I NCHIlN COU - TRAO BOI HI
DONG T H U A N X A H O I VA CO SCJ DIEU KIEN DE XAY D U N G DONG T H U A N
XA'HOI 6 NU6C TA HIEN NAY
Nguyen Thi Van Ha'
Tom tat: Bong thuan xd hoi xuat hien khi con ngUdi cosU chung sSng cong dSng do nhu cdu hap tdc debdo ton cuoc song, d thdi dai ngdy nay, khi hdp tdc trd thdnh noi dung cd bdn cua ddi sdng hien dai thi dong thuan xd hoi cdn trd thdnh ly thuyet ve tdm nhin trong xdy dUng cdu triic xd hoi cua bdt ky mgt quoc gia hay the che chinh tri ndo. Trong boi cdnh hien nay ciia dat niidc, lam the ndo degidi quyet dUdc nhUng mau thudn xd hgi, dac biet la nhitng mau thudn ve loi ich dang dien bien phiic tap de too ddng thuan xa hpi la mdt vdn de cdp thiet
TtC khoa: Bong thudn, dong thudn xd hgi, xdy dung dong thudn xd hoi
Abstract:Social consensus emerges when people have community cohabitation due to the need to cooperate to preserve their lives. In today's society, as cooperation becomes the basic content of modern life, social consensus becomes the theory of vision in building the social structure of any major state or institution. In the current context of the country, how to solve social conflicts, especially complex conflicts of interest to create social consensus is an urgent issue.
Keywords: consensus, social consensus, building social consensus
Ngdy nhan bdi:15/7/2018 Ngdy sda bdi: 14/8/2018 Ngdy duyet ddng:15/9/2018
1. Khai niem ddng thuan xa hoi td chflc qudc te va thfldng xuyen dfldc Khai niem ddng thuan xa hdi dfloc ^^ "^^ng [1, trl47]. Theo tfl dien Xa hoi tiep can tfl nhifa gdc do. Theo tfl dien ^"^^ ''°"g *"^"- ^^ °hlt tri cd tac dung Thuat ngfl chinh tri Phap - Viet, ddng "^"^ ""«' ™^ '^^^ ''^ hdi hay chi sfl khac thuan (consensus) dS chi: thfl nhit, trong '"^^ '**°"8 '^^"8 ke gifla cac thanh vien mdt nhdm, mdt dang, mdt dan tdc... chi '™"B ™^' ^^ * ° " 8 ^^ l^di vS nhflng van sfl ddng tinh rd rang hoac ngam dinh ^^ 1"^° " ' ' " g ddi vdi nhflng boat ddng gifla phan Idn cac thanh vien ve mot hanh '^"^ ^^ *dng [2, tr.l53].
ddng, mdt chinh sach hoac cac gia tri Trong cac tfl dien ndi tren, chfla thay dupe thfla nhan; thfl hai, trong luat qudc xuat hien khai niem ddng thuan xa hoi.
te, dd la thu tuc thdng qua cac van kien, d Viet Nam, mot sd cdng trinh nghien dfldc dfla vao thflc tiln hoat ddng cua cac cflu gan day, cac tac gia cung da dfla ra '"' TS, Hoc vien Hanh chinh Quoc gia
34 Tap chi Khoa hoc Noi vu
\ \ \ NGHliN CffU-TRAO D6I dinh nghia, each hieu ve khai niem dong
thuan xa hgi. TS. Nguyin Thi Lan cho rang "Dong thuan xi hgi la sfl ddng tinh, nhat tri cfla da so thanh vien trong xa hgi ve mdt van dl nao dd tren cd sd nhflng diem tflong dong, trong Iflc vln thfla nhin nhflng diem khac biet vdi dieu kien khdng lam anh hfldng din muc tieu chung" [3, tr.16-17]. TS. Chu Van Tuan dfla ra quan diem: "Ddng thuan xa hgi li sfl dong tinh, nhat tri hay tin thinh, flng hd mgt each rd ring hay ngam dinh cfla da so cac thanh vien trong xa hgi doi vdi mgt van de nio do (chang ban, mgt quan dilm, mdt chu trflong, dfldng Idi, chinh sach, mdt quylt dinh, v.v.) tren cd sd nhflng diem tflgng dong va cflng chung muc dich" [4, tr.26].
GS.TS. Pham Nggc Quang, trong de tai khoa hgc cip Nhi nfldc: Quan diem, dinh hfldng va giai phap thflc hinh din ehu, dai doan ket toin din tge, ddng thuan xa hgi trinh bay kha can ke khai niem dong thuan xa hgi. Theo do, "Dong thuan xa hdi la sfl ddng tinh, nhat tri trong suy nghi va hanh ddng cua mgt cdng dong xi hdi (cdng ddng niy cd thi rgng hep khac nhau, tfl cong ddng gia dinh, ling xdm... den cdng dong giai cap, din tge, nhan loai) ve mdt (hay mgt so) van de nao dd tren ca sd nhflng diem tflOng ddng vl nhu cau, loi ich...Trong luc van thfla nhin, tdn trgng nhflng diem khac biet vdi dilu kien nhflng khac biet niy khdng lam ton hai den muc tieu chung, hanh dgng chung cfla cdng dong do" [5, tr. 35].
Nhfl vay, cd thi thay, khai nilm dong thuan xa hgi dfloc phit trien tfl khai niem dong thuan, vdi nghia li sfl ddng y vdi nhau gifla it nhat hai ngfldi vl mgt hoac mdt so van dl nao dd, tren cd sd do di den thong nhat vl hanh ddng. Sfl thong nhit gifla tfl tfldng, y chi va hanh dgng
cua nhflng Ifle Ifldng xi hdi trong mdt he thdng xi hgi nhat dinh dflgc xem la dong thuan xa hdi. Dong thuan la kit qua cua sfl tfl giac, sU tfl nguyen dong y cfla con ngfldi vdi nhau chfl khdng phai la ket qua cua sfl ap dat. Sfl ap dat dfl dfldi hinh thflc nao cflng khdng tao ra sfl dong thuan, hoac neu cd chi la trang thai dong thuan gia tao vi nd khdng dfla tren cd sd tdn trgng quyen tfl do cua moi ca nhan.
Qua nhflng phan tich tren, cd the thay, ddng thuan xa bdi la mdt khai niem chinh tri, gan lien vdi sfl ton tai cfla cac he thong chinh tri. Cu thi, ddng thuan xa hdi khdng chi dflgc xem la mgt muc tieu can ban cfla he thong chinh tri, mi cdn la phfldng thflc tap hgp Iflc Ifldng quan trgng cfla cac he thong chinh tri do.
Vdi pham vi rgng, dong thuan xa hgi dflgc xem la sfl dong tinh, nhat tri cfla da so cac thinh vien trong xi hgi doi vdi nhflng van de chung cua xi hgi, hay doi vdi chfl trflong, dfldng loi, chinh sach cua giai cip cam quyen.
Vdi pham vi hep, dong thuan xa hdi la dieu kiln dam bao cho sfl tdn tai cfla mdt he thong chinh tri - xa hgi, mdt to chflc, mgt nhdm xa hdi nao do, v.v. Sfl ton tai cfla bat cfl mgt thilt chi chinh tri - xa hgi nao cung diu phai dflOe duy tri tren cd sd sfl dong thuan xa hdi. Bdi le, cac chinh sach, nlu khdng cd sfl dong thuan cua cac thanh vien trong xa hdi, se khdng the dflgc thflc hien mgt each hieu qua, se khdng the trd thanh hien thflc hoac sdm bi dao thai.
Do do, ddng thuan xa hgi la cd sd de he thdng kinh te, chinh tri, xa hgi van hanh;
thi hien tinh chinh danh cfla giai cap cam quyen va sfl phfl hgp cfla chinh sach phat trien kinh t l - xa hgi vdi yeu cau cfla ddi sdng xa hdi dflong dai.
I NGHliN CCru - TRAO DOI / / / Nghien cflu vl ddng thuan xi hdi khdng the khdng ndi den dau tranh bdi khdng cd diu tranh thi khdng cd dong thuan. Neu sfl xung dot gifla cac mat ddi lap li dau tranh, thi sfl thong nhat gifla chung vdi nhau la kit qua cfla dau tranh.
Diu tranh la mdt trong nhflng phfldng thflc cfla con ngfldi tun Idem sfl cdng bang. Khi eon ngfldi tip hdp thinh mgt so ddng nhat dinh, hg di tim sfl cdng bang theo nhin thflc chung cfla so ddng dd. Khi diu tranh ddi sfl cdng bang, con ngfldi nhan ra cac gidi ban hop ly cfla Igi ich vi dilu chinh minh theo hfldng dd.
Nhfl vay, d gdc do trilt hge chinh tri, dau tranh mang y nghia tich cflc, nd thflc tinh con ngfldi ve sfl bat hgp ly cfla cac gidi ban, dilu ehinh cac hinh vi thai qua, do dd, lam giam nhe cac mau thuan xa hgi.
d phflOng dien xa hgi, phan bien la mdt hinh thflc dau tranh - dd la sfl bien luan, tham dinh, danh gia cua cac Ifle Iflgng xa hdi doi vdi nhflng chfl trfldng, chinh sach, de an, dfl an xi hdi... Hen quan din Idi ich cfla cac thanh vien trong xa hdi nham phat hien, bo sung, chflng minh, khang dinh hoac bac bd mgt chfl trflong, chinh sach hay dl in xa hdi dang hinh thinh hoac da trien khai.
Phan biln xa hdi ve thflc chat la sfl phan bien cfla nhin dan ddi vdi chu trflong, chinh sach cfla chu the cam quyen. Phan bien xa hdi cd chat Iflgng se cd tic ddng tich cxic ddi vdi sfl phat trien xi hdi. Vdi y nghia dd, phan bien xi hgi giflp cho xa hdi ed dflgc trang thai can bang. Qua phin biln xa hgi, cac chfl the lanh dao - quan ly se dilu chinh, hoan thien chu trflong, ehinh saeh nham tao ra sfl dong thuan cao trong xa hgi de thflc thi nhflng chfl trfldng, chinh sach ay mgt each hieu qua. Vi vay, phin bien xa hdi li
mdt phflong thflc tao nen cd chi tfl dilu chinh cfla mgt he thong xac dinh, tao nen thi "can bang ddng" de phat trien.
Khdng cd phan bien xa hdi thi khdng cd dan chfl, khdng cd dan chfl thflc sfl thi khdng the cd dong thuan xa hgi. Do dd, xiy dflng vi tang cfldng dong thuan xi hgi cung chinh li qua trinh khdng ngflng phat hien va giai quyet cac miu thuan xa hgi dfla tren sfl tfldng ddng nham dat dflgc sfl thong nhat vi muc tieu chung. Phan bien xa hgi de khac phuc nhflng bit dong gifla cac Iflc Iflgngdl di den sfl thong nhat, tao dgng Iflc thflc day xa hdi phat trien. NhU vay, phan bien xa hgi la mdt phfldng thflc de di den dong thuan xa hgi. Vdi y nghia dd, dong thuan xa hgi, trong tien trinh phat triln, cdn bao him ca sfl khac biet.
Doi lip vdi dong thuan xa hdi la sfl phan doi cua xa hgi. Sfl phan doi nay bieu hien rat phong phfl va vdi nhflng mflc do khic nhau. Chang ban, bieu tinh, phan khang, tham chi chong doi, xung dot.
Mam mdng cua sfl phan ddi xa hdi chinh li nhflng miu thuIn xi hdi. Do vay, mudn xay dflng dong thuan xa hgi phai tao khdng gian va dilu kien cho phan bien xa hgi. Trong pham vi qudc gia, dong thuan xa hgi li sfl thda thuan, thong nhat cua nhilu giai tang trong xa hgi. Din nay, khi cac quoc gia diu phai tham gia vio xu the chung la hgp tie va hgi nhap qudc t l tren tat ca cac Hnh vflc, sfl dong thuan cang chflng td vai trd cua nd va pham vi, ndi ham cua khii niem da md rgng ra ngoai bien gidi quoc gia.
Sfl dong thuan trong pham vi khu vflc vi toin cau trd thanh ddi hdi thilt ylu doi vdi cac to chflc hgp tac khu vflc va qudc te nhfl ASEAN, APEC, EU, WTO, UN...
Cac td chflc niy diu coi trgng nguyen tac ddng thuan, nghia la phii ed sfl ddng 36 I Tap chi Khoa hgc Ngi vu
\ \ \ NGHliN CCfU-TRAO D6I thuan thi mdi ra quyet dinh chung. Cd the
thay, chfla bao gid moi quan hi gifla cae to chflc, quoc gia dflgc md rgng nhfl hien nay va sfl phat trien cua moi to chflc, quoc gia gan Hen vdi cac doi tic khae vi Igi ich chung cua tat ea cac bin. Rd rang, vi Igi ich chung do, nguyen tac dong thuan bugc phai tuin thfl va trd thanh dilu kien tien quyet cho mgi sfl hgp tac. Trong thdi dai ngay nay, ddng thuan vdi sfl tdn trgng tinh khae biet vfla la phfldng thflc vfla la muc tieu ton tai va phat trien cua nhan lo^i.
2. Cd sd, dilu kien de xay dflng ddng thuan xa hgi d nfldc ta hien nay
2.1. Cd sd, diSu kien cua dong thuan xa hoi
Sfl ddng thuan hien dai la kit qua cfla qua trinh thda thuan ma trong do mdi ngfldi deu cd khi nang va dilu kien de thfldng Iflgng. Vdi y nghia dd, sfl dong thuan thflc sfl khdng phai la sfl bat bugc tuin thu cfla ke ylu doi vdi ke manh, ben thua vdi ben thang, tang Idp bi tri vdi thong tri mi li sfl thoa thuan hdp tac. Thda thuan la each thflc con ngfldi dam phan de cflng nhau di den sfl nhat tri chung, do do, thda thuan la nin tang cua dong thuan. Vay cO sd, dieu kiln de xay dflng dong thuan xa hgi li gi? Nen chang can phai quan tam din nhflng yeu to sau diy:
Thd nhat, di xiy dflng dong thuan xa hdi thi ylu to dau tien va cin ban nhat la van de Igi ich. Trong ddi song xi hdi bien dai, nguyen tac "win - win" dflgc coi trgng:
khdng cd ben thing ben thua ma moi ben tham gia deu nhin dflgc dilu ma minh cd the. Nguyen tic niy ngay cing chflng minh dflgc tinh dung dan cua nd vi ddi hdi phii dflgc dam bao trong mgi quan he hop tic hay canh tranh.
Dong thuan xa hdi dfldc xay dflng
trin ca sd bao dam loi ich cfla tat ca cic thinh vien trong xa hgi. Khdng the cd ddng thuan xa hdi khi Igi ich cua cac thanh vien trong xi hgi bi vi pham hoac khdng dflgc tdn trgng, bao ve. Ldi ich cang dflgc dam bao vi giai quylt triet dl bao nhieu thi mflc do ddng thuan cing tang bay nhieu. Nhflng dilu do khdng cd nghia trong bat cfl hoin canh nio Igi ich cung ddng vai trd la cd sd quan trgng nhat cfla ddng thuan xi hgi. Trong mdt so boi cinh thi cac ylu to khac, nhfl truyen thdng van hoa, tdn giao, trach nhiem xi hgi, dan chu, tfl do nhin thflc v.v. lai ddng vai trd li cd sd quan trgng nhat cfla dong thuan xa hdi.
Tuy nhien, mong mudn phai di vdi ca chi, phfldng thflc khoa hgc de dilu hoa loi ieh.Vi vay, viec tao lap mdt thi che chinh tri cd the dam bao va giai quyet hii hoa cic ldi ich cho cac thanh vien, Ifle IflOng trong xa hdi de tao ddng thuan la yeu t6 cdt ldi trong viec giii quylt van dl Igi ich.
Thd hai, muc tieu chung. Lgi ich cd mdi quan he chat che vdi muc tieu chung.
Khi cac thanh vien trong xa hgi cung hfldng den muc tieu chung va muc tieu dd khdng triet tieu lgi ich eua cac thanh vien trong xa hgi thi se thanh tien de quan trgng cho ddng thuan xa hdi.
Trong mdi giai doan lich sfl khae nhau, muc tieu chung cung cd sfl thay doi, chang ban nhfl trong giai doan trfldc diy li muc tieu dgc lap din tgc, cdn ngay nay li muc tieu vi din giau nfldc manh, cdng bang, dan chfl, van minh...Nhflng nlu nhfl muc tieu chung lai anh hfldng din lgi ich cua cac thanh vien trong xa hdi thi khd cd the trd thanh cO sd de xay dflng dong thuan xa hdi. Do do, muc tieu chung khdng dfldc loai bd nhflng lgi ich rieng.
I NGHliN CUtU - TRAO DOI iii Song can thay, trong mdt bdi cinh nhat dinh, de dat dflgc muc tieu chung, cic thinh vien ddi khi phii gae bd, tham chi hy sinh lgi ich rieng ngan han cfla minh.
Thflc chat, diy la van de giai quyet mdi quan he gifla lgi ich chung va lgi ich rieng, gifla lgi ich ci nhin va loi ich tip the, v.v..
Thd ha, tfl do nhan thflc. Ddng thuan xa hgi khdng phii li trang thai dao dflc hay tinh cim xi hdi. Dong thuan xa hdi phai la kit qua nhan thflc cua cac cdng din vl quyin lgi va trach nhiem doi vdi xa hdi. Xa hdi chi dat dflgc trang thai ddng thuan khi cd sfl dong thuan ve nhan thflc - nghia la cic thanh vien trong xa hdi dat dfldc trang thai thoa thuan, thong nhat eao vl nhflng gia tri, quan dilm chung. Sfl dong thuan ve nhan thflc khdng phai do ap dat ma ed dflgc. Dong thuan la tat yeu khi cd nhan thflc vl quyen va nghia vu va dilu kiln tien quylt cho nd li tfl do va sfl da dang vl nhin thflc.
Tinh da dang vl nhin thflc khdng miu thuan vdi trang thai dong thuan dich thflc ma do li qua trinh tim kiem tflOng ddng trong khae biet. Muon vay, con ngfldi phai dflgc tfl do nhin thflc. Thieu tfl do la thilu thfl co bin nhit de tao ra sfl dong thuan bdi tinh dong thuan li kit qua cua sfl tfl giac, tfl nguyen dong y.
Nhfl the, cin md rgng khdng gian tfl do vl nhan thflc va dam bao sfl da dang vl nhan thflc de eon ngfldi cd dfl khdng gian phit trien tfl duy. Day ehinh la hai dilu kien bat budc phai cd de tao ra sfl ddng thuan vl nhan thflc. Khi nao s6 ddng thinh vien trong xi hdi cd thdi quen tfl do nhan thflc nhfl mdt khat vgng sdng hay xem nd la ddng Iflc ed ban cfla cugc song thi khi ay khdng gian nhan thflc da ehieu mdi dfldc dam bio va sfl dong thuan ve
38 I Tap chi Khoa hgc Ngi vu
nhan thflc xuat hien.
Thd td, trach nhiem xi h^i cua ca nhin - la mgt dilu kiln tao nen sU dong thuan xa hgi. NhU da ndi trin, dong thuin xa hdi la ket qui nhan thflc cfla cac cdng dan vl quyen ldi vi trich nhiem doi vdi xa hgi. Ngoai ldi ich cfla ban thin, cac thinh vien can phai cd trich nhiem doi vdi sfl phat trien chung cfla xi hdi, can phai hfldng den nhflng muc tieu chung.
Viec dat dflgc trich nhiem xi hgi trfldc het phii dfla tren nhin thflc chung ciia cac thinh vien, cac giai tang trong xi hgi doi vdi muc dich chung, ldi ich chung cua toin xa hgi. Muon cd nhan thflc chung tflc la ngfldi dan y thflc dflgc cac quyen, dong thdi thflc thi bon phin va trach nhiem cua minh doi vdi xa hgi thi phii ning cao dan tri.
Din tri cao de dat den dong thuan thflc chit hon dan tri thap. Do v^y, d cac nfldc cd trinh do dan tri phat triln, xa hdi de dat den sfl dong thuinthflc sfl hon cac nfldc cham phat triln. Ndi each khac, trinh do din tri cao la ed sd cfla sfl tfl giac va tfl nguyen cfla ngfldi dan doi vdi nhflng quyet sach dflng dan cfla xa hdi.Xa bdi dat dflOc sfl ddng thuan cing cao thi cing phat trien. Nhflng thflc te cho thay, xa hgi kem phat trien van dat dflOc dong thuan cao, bdi do trinh dd din tri thap nen ngfldi din khdng y thflc diy dfl cac quyin va trach nhiem cua minh trong khi Iflc Ifldng lanh dao, quan ly sfl dung thu thuat chinh tri va kit qua li tao ra sfl dong thuan mang tinh hinh thflc.
Tuy nhien, din tri muon phat trien thi phii bat dau tfl bg phin tien tien nhat cfla xi hgi la tri thflc. Tang Idp tri thflc phai ddng vai trd dai dien cho nhin din, ndi tilng ndi cua nhan din. Tri thflc
\ \ \ NGHliN CUfU-TRAO D6I khdng thflc hien dflgc vai tro dd thi khdng
the xiy dflng xi hdi van minh dflOc. Neu tang Idp tri thflc tfl hao li minh thanh dat hdn so ddng ma quen mat nhiem vu quan trgng nhat la nghi cflng nhin dan, dai dien cho nhan dan, thflc hien vai trd phan bien xa hgi thi tang Idp tri thflc rgi vio tim thi tfl man. Sfl tfl man cua tang Idp tri thflc li mdt trong nhflng ylu to cau thanh tr^ng thai lac hau cfla nen van hda chinh tri d nhieu quoc gia dang phat trien.
Nhfl vay, van de thflc hien trach nhiem xa hgi cua mdi ca nhin gan Hen vdi viec nang cao dan tri. Muon ning cao dan tri phai cd khdng gian tfl do, din chfl de sang tao va phat trien. Nhflng tfl do, dan chu khdng bao gid la thfl tfl nhien cd dflgc ma nd la kit qua cua qua trinh dim phin, tao lap bdi cic thinh vien va cac Iflc Ifldng xa hdi, trong do, tang Idp tri thflc gifl vai trd hat nhin, bdi tri thflc dflgc coi li thinh phin tinh hoa dan dat tri thflc va van hoi cfla xi hgi.
Thd ndm, truyen thong van hoa. Ndi den truyen thong van hoa tflc li ndi din nhflng phong tuc tap quan, tin ngfldng, tdn giao, thdi quen va quy tac flng xfl gifla ngfldi vdi ngfldi, gifla ngfldi vdi tfl nhien, V.V.. De nhan thiy rang, khi cac tang Idp, Iflc Iflgng, v.v. Trong xi hgi hay trong mgt cdng dong nao do cd chung mdt nin tang van hoa tich cflc, nghia la cd nhflng diem tflong ddng va tiln bg thi viec xiy dflng ddng thuan xi hgi se dien ra mdt each thuan lgi. Dieu do khdng cd nghia, nhflng quoc gia, xa hdi da van hoa, da chflng tdc thi khd cd dong thuan xa hdi, ma nhfl da ndi, ddng thuan xa hgi cdn phu thugc va chiu sfl chi phoi tong the cua cae ylu to khac nhfl van dl lgi ich, mue tieu chung, tfl do nhin thflc va trich nhiem ca nhan.
2.2. Xdy ddng sU ddng thudn xa hoi d nddc ta kiin nay
Nhin lai lich sfl phat triln cua dan tgc, dong thuan xi hgi ddng vai trd hit sflc to Idn trong tien trinh xiy dflng va bao ve dat nfldc tfl xfla, cung nhfl trong sfl nghiep each mang hien nay. Trong edng cugc doi mdi dat nfldc vi hdi nhap qudc te, viec phat huy ddng thuan xa hgi la mdt trong nhflng yeu to quan trgng gdp phan dn dinh ddi sdng kinh te, chinh tri, xa hgi de phat trien dat nfldc. Dieu do dflgc Ding Cong san vi Nha nfldc Viet Nam y thflc mgt each siu sac. Van kien Dai hgi dai bieu toan qudc lan thfl X cfla Dang Cdng san Viet Nam nhin manh: "Lay muc tieu gifl vflng dgc lap, thong nhat cua To quoc, vi dan giau, nfldc manh, xi hgi cdng bang, din chfl, van minh lim diem tflong ddng de gan bd dong bio cac din tdc, cic tdn giao, cac tang Idp nhin dan d trong nfldc vi ngfldi Viet Nam dinh cfl d nfldc ngoai; xoa bd mgi mac cam, dinh kiln, phan biet ddi xfl ve qua khfl, thanh phan giai cap. Tdn trgng nhflng y kiln khae nhau khdng trai vdi lgi ich cua dan tgc. Dl cao truyin thdng nhin nghia, khoan dung, xay dflng tinh than cdi md, tin cay lan nhau vi sfl on dinh chinh tri va dong thuan xa hgi."
[6,tr.ll6].
Tuy nhien, do nhieu nguyen nhan, van dl dang bi lam dung d nhilu dang thflc khac nhau. Vdi chfl the quyen Iflc (nhan din), do chfla y thflc diy dfl vi thi la chfl va chfla cd dfl nang Iflc lam chu nen thfldng bi mit quyin sau khi trao quyen, khdng cd day du thdng tin nen danh gii vin de theo cam tinh hoac theo trang thai tim ly dong thuan phd mac. Vdi ngfldi dflgc uy quyin (linh dao, quan ly), do cd che Idem soat quyin Iflc nhilu Id hong
I NGHliN CUfU - TRAO D6I iii vi nhin thflc khdng dung ve vi tri, tham quyin cua minh dan den tha hda quyen Iflc do khdng dfldc kiem soat, giam sat, phan bien kip thdi nen cd xu hfldng lam dung quyin Iflc. Hg cd the nhin danh Dang, nhan danh Nha nfldc, nhin danh lgi ich chung, dflng tam binh phong dong thuan gia tao dl mflu ciu ldi ich rilng.
Vi vay, trin con dfldng tim kiem sfl dong thuan vi lgi ich chung, cd mgt so trd ngai phai vflgt qua. Trong pham vi bai vilt nay, tic gia de xuit mdt sd y kien nham tflng bfldc xiy dflng ddng thuan xi hgi d nfldc ta:
Mot Id: vin dl goc re de giii quyet nhflng xung dot lgi ich, miu thuan xa hgi nham tao sfl dong thuan li d nguyen tic to chflc vi cich thflc van hanh bg may quyen Iflc lanh dao, quan ly xa hgi. Khi bg may lanh dao va quan ly xa hgi dflOc to chflc vi van hinh hgp ly thi viec qiai quyet hii hda quan he Igi ich gifla cae giai tang, cac Iflc Ifldng xa hdi dl tao ddng thuan xa hgi mdi cd the thflc hiln dflgc.
Vi vay, cflng vdi eii each chinh tri phai tilp tuc day manh cii each phap ly, hoan thien khung chinh sach, phap luat khuyin khich ngfldi din tham gia vao boat ddng quin tri xi hdi, tflng bfldc thao gd nhflng nut that vi 16 hdng cua cua he thong quan ly xa hgi hien nay. Tien trinh dan chfl hda tao dong thuan xa hgi cung la qua trinh xay dflng vi hoin thien khdng ngflng cua phap luat. Viec hoin thien he thdng chinh sach, phap luat can Iflu f d mgt sd khia canh sau:
- Ting cfldng tinh dan chu, ddng bg cfla he thdng phip luat. Xiy dflng. hoin thien va ban hinh Luat thflc hien din chfl d cd sd, Luat bieu tinh, Luat vl hgi.
O Viet Nam, hang loat cic vu dinh 40 I Tap chi Khoa hgc Ngi vu
cdng, bieu tinh deu khdng dflgc cdng nhin va cho la chfla dung phap luat.... Thi vang bdng cac quy dinh can thiet mac dii tren thflc te da dflgc ghi nhan trong Hiln phap. Vi vay, viec nghien cflu xay dflng luat ve van de nay la can thilt de dim bao quyin dan chfl trflc tiep hfldng tdi sfl dong thuan cua ngfldi din, ngfldi lao dgng;
- Xay dflng vi hoan thien quy dinh phip luat trflng cau dan y vi phin bien xa hdi. De tao dong thuan va tim tilng ndi chung, cdng dong va xa hgi phai chap nhan sfl khac biet vl quan diem, de nhan dan dflgc ndi tilng ndi cua chinh hg, khuyen khich nhflng phan bien xa hdi tich cflc.
Doi vdi nfldc ta, trong dilu kiln Dang Cong san la Iflc Iflgng cam quyin duy nhit thi phan bien xi hdi la hit sflc can thilt.
Dat ra vin dl nay la mdt nhin thflc mdi, tien bd mdi. Ve nguyen tie, tat ca nhflng van dl lien quan den sfl phat triln xa hdi diu cd thi dfla ra de phan bien. De tranh nhflng rfli ro phap ly trong vile tim tilng ndi chung, vin de phan bien xa hgi can dflgc tiep can va ban hanh d tim vin ban luat;
Hai Id: tflng bfldc ning cao trinh do din tri vdi he thong giao due khai phdng, nhan ban, khdng gian hgc thuat tfl do dl ngfldi dan y thflc dflgc cac quyin, dong thdi thflc thi bon phan cua minh doi vdi xa hgi.
Trinh do din tri the hien sfl hiiu biet cfla ngfldi din vl phap luat, khi van hda - xa hgi, kinh tl, khoa hgc, ky thuat va cdng nghe ngay cang dflgc nang cao. Khi ngfldi dan dfl trinh do, y thflc dflgc tam quan trgng vi tich cflc tham gia ddng gdp y kien doi vdi cae chinh sach, van ban phap luat cd lien quan den chinh minh hoac xi hgi. Gia tri cuoi cung cfla trinh do din cfl
\ \ \ NGHliN CUfU-TRAO D6I la mflc do quan tam cua ngfldi dan trfldc
eac van de xa hgi, mflc do muon lim, dim lam va kha ning hanh xfl trach nhiem dan chfl cua minh mdt each cd hieu qui.
Nhfl da phin tich, dong thuan bao ham ca sfl khac biet, mgt xa hgi phat trien li xa hgi chap nhin sfl khac biet. Ban than xa hgi von da dang, vi vay da nguyen quan diem la tat yeu. Khi xa hgi ton tai nhieu quan dilm, tfl tfldng khic nhau, dflng sai chfla rd rang, can tranh bieu hien quy chup, ning quan diem doi vdi nhflng y kiln "hi cho la trai chilu" hoac do dung cham den ldi ich ci nhan chu thi lanh dao, quin ly.
Xa hdi dan chu phai dflgc xiy dflng tren eO sd tinh thin trach nhiem cfla mdi ngfldi doi vdi dia vi chinh tri cfla minh, tflc la khi cac quyen tfl do va binh dang dflgc tdn trgng vi dam bio. Khdng cd khdng gian hgc thuat tfl do thi se khdng cd sfl phat trien on dinh, vi phat trien la kit qua ddng gdp cua nhflng con ngfldi cd nang Iflc phat trien, ma chi con ngfldi tfl do mdi cd nang Iflc phat trien. Chi cd xa hgi din chfl thflc sfl mdi ed trang thai ddng thuan xa hdi on dinh, thflc chit. Neu sfl ddng thuan xi hgi nang vl hinh thflc se khdng the xay dflng dflgc mgt xa hgi dn dinh va bin vflng.
Tdm lai, ddng thuan xa hgi de phat trien ludn la muc tieu cua bit ky nha nfldc va chinh the nao. 6 mdi thdi ky, cua moi qudc gia, nhflng cd sd, dieu kien cfla dong thuan xa hgi cd sfl thay doi, song ve co ban, dong thuan xa hdi chi cd dflOc khi quoc gia do cd bg may lanh dao, quan ly dflgc to chflc va van hanh mdt cich khoa hgc de giii quylt cac van de lgi ich mdt
cich hai hda; tren cd sd nhflng muc tieu chung hop ly, vdi sfl tfl do nhan thflc dflgc dong bd vdi trach nhiem xa hgi cao cua ca nhan va truyen thdng van hda cdng dong,..Vdi each nhin iy, tae gia cho rang can Ifla chgn hai flu tien cd moi quan he hflu ca vdi nhau dd la cii each the che va ddi mdi giao due - nhflng van de can cot de xiy dflng dong thuan xa hgi d nfldc ta hien nay. Doi mdi the ehe va giao due vfla la mue tieu va la ddng Iflc cua mdt nin chinh tri van minh mi ehung ta dang xay dflng va hfldng tdi. Q
TAI LifiU THAM KHAO 1. Charles Debbasch, Jacque Bourdon (2006), Tfl dien thuat ngfl chinh tri Phip -Viet, Nxb. The gidi
2. G.Endruweit va G. Trommsdorif (2001), Tfl dien xa hgi hgc, Nxb Thi gidi, HaNgi
3. Nguyen Thi Lan (2008), Mat tran To quoc Viet Nam vdi vile xiy dflng ddng thuan xi hdi d nfldc ta hien nay, Luan an Tiln si Chinh tri hgc, Ha Ngi
4. Chu Van Tuin, Dong thuan xi hdi:
Mdt so van de ly luan. Tap chi Triet hgc, so 218,2009
5. Pham Nggc Quang (chu nhiem):
Quan diem, dinh hfldng va giai phap thflc hanh dan chfl, dai doan kit toan dan tgc, dong thuan xa hgi, Dl tai khoa hgc cap nhi nfldc, ma so KX.04-27/06-10, Hi Ndi, 2010
d.Dang Cong san Viet Nam, Van kien Dai hdi dai bieu toan qudc lan thfl X. Nxb.
Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Ngi, 2006
