trong Du ludt Nghidn cfiu vd Ddi mdi nam 2012, Chinh phfi Thuy Diln da tuyen bd muc tigu chinh sdch STI ciia minh van la mdt nudc manh vl hoat ddng R&D vdi viec nang cao chdt lugng nghign cfiu va tang cudng su ddng gdp efia kit qud nghien ciiu khoa hpc vao su phat trien kmh tg - xd hdi thdng qua day manh thuong mai hda kit qud nghien cfiu. Ngodi dy ludt vg nghign cfiu va ddi mai, Chinh phfi Thyy Diln ciing thuc ddy phat trien chinh sach STI thdng qua cdc quy dinh ve ngdn sdch, vg hoat ddng KH&CN chung vd thdng qua cac thanh vien hdi ddng quan tri trong cac co quan vd td chfic KH&CN.
24 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N^IO (181).2015
He tiidng STI cua Thuy Dien dua tien md hinh ba vong xodn dc (triple helix), tiong dd cd 43 vudn uom doanh nghiep, 33 cdng vign khoa hpc, 12 quy ddu tu ucrm tao vung (sd lieu thing ke nam 2013). Nhiem vu trpng tdm cua cac thdnh phdn nay la tap ti-ung vao qua tiinh thuemg mai hda va ddi mdi kinh doanh. Thuy Diln cd 5.000 doanh nghigp phat tiiln vdi 72.000 nhan cdng.
1.2. Cdc dac trung trong he thong STI cua Thuy Bien
Cdc khu vyc chinh phu va khu vuc tu nhan phi lgi nhuan boat dpng chu ygu vdi vai tid nhd tdi tip tiong nghign cfiu (cac khoan dau tu cua hai khu vuc nay cho R&D chi chilm 5% tiong tdng chi tidu R&D). Hang nam, Chlnh phu Thuy Dign ddu tu khoang 3,4 ti Euro cho hoat ddng R&D. Trong Chuang tiinh Nghign cfiu va Ddi mdi 2012, Chinh phu Thuy Diln da bd sung them 455 tiieu Euro cho hoat dpng R&D tiong giai doan 2012-2016. Viec gia tang ngudn kinh phi nay da dugc cdng bd tfi nam 2008. Cdc ngudn tdi trg cua Chinh phfi danh cho hoat dpng R&D se tang tdng cdng khoang mdt ti Euro tiong vdng 8 nam (2008-2016). Hdu hit ngudn ngdn sach nay se dugc phan bd cho cdc tmdng dai hpc va edc td chfic giao due dai hpc khac.
He thdng STI cua Thuy Diin mang nhitng dgc trung sau: (1) Cd su phan dinh rach rdi gifia khu vyc cdng va khu vyc tii tiong hoat ddng R&D va mdi khu vyc lai chiu sy anh hudng manh me cua mot vdi nhdn t l trong chinh nd (d khu vyc tu nhan la
cae cdng ty da qudc gia Idn nhu AstraZeneca, AtiasCopco, Eleetiolux, SKF, IKEA hay TetraPak, d khu vyc cdng la nhiing tmdng dai hpc nghien cfiu Idn); (2) Cd su gdn ket cao dp gifia khoa hpc va nghien cfiu va gifta cac nhan td trong he thing khoa hpc d khu vuc cdng cd muc do tir chfi cao; (3) Cae eo quan thupc chinh phii xay dyng va thyc hien chinh sach cd lien quan mat thiet vdi nhau va eiing cd muc dp tu chu eao; (4) Cd sy phan chia tiach nhiem trong he thdng STI gifia Bd Giao due va Nghien ciiu (vdi chfic nang giai quygt cac van de lien quan dgn R&D tiong khu vuc han lam) vd Bp Doanh nghiep (cd tiach nhiem giai quyet cac van de R&D tiong khu vyc tu nhan); (5) Sy phdi hgp theo chieu ngang chu yeu dien ra thdng qua ca che khdng chinh thuc gifia cac bd vd ca quan thudc bd; (6) Cd sy phan cap tiach nhiem trong he thong STI din cdc chinh quyln khu vuc (quan); (7) Cdc tmdng dai hpc bdt buoc phai tu xdy dyng chign lugc nghien cfiu rieng ciia minh; (8) Cd su phdn chia mac dinh ve ti le lao dpng; mdt sd lugng nhd cac tmdng dai hpc hang ddu nhung lai chiem ti lg ldn lao dpng tiong khu vuc nghign cfiu cdng vd cac td chfic giao due dai hpc chuyen sdu; (9) Dinh hudng mang ti'nh chat bat budc la cdc tmdng dai hpc se cd hai ttdch nhiem:
vfia thuc ddy su ty nghign cfiu vfia dinh hudng nhiem vy nghien cfiu, tuy nhidn tien thye t l , cac tmdng dai hpc gap phai nhftng khd khan ttong viec trd thanh trung gian giiia nghien cfiu va san xuat.
^yCinh. ngJiiim aeag diAig... 25
3. Cor cau he thdng STI ciia Thuy Diln
Khu virc cfing
Khu vvc lir nhSn
R P C (Research Policy Council): Hoi ding Oiinh sSch Nghifin cthi ; IPC (Innovation Policy Council): Hgi dong Chfnh sich D l i moi
ITPS (tistitute for Growth Policy Studies): Vi?n Nghien cuu Chinh sach
Phattriln i VINNOVA (Swedish Goverrunental Agency for Innovation Systems): i
Ca quan Chinh phu Thuy Diln ve H? thong dli moi. • ^ - i 'RTD^(Research and Technology Development): NghiSn CIJU v4'PMt ! triln,c6ng ngh^ " ' , | Nguon: hllp://erawatch.irc.ec.Europa.eu
26 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°10 (181).2015
Co cdu he tiidng STI cua Thuy Diln cho thdy sy ro rang trong phan cdng tiach nhiem giua cdc thdnh phdn tiong he thdng. Vdi ba chuc ndng ehinh vd ba thdnh phdn chinh ciia he tiidng STI, cac t l chfic dugc phdn bd va cd co chl phdi hgp vdi nhau rat chat che.
- Thu nhdt, xdy dung chinh sdch chung.
Cac CO quan ddng vai tid thyc hien chinh la Chinh phfi va chinh quyen dia phuang cung Hdi dong Quoc gia vdi sy hd trp cfia Hdi ddng Chinh sdch Nghidn cfiu (RPC), Hpi ding Chinh sdch Ddi mdi (IPC) vd Vi$n Nghien cuu Chinh saeh Phat tiiln (ITPS). 6 cdp dia phuang, chinh sach dugc xdy dung tiong cdc ehuong trinh phat trien vfing (Regional Growth Programmes - RTP).
- Thu hai, tdi trg vd hd trg chinh sdch.
Cd ba idiu vue dgu tham gia ddng gdp nguin kmh phi tdi tip. Nam 2006, Chmh phfi Thuy Dien ddu tu khoang 2,7 ti Euro vdo hoat dpng R&D, sau quy nghidn cfiu bdn cdng ddng gdp khodng 0,17 ti Euro, chinh quyln dia phuemg vd cac hdi ddng ho trp khoang 0,8 ti. Trong cdc khodn ddu tu tine tilp vao hoat ddng R&D cfia Chinh phfi Thuy Diln, 56% tdng kinh phi dugc ddu tu vao nghien cfiu CO ban tiiudn tiiy vd 42% cho cde hoat ddng nghien cfiu va tiiln khai mang tinh dinh hudng (ttong dd: 20% ddnh cho cac hoat dpng R&D lign quan din qudc phdng an nmh, 22% danh cho cdc hoat ddng R&D cdn Iai). Ngudn kinh phi nghidn cfiu co bdn tiiudn tiiy chu y l u danh cho cac td chfic giao due dai hpc thdng qua ba hdi ddng nghign
cfiu. Kinh phi danh cho cae hoat ddng R&D khdng lien quan ddn qudc phdng an ninh dugc qudn ly bdi mpt loat cdc co quan trong dd cd VINNOVA (Swedish Govermental Agency for Innovation Systems). Nhiem vii ehinh cfia VINNOVA la dam bdo sy bin vung cho cac ngudn vdn R&D va phat triln he thdng ddi mdi mdt each hieu qua. Ngoai khu vyc cdng, khu vuc tu nhan gdm hai thanh phdn chinh la cac nganh cdng nghiep vd cdc quf tu nhan cung cd ddng gdp ldn cho quy KH&CN chung ciia Thuy Diln.
Ngodi ra, VINNOVA va Hpi ddng Nghign cfiu Thuy Dien (Swedish Research Council) cdn hd ttg v l chinh sach.
VINNOVA se hd trg cdc vdn dl chinh sach lien quan din ddi mdi va R&D, Hpi ding Nghien cfiu Thyy Diln lam cd vdn vl cac van de lien quan den ehinh sach nghien cfiu.
- Thic ba, thuc hiin hogt dong R&D.
Thuc hien chfic ndng ndy cd hai nhan to chinh la cac tmdng dai hpc va cac vien nghign ciiu. 6 Thyy Diln cd khoang 16 tmdng dai hpe tham gia boat ddng R&D.
Cac tmdng ndy khdng chi tap tinng vao cac nghign cfiu c a bdn thudn tuy, nghign cfiu co bdn dinh hudng ma cdn cd chuygn giao cdng nghg. Tuy ddng gdp mpt phdn rdt nhd vao he thdng STI nhung cdc vien nghign cfiu thuc sy Id cau ndi quan ttpng giiia nghien cuu va ling dyng, ddc biet Id ddi vdi cac DNNVV.
4. Chinb sach tai chinh trong he thing STI ciia Thyy Dien
^Kinh ngUiem xdg dUng... 27
Trong cac nguon lyc de duy tti va phat ttien he thdng STI, tdi ehinh ddng mdt vai ttd vd cung quan ttpng. Vao culi nam 2012, Bd Doanh nghiep Thyy Diln ban hanh Chign luge Ddi mdi qude gia, dua ra myc tigu Ion cho he thdng ddi mdi cua ddt nudc. Cudi nam 2013, tai Hdi nghi qudc gia, Bd Doanh nghiep, Ndng Iugng vd Co sd ha tang cfing cae bgn lign quan da ddnh Bieu do 4: Tong chi iieu cho
gid viec thyc hien Chiln lugc Doi mdi quoc gia, nhdn manh den viee cde chinh sach eiia Chinh phfi da day manh doanh nghigp uom tao cdng nghe d Thuy Dign vdi viec dau tu 3 trieu Euro hang nam eho edc chucmg trinh vudn uom doanh nghidp efia VINNOVA. Day duge coi Id mdt phan quan ttpng trong viec thye hien ehiln lugc doi mdi cfia Thyy Diln.
R&D phdn iheo ihdnh phan
T6NG CHI TI£U TRONG N'lrdc vft R*D COA CAC NHA TAITRg
U M L O I I V ' d f i h 9 <
Nguon: http://erawatch.jrc.ec.Europa.eu
Bilu dd 5: Tdng chi tiiu trong nu&c vi R&D ph&n theo nguon vSn va khu vuc hogt dpng TONG CHI TIEU TRONG NlTdC VE R&D THEO NGUON V 6 N VA
KHU VU'C HOAT DONG
Chinh phii Cacdoarh NiyiScnQoai Giaodycdgi T6chl>clui nghiep Wnh hpc nhan phi M
doanh nhu^n
• Tochut nghien cihj cdng • Giaodgcd^Jhgc
• CiciJaanh nghidp kinh doanh •T6chiJ'ctu' nhan phi Ip'i nhu|n
Ngudn: http://erawatch.jrc.ec.Europa.eu
28 NGHIEN COU C H A U A U - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 1 0 (181).2015
Theo bilu dd tren, cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh vdn chilm uu till ttong lmh vyc R&D cua Thuy Diln, vua Id ngudn tdi ttg vira Id nhdm tiiyc hign hoat ddng R&D. Trdn thuc t l , hdu hit cac nguon tai trg R&D d Thuy Diln la tu/cho cdc doanh nghiep kinh doanh vd nhin chung, viec chia se kinh phi tdng danh eho R&D giiia eac ngdnh la rat thdp.
Hdi ding Nghien cfiu Thyy Dien (VR), dupc tai tig bdi Bd Giao due va Nghign cfiu, tdi ttg cho tdt ca cac ITnh vyc nghien cfiu tu nhien va khoa hpc xd hdi, y te va giao dye.
Chuong trinh tai ttg ldn nhdt tryc tigp danh cho cac ca nhan va cac nhdm nhd ttong nghign cfiu co bdn dugc dua ra dya tren mdt cupc tuygn chpn mdi ndm mdt Ian va tinh fing dung duge danh gia bdi cac phdn bien kin tien ca sd cdc tigu chi khoa hpc, nhu v l chdt lupng va tinh khd thi ciia dy an,...
Ngodi ra cdn cd mdt vai cudc tuyen chpn ddc biet do Chinh phu hode Hpi ddng quylt dinh.
Npi dung va quy ttinh nay khd gilng vdi he thdng tuyen chpn dau thdu dl tai nghien cfiu khoa hpc cfia Viet Nam.
Han nua, Thuy Diln cd nhftng quy khdng hoan toan do Nhd nudc lap ra vdi chfic nang tdi ttg cho cdc tinng tdm nghign ciru chiln lugc. Trong sd do cd thi k l din cac- quy: Quy Tri tiific (Knowledge Foundation) tdi tig eho cac vien dao tao bde cao (nhung khdng phai Id dai hpc va nho hon dai hpc), Quy Thuy Diln v l Nghien cfiu Chiln lugc (The Swedish Foundation for Sttategic Research) ehuyen tai ttg eho nhftng du an nghien cfiu tilm nang v l doi mdi, Quy Ngan hdng Ba tiam nam cua Thyy Diln (The
Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Founelation) ehuyen tdi tig cho nhftng dy dn vg khoa hpc xa hdi va nhan van.
Khu vuc R&D edng ciia Thuy Diln phdn Idn la hoat dpng ttong khu vuc nghign Cliu CO ban (han lam), vdi su chi phdi Idn nhat tfi 15 tmdng dai hpe (la nhirng tmong cd quyln cdp hpc vi tiln si theo bdt cfi linh vuc nao hp lya chpn vd mac dinh tai trg nhiing nguon lyc co bdn d l nghien cfiu), 13 tmdng cao dang cd quyln cdp hpc vi tiln si d mdt so ITnh vue nghien cfiu cu thg va viec tai ttp eho nghien cfiu cua hp rdt nhd (tmng binh ehi bang 1/10 so vdi con s l tdi trp trung binh cfia cac trudng dai hpc). Khu vyc han ldm ndy chiu ttach nhiem eho nhfing nghien cfiu CO bdn va nhiing nhiem vu R&D mang tinh chat dinh hudng va lign quan din chuygn giao edng nghe. Myc dich ciia nhung cai each Chinh phu Thyy Dien d^t ra gan day la nham tang sy tu chu cua cdc tmdng dai hpc vd cdc eo sd giao dye dai hpc khac.
Thuy Dign cd khoang 30 vien cdng lap nghign cfiu dinh hudng, chilm ti le rat nho trong tdng nang lue R&D qude gia. Cac vien nghign eim thudng cd quy md khiem tdn, hoat dpng nhu trung gian giua nghign Cliu vd ling dung, dae biet la ddi vdi cac DNNVV. Tuy nhidn nd Id mdt phdn ciia ehinh sdeh nghien cfiu va ddi mdi de day manh khu vyc vien nghien cfiu nhdm tang eudng khu vyc hpc thuat va ung dung, thong qua do ddy manh cac td chfic bdo tig RISE - Cac Vien nghign cuu cua Thuy Dien tiidng qua nhirng bien phdp chinh sdch nang dpng cfia Chinh phfi.
~^f^inh ngJtiint, xajg diAig,.. 29
Dinh hudng ve sH dting vd qudn ly ngudn kinh phi hogt dong cita he thdng STI Ihuy Dien ttong Luat Nghign cfiu va Ddi moi 2012 gdm: Tang ngudn kinh phi tai trg cho cae trudng dai hpc va eao ddng Othoang 25 trieu Euro); Tai tto cho mdt trung tam qudc gia nghien cfiu khoa hpc doi sdng (SciLifeLab) Ochoang 17 trieu Euro); Xdy dyng cdc chuang trinh tdi ttg c6 muc tidu cho nhirng nghien cfiu co bdn trong edc ngdnh khoa hpc doi sdng (khoang 35 trieu Euro) va ede lihh vyc khac. ^ c biet quan ttpng Hgn quan dgn kha nSng canh ttanh ttong tuemg lai efia Thuy Diln (khoang 48 trieu Euro); Phe duyet kinh phi cho chuong trinh dac biet ddnh cho viec thu hut cac nha nghidn cfiu qude te noi bat den cde tnidng dai hpc cfia Thuy Dien va mpt chuang tiiiih dac biet cho cac nha nghidn cfiu tte ttong cac tmdng dai hpe cua Thuy Dign (khoang 20 trieu Euro); Tang cudng nang lyc cho khu vuc nghien cfiu thdng qua viec tdng hd ttp cho cae cong ty RISE.
Nhu vdy, toan ednh hoat ddng STI eua Thay Diln rdt dde sac vl eau true ciing nhu thanh qud. Tuy nhien, can cu vao cdc ehi sd vl hoat ddng R&D cua Thuy Diln, ed mdt vdn dl dang dugc dat ra, edn dugc gpi la
"Nghich Iy Thuy Diln - Swedish paradox", dd Id su khdng tuang thich trong ddu tu cdng cho hogt dong R&D. Ddu vdo eho STI (gdm chi phi ddu tu eho hoat dpng R&D, Iao ddng, tiidng tin KH&CN,...) khdng tiiong xfing voi kit qua ddu ra (dugc do bdng bang sdng chl va cdng bd khoa hpc). Nam 2005, Thi^
Diln ttd thdnh nudc ddu tu cho R&D eao nhdt tten thi gidi (khoang 3,8% GDP) nhung Iai khdng thu dugc kit qud tuemg xung nhu su tang tmdng kinh tl. Cdu hdi dat ra la:
Phai chang Thuy Diln da ddu tu qud muc cdc ngudn luc danh cho R&D? hay Ngudn lyc danh cho R&D dugc su dyng kem hieu qua? Hon nfta, viec ban ehg thuang mai hda ket qua nghien ciiu cung dugc coi la diem ylu ttong he thdng STI cua Thuy Dien.
Dfing tmdc vdn dl dd, Thuy Dign da xdy dung he thing STI nhdm ddy manh edc doanh nghiep khoa hpc (spin-off va start- up^) dl hd tig cho cac DNNW, dac biet Id hinh thdnh cac DNNW cdng nghe cao thdng qua phd bign kgt qua nghien cfiu vd hd ttg eho eae DNNW tigp can vdi nghign ciiu khoa hpc.
3. Mpt vai gpi suy cho chien lugc x£y dung va phat trien he thong STI cna Viet Nam
Viet Nam dang dfing nhihig lya chpn dinh hudng phat triln he thing STI cho rigng minh. Qua nghien cfiu each thfic xdy dyng vd phat trign hg thdng STI cfia Thuy Dien, chfing tdi manh dan dua ra mdt sd gpi suy mang ti'nh chat tham khdo eho chinh sdch STI cua Viet Nam ttong thdi gian tdi.
* Tnicmg hgp cac nha khoa hoc lap ra doanh nghiep d l triln khai y tuong khoa hoc ciia minh v t o san xudt, kinh doanh goi la doanh nghtep spin-off.
Start-up li cdc c6ng ty cong ngh§ trong giai doan khoi nghiep.
30 NGHIEN cufu C H A U A U - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 1 0 (181).2015
5.7. Thanh lap quy d&u tu mao hiem danh cho cdc nhiem vu nghien ciru thupc linh vfitr khoa hpc eg ban
Cdc nhigm vu thudc nganh khoa hpe co bdn cd tinh nii ro va phi kinh tl. Chi'nh vi hai ddc tinh nay nen cac nhiem vu nghien cfiu khoa hpc ca ban cdn dugc hd ttg ddu tu d l phdt triln. Ci hdu hit cde qudc gia diu cd qaf dau tu mao hilm (Venture capital). Khdc vdi ngudn vdn tu ngdn sach nhd nudc, kinh phi Clia quy ddu tu mao hiem dugc ddng gdp tu cac t l chfic, doanh nghigp, cd nhdn nen v l co che thi ehi cdn nha khoa hpc ban giao san phdm theo diing hgp dong. Cdn lai, mpi khodn thanh, quygt todn se dugc xfi Iy mdt each tien lgi vd don gian. Trgn thue t l , Quy dau tu mao hiem se chia se nii ro, ciing nhu Igi ich cfia hoat ddng nghign cfiu.
3.2. Co su tham gia vi phan dinh chitc nang ro rang c&a ca ba khu vuc trong hi thong STI, nhan mgnh vai trb quan ly cua nha nu&c
He thdng STI cfia Thuy Diln cd sy phan dinh rd rang v l sy tham gia vd chfic nang cu thg cua mdi thdnh phdn tiong qud trinh thyc hien nhigm vy. Qua so sdnh, hg tiidng STI cfia Viet Nam edn chua ed su dinh hinh rd rang ve thanh phdn, chfic nang, co cdu td chfic.
Vi tiig, d l tang cudng vai tid qudn Iy efia Nha nude dli vdi hoat ddng KH&CN cung nhu dl phdt tiiln kinh t l , Nha nudc cdn chli tipng: Gdn kit d mfic dp khdc nhau qua tiinh xdy dyng chiln lugc phdt tiiln kinh t l -
xa hpi vdi xay dyng chien lugc phat triln KH&CN ttong khudn klio cua each tilp csin ddi mdi quoc gia Idy doanh nghiep la trung tdm; Chfi ttpng tao I^p mdi tmdng thi chg thudn lgi cho su gdn kit va tu gdn kit cic hoat ddng KH&CN vdi sdn xudt, kinh doanh thdng qua vai ttd cfia cac doanh nghidp KH&CN nhu Id chfi t h i chinh ciia ddi mdi cdng nghe.
3.3. Day mgnh hogt dpng mfm tgo cong nghe
Vudn uom doanh nghigp cdng nghe la mdt ITnh vyc cdn kha mdi la vdi Viet Nam.
Tren thyc tg, khai niem nay mdi dugc biet den ttong mdt vdi nam ttd Iai ddy va vl ban chdt, Viet Nam ehua co mpt Id tiinh rd rdng eho cac doanh nghiep cdng nghg ttong cac hoat ddng tign uam tao vd uom tao. Theo nghign cfiu cua Cue Phat triln Thi tmdng va Doanh nghiep khoa hpc va cdng nghe, kl tir nam 2003 den nay dd cd 10 vudn uom ra doi tten cd nude (tdp trung chu ylu d hai thanh p h l Idn la Hd Ndi va Hd Chi Minh). Tuy nhign, theo sd Iidu khao sat gdn day, ttong s^
dd chi cd tdm don vi cdn tdn tai; va thuc te cung chi cdn khoang sdu vudn uam dang hoat ddng. Ddi tugng uom tao cua cdc vudn uom la cde ed nhan (sinh vign, gidng vign, nha nghien cfiu, doanh nhan, ngudi cd y dinh thanh lap doanh nghiep), nhd doanh nghi^
cd f tudng/du dn kinh doanh khd thi tiong ITnh vuc cdng nghe lign quan muon thanh lap doanh nghigp, phdt ttiln va thuong meii hoa y tudng vd sdn phdm thupc cdc ITnh vyc uu
•^iwt. n^hi^nt aeug di^ig... 31
tien, cae doanh nghiep vua vd nhd mdi khdi nghiep, doanh nghiep ttd, ddi tdc chiln luge... cd k l hoach kmh doanh kha flii va cd kha nang kmh doanh. Tuy nhidn, hdu hit cac vudn uom d i u gap khd khdn v l tdi chinh, vige tim ngudn tdi ttg edn gap nhilu ttd ngai.
Trong khi ngudn vdn tdi ttg tfi ngan sdeh nha nuoc/dia phuong edn ban chl, chfi y l u ddnh cho xdy dyng mat bdng kinh doanh va co sd nhd xudng thi viec tim kilm, khai thac cdc ngudn vdn khde cung cdn rdt han chl. Ngoai tru mdt sd it vudm uom ed sy hd ttg cfia nudc ngodi, sd con lai diu ca bdn chl dua vao ngan sach nhd nudc d l hoat ddng. Do dd, miic dp bgn viing ttong boat ddng cfia cac vudn uom khong dugc eao do khong tu dam bdo dupc chi phi sau khi hit tdi ttp.
3.4. Dhy manh thutmg mgi hoa kit qua nghien ciru khoa hpc
Lam thg nao d l cac kit qud nghign cfiu khoa hpc dy dem Iai lgi ieh thue sy, dem lai gid tri nhu ki vgng va mong udc tfi khi quyet dinh ddu tu va thuc hien? Thdng qua viec to chfic phdt trien san phdm hang hda tfi ket qua nghign cfiu eung cap ra thi tmdng, cdc td chfic se cd doanh thu vd Ipi nhudn de trich cho kinh phi hoat ddng KH&CN, ddng thdi ndm bdt dupe nhu cdu thuc t l ciia thi tmdng dl tfi do cd d l tai nghign cfiu KH&CN. Day manh va chfi ttpng ddy manh thuang msii hda nhdm ttdnh viec ket qua nghien cfiu bi Iang phi vi khdng cd ngudn lyc ddu tu, khdng tim dupc thi trudng vd ciing ttdnh viec cac doanh
nghiep m u l n cd ket qua nghidn cfiu khoa hpc nhdm phat trien vd tang sfie canh tianh cho td chuc mmh md khdng bigt tim d dau.
T^i lieu tham khao 1. Anne Lidgard (2013), Sweden and its innovation system: A brief introduction.
2. M.P. Hekkert, R.A.A.Suurs et.
(2006), Functions of innovation systems: A new approach for annalysing technological change.
3. Innovation union scoreboard 2015.
4. European Commisson (2015), Macroeconomic imbalances: Country report-Sweden 2015, 2/2015
5. European Commisson (2006), Strategic evaluation on innovation and the knowledge based economy in relation to the structural and cohesion funds, for ihe programming period 2007-2013, country report: Sweden.
6. European Commisson, Overview of competitiveness in 27 member states, 2012
7. Overall review ofEU members states and associated countries.
8. Seyma Caliskan Cavdar, Alev Dilek Aydin (2015), "An empuical analysis about technological development and innovation indicators", Procedia-Social and behavioural Sciences 195 1486-1495.
9. Staffan Karlsson, Daniel Wadskog (2007), A biliometric survey of Swedish scientific publications between 1982 and 2004.
10. https://sweden.se^usiness/innovatio n-m-sweden/
11. http://wwTv.tiielocal.se/2008II10/15 580
