Di cir lao dong sang Trung Quoc cua ngucri dan khu vuc mien nui phia Bac Viet Nam - nguyen nhan nhin tir quan diem di cu quoc te>
Phan Tan<'>
Iran Thi Giang Thanht">
Tom tat: Di cu ndi chung vd di cu qudc te ndi rieng Id vdn de/linh vice phuc tgp ddi vdi gidi nghien cuu. Nhin tit: quan diim di cu qudc ti, bdi viit di tim nguyen nhdn di cu lao dgng sang Trung Qudc ciia nguai ddn a khu vice miin nui phia Bac Viet Nam hiin nay (nghien cicu dinh tinh budc ddu tgi hai tinh Hd Giang vd Lgng Son).
Tir khoa: Di dan, Di cu lao ddng, Dan tgc thieu sd, Di cu qudc te. Mien mii phia BSc Abstract: Migration in general and international migration in particular are complicated debate topics. From an international migration perspective, the paper uncovers causes of labor migration to China from Vietnam's ethnic minorities in the northern mountainous region today through a qualitative research in Ha Giang and Lang Son provinces.
Keywords: Labor Migration, Ethnic Minority, International Migration, Northem Mountamous Region of Vietnam
Mo^dau
Mien mii phia Bic Viet .Nam la khu vuc da dang ve dan cu va lich sir cu tni.
Day ciing la vimg ddng ngudi di cu ty do den cac vimg kinh te tren khSp ca nuac. Su di cu nay gdp phan dn dinh sinh ke cho mgt bd phan ngudi dan nhung cilng dat ra nhieu
' Bai viet la kgt qua cua D^ tai "Di dan cac dSn toe thieu so - nhihig vSn dg d3t ra va giai phap". Ma s6 CTDT09-17/16-20.
C) -pg^ Yi^^ Han Iam Khoa hgc xS hoi Viet Nam;
Email: [email protected]
f"' Ths., Giang vien chinh Dai hoc Duoc H i Noi;
Email: [email protected]
he luy ttong chien lugc phat trien ben viing ca noi di va ncri den. Ben canh di cu den cac tinh thanh khac trong ca nuoc, cdn cd mdt ddng di cu lao ddng xuyen bien gidi, nhat la d cac tmh giap bien gidi vdi Trung Qudc.
Nguyen nhan nao thiic dky ddng di cu nay?
Nhin tir gdc do di cu qudc td, nguyen nhan cua ddng di cu nay cd nhung didm tuong ddng va khac biet gi? Bai vidt se gdp phan giai dap nhung cau hdi tten.
1. Nguyen nhan ciia di cir quoc te Co nhidu nguyen nhan khac nhau dan den su di cu cua con nguai, ttong mdi nguyen nhan dd thudng chiia dung nhimg nhan td diy va hiit. Ddi vdi di cu qudc te,
30 Thong Jin Khoa hge xa hOi. 56 6.2019
theo quan niem truyen thdng, nhan td thiic diy ngucri di cu gan lidn vdi dat nudc ma hg dang mudn rcri bd, "thudng la nhiJng van de ma hau qua cua nd khien con ngudi mudn di chuyen noi sinh sdng. Nhan td ldi keo ngudi di cu thudng la nhiing su hap dan d nhirng nudc/vimg cd dieu kien phat ttien ma thu hiit dugc su chii y cua ngucri khac" (Nghiera Tuan Himg, 2012).
Tuy nhien, tten tbyc te hien nay, cd thd thiy ngoai hinh thiic "di cu lau dai"
do nguyen nhan nao dd "khien con ngudi mudn di chuyen noi sinh song" cdn cd hinh thiic khac la "di cu tam thdi", "di cu miia vu" d nhdm chi tam thcri rdi bd noi dang sinh sdng ttong radt giai doan nhat dinh nhim muc dich thay ddi cudc sdng.
Theo nghien ciiu ciia Nghiem Tuan Himg (2012) va Vd Thi Minh Le (2009), di cu qudc te xuat phat tir mdt sd nguyen nhan sau:
Mdt la, do su khac bidt ve thu nhap: Siic hap dan cua cac nen kinh te phat trien cimg dieu kien kinh te thap kem va ddi ngheo la nhihig yeu td thiic day tam Iy mudn ra di cua con ngudi.
Hai la, do sy chenh lech nhu cau ve ngudn nhan luc: GiOa cac nudc phat trien va dang phat ttien thudng cd sy chenh lech lao ddng lien quan chu yeu den hai khu vuc cdng nghiep va ndng nghiep: khi lao dgng d khu vyc ndng nghiep bi du thira, hg se dan chuyen sang khu vyc cdng nghiep. Cd quan diera cho rang, di cu qudc te xuat hien la do cac nuac phat ttien co nhu cau ve lao ddng nhap cu lau dai, thuong xuyen (Vo Thi Minh Le, 2009: 34). Ben canh dd, tdc do tang dan sd qua nhanh 6 cac nudc dang phat trien chinh la mgt nguyen nhan gian tiep thiic day di cu qudc te, khi sd ngudi trong do tudi lao dgng vugt qua sd lao dgng thi tradng can.
Ba Id, di eu di kera vdi su mong mudn phat trien va da dang hda kha nang kmh te;
Cac hg gia dinh khdng chi mudn tdi da hoa thu nhap du kidn ma cdn raudn tdi thieu hda nhihig rui ro va giam bdt ganh nang do nhiing dd vd hay thit bai do thi t i i d n g dia phuong raang Iai, bdi nhung that bai nay anh hudng tryc tidp tdi phiic lgi va can trd su phat tridn kinh td cua chinh cac hd gia dinh.
Bdn Id, chidn ttanh, ngheo ddi, bat binh ding vd kinh td,... cd the khien mgt bg phan ngudi dan di cu qudc te. Nhiing xung dot xa hgi ciing khidn tinh hinh kinh td - xa hdi d nhidu nudc ttdf nen khd khan, do dd con ngudi thudng cd gang tim kiem mdt nai an toan, dn dinh de sinh sdng va phat ttien.
Ndm Id, do doan ty gia dinh: Khi nhung ngudi di cu cd dugc nhung dieu kien ca ban thuan lgi dam bao dugc cudc sdng cho gia dinh, va ngudi than cd y djnh doan tu gia dinh thi vide di cu hoan toan cd the xay ra.
Sdu la, do nhiing bien ddng cua mdi ttuong: Thidn tai, lii lut cd the gay ra hien tugng di cu cap tinh, nhung d nhiem ngudn dat, ngudn nuoc hay tinh trang nudc bien dang se dan tdi di cu vTnh vien. Dieu nay cd the dang diing trong tinh hudng hien nay. Vdi ban nang sinh tdn, con ngudi phai tim den nhirng dia diem vdi dieu kien ty nhien dam bao cho cudc sdng. Nhu vay, sy bien dgng cua mdi truong ciing dugc coi la mdt nhan td chu yeu thiic day di cu qudc te.
Bdy Id, do nhiing van dd lien quan den sac tdc va van hda: Khi mdt nhdm sSc tdc va tdn giao vdn chia se nhftng gia tti, ban sac chung bi "xe le" va sinh sdng tren nhiing vimg dat lien kd thudc nhung qudc gia g i n nhau, bien gidi trong nhan thiic
chung cua cac cgng dong sac tgc va tdn giao khong trimg vdi bien gidi giiia cac nha nudc. Nhiing nhdm do thudng chi la thidu sd ttong cdng ddng xa hdi. Su tuong tac gifta hg vdi phan cdn lai cua qudc gia cd khi khong lan bang tam ly hucmg ve nhung ngudi anh em cirng sac tdc a ben Ida bien gidi.
2. Thuc trang di cir lao dgng qua ben kia bien gidi Trung Quoc cua nguwi dan & dia ban nghien cihi
Nghien cixu Hch su, van hda giao luu giua bien gioi hai qudc gia Viet Nam - Trung Qudc cho thay, van de di eu gifta hai qudc gia it nhieu deu cd lien quan den cac nguyen nhan tten. Trong pham vi bai viet, chiing tdi md ta thuc trang di cu lao ddng ciia ngudi dan khu vuc mien mii phia Bac Viet Nam (trudng hgp 6 hai tinh Ha Giang va Lang San) sang Tnmg Qudc (mgt loai hinh di cu lao ddng qudc te); tir do xem xet nhiing khac biet va tnang ddng vdi di cu qudc te ndi chung.
Tdng hgp sd lieu tu cac bao cao ciia cac tmh mien mii phia BIC ve di cu trong 5 nam tu 2012-2017, co thd thiy cd 5 loai hinh di cu cu the da va dang dien ra: 1) Di cu theo ke hoach - di dan tai dinh cu (di cu lau dai) dang phd bien hien nay doi vdi cac viing cd xay dyng cdng trinh thuy dien, cac cdng trinh ldn qudc gia, cac khu cum cdng nghiep...; 2) Di cu tu do di vao cac tinh Tay Nguyen, Ddng Nam bd hay cac tinh, huyen xung quanh (y dinh di cu lau dai) cd phin sut giam; 3) Di cu lao ddng den khu vyc cac cdng ty, xi nghiep d cac dia ban ngoai tinh (di cu tam thdi, miia vu); 4) Di cu lao dgng qua ben kia bien giai vdi Trung Qudc dang gia tang vdi sd lugng ldn; va 5) Di cu - xuat khiu lao ddng sang mgt sd quoc gia khac (sd nay khdng nhidu).
Khao sat tai dia ban 2 tmh Lang Son, Ha Giang' cho thay, di cu lao ddng sang ben kia bien gioi Tnmg Qude hien nay la dong di cu chu dao, chidm im thd ca vd sd lugng ngucri tham gia va miic thu nhap cd dugc.
Mgt hien ttang xay ra d cac vimg ndng thdn Trung Qudc (ttong dd cd cac tinh bien gioi Trung Qudc giap Viet Nam) la cu dan di den cac thanh phd ldn de Iam an vdi muc thu nhap cao, tao ra khoang ttdng ldn vd lyc lugng lao dgng (thidu lao dgng khu vyc ndng thdn). Chinh dieu nay da thu hut lugng lao ddng kha 1cm tu Viet Nam sang thara gia san xuat ndng nghiep. Va nhu vay, tinh chat nghe nghiep cua nhdm di cu nay khdng cd su khac biet dang ke so vdi trudc di cu, phuong thuc san xuat van la lao ddng gian dan, co bap (di chat mia, ttdng chudi, chat gd, phat hoang,...). Mgt sd ngudi tre tudi (tir 18 den 30 tudi) cd ttinh dd tnmg hgc CO sa ttd len thi di Iam cho cac cdng ty nhd le vimg giap bien.
Qua cac bao cao, cd the thay sd lugng di cu lao dgng tu mdt so tinh thudc khu vuc midn mii phia BIC sang Trung Qudc la rit ldn, cd nhftng xa nhu Phd Cao (Ddng Van) cd ddn 795 lao dgng dang lara vide
' Cuoc khao sat diroc chiing toi thirc hien nam 2018. Tai Lang Son, khao sat 4: xa Cao Minh vk xa De Tham (huyen Trang Djnh, noi d6ng bao DTTS chi6m 93%), xa Xuan Duong va xa Ai Qufic (huyen Loc Binh, 94% la nguoi DTTS). Tai Ha Giang, Idiao sat 4 xa: xS Then Chu Phin, xa Chign Phfi (huyen Hoang Su Phi, noi nguoi Niing, Dao, Mong chiem din 73% dan s6, con lai la 9 dan toe khac), xa Phfi Cao va xa Liing Phin (huyen Dfing Van, noi ngutri dan toe Mong chiSm 89% dSn s6, con lai la 16 dan tpc khac). Thong tin thu thap ban diu chu yeu la s6 lieu th6ng ke cua dja phuang va phong vin sau (PVS). T6ng s6 dfii tugng dupc PVS la 50 nguoi (mfii tinh 25 nguoi), bao gfim nhitng ngu6i lao dong di cu va can bfi chinh quyfin cac cap (thfin, ban, xa, huyen).
32 inong mi ivnoa n
tai Trung Qudc (nara 2017) (UBND xa Phd Cao, 2017).
Bang 1: S6 lao dong di cu tai mdt so xa thudc tinh Ha Giang
(Ban vi: ngirai) Huyen
Xa
Tong s6 Ty le Nii/
Nam So khong CO giay thfing hanh
Dong Van Liing Phui 283 25/258 khfing duoc
Phfi Cao
795 226/569
khong duoc
Hoang Su Phi Then Chu Phm 105 42/63 45/105
Chien Phfi 198 23/175 10/198
Ngudn: Tong hpp tir cac bao cao tinh hinh di cu cua cac xa (Xem: UBND xa Chien Phfi,_2018;
UBND xa Lung Phin, 2018; UBND xa Phfi Cao, 2018; UBND xaThen Chu Phin, 2018).
Theo sd lieu thdng ke tai Ha Giang (Xem bang 1), chi tten dia ban 4 xa cua 2 huyen Ddng Van va Hoang Su Phi, radi xa da cd it nhlt tren 100 ngudi di cu lao dgng sang Trung Qudc. Tuy nhien, day mai chi la con sd nara dugc, con sd fren thuc te cd thd cdn ldn ban nhieu, vi nhieu ngudi dan d cac ban lang xa xdi sang Trung Qudc lao dgng rdi ttd ve ma chinh quyen khdng kiem soat het.
* Ve tinh hap phdp ciia lao ddng di cu sang Trung Qudc
Chinh quyen cap tinh va cap huyen cac tinh bien gidi (ca Viet Nara va Trang Qudc) deu cd ky ket ciing cap giua hai ben ghi nhan va cap giay thdng banh bao dam su an toan cho ngucri lao ddng, tranh nhirng thiet hai do su qua lai bat hgp phap. Chinh quyen dia phuong cac tinh Ha Giang, Lang Son ciing da ttien khai tuyen truyen cho ngudi lao dgng ve cac chu tnrang, cbinh sach d bien gidi, nhung van de lien quan den an ninh trat tu va thu tuc phap \</ qua lai bien gidi de ngudi dan cd sy lya chgn tdt nhat cho viec xuat cu lao dgng... Tuy nhien, sd
nguoi xin Iam thu tuc d p giiy thdng harii khong nhidu; mgt phin do bit tien khi di lam giiy thdng hanh (viec di lai tir thdn ban vimg sau, xa ddn tnmg tam tinh la rat khd khan...), mgt phin do ngudi dan cdn cd tam Iy e ngai khi tidp xiic vdi chinh quyen de lam cac thu tuc: "Cho du chinh quyen dia phuang hai ben Men gidi da cd nhitng ky kit ghi nhdn vd cdp gidy thdng hdnh bdo dam su an toan cho ngudi lao ddng, trdnh nhitng thiet hgi do su qua lgi bdt hap phdp, nhung sd ngudi tham gia ldm thu tuc^ cdp gidy thdng hdnh khdng nhiiu; mot phdn do bdt tien khi di ldm gidy thdng hdnh" (PVS can bd cdng an huyen Hoang Su Phi); "£)di vdi ddng di ddn lao ddng qua bien gidi, ho di vi theo miia vit, thdi gian lao dong cd the mdt hai thdng, cd the mdt hai tudn; viec di qua bien gioi phdn chinh Id theo dudng tieu nggch di ddng" (PVS can bd xa Dd Tham).
Cac xa bien gicri quan ly lao dgng qua bien giai theo nhieu mftc do khac nhau.
Viec nim tinh hinh va thdng ke sd ngudi sang Trung Qudc Iam viec khdng phep dugc giao cho chinh quyen xa.
6 xa Chidn Phd va xa Then Chu Phin, sd lao ddng di cu tu do sang Trung Quoc theo bao cao la khong nhieu, phan Idn hg di cd giay phep: "Bi thu, Trudng thdn/bdn cua chiing tdi nam tinh hinh nguai ddn d trong bdn rdt chdc, ai di md co gidy thdng hdnh hay khdng cd gidy thdng hdnh deu biet het vd se den nhdc nha ngay vdi ngudi trong gia dinh" (PVS can bd xa Chien Phd). Chinh quyen xa khdng dd cap nhieu den viec bugc phai cd giay phep; dudng nhu dieu nay khien sd lugng ngudi dan di cu lao ddng sang Tnmg Qude la kha Idn.
Sd lieu bang 1 cho thay, cae xa Lung Phin va Phd Cao (huyen Ddng Van) cd sd lugng ngudi di cu lao ddng qua Trang Qudc Idn hem nhieu so vdi cac xa Then Chu Phin va
Uicuiauuuiiy.. 33
Chidn Phd (huyen Hoang Su Phi). ''Phdn ldn lao ddng di cu sang Trung Qudc Id di theo mua vu, trong do 30-40% di theo con dudng chinh nggch - co gidy phep thdng hdnh" (PVS can bd huyen Ddng Van).
"Viec qudn ly nhdm di cu lao ddng ndy Idiong duac chdt che, do dieu kiin di lgi thudn lgi giita dudng bien hai nudc, tdn sudt di ve cita ngudi lao ddng cUng thudng xuyen" (PVS can bg xa Phd Cao).
Mgt dac diem dang luu y la chu thue lao ddng d Trang Qudc tbich thue nhftng lao ddng khdng cd giay phep, giay thdng hanh. "Ngudi ddn di cu sang Trung Qudc ldm an khdng mudn xin gidy thdng hdnh vi 2 ly do chinh: Mot Id, niu mudn xin gidy thdng hdnh, ngudi ddn phdi ve huyen (cdch trung tdm xd qud xa) nin nggi di; Hai Id, do phia gidi chit nguai Trung Qudc ciing khong mudn thue lao ddng cd ddy du gidy td, vi nhu vgy hg phdi chiu trdnh nhiem vd rdng buoc nhieu han, nin hg thudng tim nhitng lao ddng trdn sang Trung Qudc de thue vdi gid re vd khdng phdi chiu trdnh nhiem gi" (PVS can bg quan ly hg khau xa Phd Cao). Dieu nay dugc ly giai rang, thue nhiing lao dgng khdng cd giay thdng hanh, ngudi chii se it phai chiu trach nhiem neu cd xay ra ttanh chap. Vdi ngudi cd giay phep, khi xay ra chuyen bi "quyt tien" hoac nhftng van de lien quan den quyen Igi, hg cd the nhd chinh quydn phia Trang Qudc can thiep. "Sang do niu gap chu tdt thi cdn tien, neu gap chu xdu thi khdng cd lien"
(PVS nam 35 ttioi, xa De Tham).
Cd trudng hgp chii lao dgng gift 1/3 sd tien cdng cua ngudi lao ddng vdi ly do "de lan sau lam se tta ndt" (gift lao ddng cho minh), neu sau dd khdng quay lai lam cho hg thi ngudi lao ddng se bi mat sd tien nay.
Tuy nhien, nhidu ngudi khing dinh khdng gap hien tugng nay: "Co thdng tin rdng
lao ddng sang Trung Qudc thudng hi quyt lien, vdn di ndy theo chung tdi ndm dugc la khdng xdy ra, bai niu nhu vdy sau do dng chil se khdng tim duac ngudi ldm" (PVS bi thu thdn, xa Chien Phd).
Hien tugng dan mdi giua nhftng ngudi lao ddng vdi nhau cd xay ra d mgt sd noi, nhat la vdi nhftng ngudi di lin diu. Cac diu nau se tim chu tbue cho lao dgng, va hg dugc hudng hoa hdng tir ca ngudi chu va ngudi lao ddng:" Va tdi di sang ben kia bien gidi thudc tinh Qudng Tdy, Trung Qudc, chu yeu Id di chdt mia vd bdc vd cdy, ldm cdc cong viec lao ddng ndng nhoc. De cd dugc viec Idm, gia dinh tdi da phdi trd tien phi dich vu cho ngudi mdi gidi Id hai trieu ddng" (PVS nara 40 tuoi, xa Dd Tham).
* Ve thu nhdp
Phan ldn ngudi lao ddng dugc nhan thu lao tinh theo ngay, khoang tu 100-150 nhan dan te/ngay, tuong duong 300-450 nghin ddng/ngay.
Tinh hinh kinh te ciia cac hg di cu lao ddng sang Trung Qudc thudng kha hon nhieu so vdi trade khi di, va kha hon so vdi nhftng gia dinh khdng sang Tmng Qudc lam. Nhieu hg chi sau 1 -2 nam di lao ddng d Trung Quoc la cd dieu kien lam nha: "Cdc nhd mdi xdy, to, dep a Bdng Vdn hien nay Id diu cd tiin tie lao ddng a Trung Quoc, cd nhd cdn mua sdm cd d td" (PVS can bg Phdng Dan tdc huyen Ddng Van). Cac hd gia dinh ngheo vimg bien gidi cd dieu kien dd lam mdi, sua chfta nha cua phan ldn la do cd tidn tir loai hinh di cu lao ddng nay.
Cd trudng hgp thii lao cho lao dgng dugc tinh theo nam. 6 mgt sd gia dinh, ca 2 vg chdng ddu sang Trang Qudc lao dgng, hg nhan lara khoan cho mdt ndng trai chudi tu cdng doan ttdng, cham sdc den thu hai.
Ngudi chu Trung Qudc thudng chi tra (quy ddi) tir 100-110 ttieu ddng tidn cdng/nara:
34 ThOng ntiiuioa noc AH nwt. -MI U.*.-.-
"Cd mdt sd hd ldm hgp ddng theo ndm, vi du hg khodn cho ldm mgt trang trgi chudi thi cd ndm dugc trd 100 trieu ddng" (PVS nam 45 tudi, xa Chien Phd).
* Vi gidi tinh
Theo sd lieu thdng ke tit cac xa, sd lugng nam gidi sang Tnmg Qudc lao dgng cao hon nft gidi. Dien hinh la: xa Liing phm cd 258 nam, 25 nir; xa Chien Phd cd 175 nara, 23 nft (bang I). Theo tim hieu cua chiing tdi, dieu nay la do d ben kia bien gidi cac chu thue thudng chi can nhirng lao ddng Iam cdng viec nang nhgc, phii bgp vdi nam gidi; nhirng bat lgi hay nguy ca bat lgi cd the xay ra vdi nam gidi cung it hon vdi nft gidi.
3. Nguyen nhan di cir lao dong qua bien gioi Trung Quoc nhin tir quan diem di cir quoc te
Cho den hien nay, qua ket qua khao sat dinh tinh, chiing tdi tara khang dinh rang ly do ldn nhat thiic day di cu lao ddng sang Trung Qudc ciia ngudi dan khu vyc raien mii phia Bac la ly do kinh te. Dieu nay the hien d cac khia canh sau:
- Nhin tir sie khdc biet thu nhdp gifta hai ben bien gidi: Ngudi dan di cu sang Tnmg Qudc lao dgng thudng chi den cac vimg ndng thdn, nhung tiiu nhap hg kiera dugc d dd cao gan han 2 lan so vdi khi hg lam d Viet Nam (lao dgng thu cdng d VietNam chi kiem dugc tu 120-150 nghin dong/ngay, trong khi dd d ndng thdn Trang Qudc hg cd the kiera dugc tir 100-150 nhan dan te/ngay - tuong duang 300-450 nghin ddng). "Niu mgt gia dinh 2 vg chdng ldm ndng nghiep, long thu nhdp mdi ndm chi dugc khodng 15-20 trieu ddng, vdy md sang ben do thu nhdp moi ngudi mot thdng cUng dugc 10 trieu rdi thi phdi cd gdng di thdi" (PVS nam 45 tudi, xa De Thara).
- Nhin tu nhiing yeu td tim kiim ca hdi
nhu cham sdc y td tdt hon, mdi ttudng Iam viec chuyen nghiep, tidp xiic ridn giao due tien tidn hon,...: Nhftng ydu td nay khdng lien quan ddn nhdm di eu lao dgng sang Trang Qudc nay. Tara ly thiic diy ngudi dan vimg bien gidi Viti Nam sang Tnmg Qudc lao ddng chinh la dd nang cao ddi sdng. Tuy nhien, nhu clu da dgng hda kha ndng kinh ti, toi da hda thu nhdp, toi thieu hda rui ro it tdn tai teong nhdm nay, dac biet la ngudi Mdng.
Ddi vdi ngudi Mdng, di cu lao ddng dd lam giau gin nhu khdng phai la muc tieu cua hg. Theo khao sat thuc dia ma chiing tdi thu dugc, khi mgt gia dinh ngudi Mdng thidu thdn mdt vat dung gi dd va cd nhu cau phai mua (nhu xe may, tivi, tu lanh...) thi hg se chip nhan sang ben kia bien gidi lao dgng de kiem tien vira du de mua sara, sau dd hg lai quay ttd ve san xuat binh thudng nhu cii va khdng di tiep tru khi cd nhu cau tiep theo: "Du tien mua xe rdi minh a nhd thdi, khdng di «i?a" (PVS nam 25 tudi, xa Phd Cao).
Ciing cd nhung tmdng hgp ngudi dan sang Trung Qudc lao ddng nhung gap rui ro hoac vudng vao te nan xa hgi, khdng kiera dugc thu nhap thera ma cdn mang thera he luy. "Di cu tim viec ldm chu yiu Id sang Trung Qudc ldm dn, mgt sd thanh nien ham chai, cd bgc, rugu che... cd khi cd ndm cUng khdng gici dugc tien ve cho gia dinh. Thgm chi nhieu trudng hgp di cu bdt hap phdp da bi cdng an Trung Qudc bdt bd ddnh dap vd thu hit tiin" (PVS can bd xa De Tham).
- Nhin tu khia canh sttc hiit - ddy cua di cu: Theo chiing tdi, day chinh la sue hiit tii su chenh lech nguon nhdn luc. Mgt bg phan cu dan ndng thdn Trung qudc di ddn cac thanh phd ldn de Iam viec, tao ra khoang ttdng ldn vd luc lugng lao ddng/thieu lao
£i cu lao dgng.. 35
ddng khu vuc ndng thdn, do do thu hiit lugng lao ddng kha ldn tir Viet Nara sang tham gia san xuat ndng nghiep. Nghich Iy d day khdng phai la chenh lech ngudn nhan luc gifta ndng nghiep va cdng nghiep, ma la giua ndng nghiep vdi ndng nghiep.
- Nhin tu yeu td sdc tgc, tdn gido:
Cac yeu td sac tdc, tdn giao cd xuat hien ttong ddng di cu nay nhung khdng phai la nguyen nhan chinh. Quan he than tdc, quan he huyet thdng gifta bai bdn bien gidi la van de lich sir ciing nhu hien tai. Nhieu cdng ddng d hai ben bien gidi cd chung dan tdc/tdc ngudi (dac biet la ngudi Mdng), cd cung ngdn ngft, cirng trayen thdng van hda, sy di Iai nhieu khi khdng phan biet bien gidi. Vi vay, nhiing quan he hdn nhan, hg hang se tiep tuc tiep dien ma mgi sy rang budc mang tinh phap ly qudc gia cdn phai vat va mdi thuc hien thanh cdng.
- Nhin tir quan he hdn nhdn vd dodn tu gia dinh de d i n den di cu: Di cu vi ttao luu hdn nhan qua ben kia bien gidi xuat hien nhieu trade day (dudi gdc nhin ddng tdc gifta hai ben bien gidi), nhung nay khdng cdn phd bien. Qua khao sat cua chiing tdi, mdt sd phy nft d hai tinh Ha Giang va Lang Son sang ben kia bien gidi lay chdng thuoc cac tmdng hgp sau:
+ Mdt sd lay chdng vdi mong raudn cd cudc sdng kha hon, nhung khi khdng dugc nhu y, hg lai bd chdng de den cac thanh phd ciia Tnmg Quoc lam an. Tai xa Then Chu Phin, hi nam 2002 ddn nay cd khoang gan 100 ngudi phu nft sang ben kia bien gidi lay chdng.
+ Mdt sd phu nu lly chong Tmng Qudc vdn da cd vg con, ngudi chdng khdng dugc sinh them con bdi chinh sach dan sd cua chinh quydn Trang Qudc, nen khi cd thai hg quay vd nudc sinh con, sau dd de gia dinh ben Viet Nam nudi con rdi quay ttd lai
Trung Qudc. Day la bai toan kho ma chinh quyen noi di phai giai quydt ca tmdc mat va lau dai.
+ Mgt sd phu nft da cd gia dinh, sang Tmng Qudc lam an "bi du dd" d lai lay chdng Trang Qudc, bd Iai ehdng con d nha, hoac cd t m d n g hgp raang theo con nhd va bd chdng d lai. "Phu nit sang Trung Qudc Idm dn bi du dd d lgi lay chdng Trung Qudc, bd lgi chdng con nheo nhdc d nhd, mgt sd phu nit di cu mang theo con nhd vd bd chdng a lgi" (PVS can bd xa Liing Phin).
Xa Then Chu Phin cd 3 phy nu di cu lam viec d Tmng Qude da bd chdng con d nha, khdng quay ve; cd 3 tte em di cu lam viec, sau dd ket hdn vdi ngudi Trung Quoc, ca 3 tmdng hgp deu chua du tudi ket bdn va khdng td chirc cudi d Viet Nam. "Hdu het phii nie ngudi Mdng di cu sang Trung Quoc Idm viec deu khdng thdng qua chinh quyen, tu di vd khdng cd gidy thdng hdnh nen rdt khd qudn ly. Qua ndm bdt tinh hinh, dugc biet rdt nhieu phu nit di cu tim viec ldm dd bi doi tugng xdu du dd, ldi keo a lgi ldm vg ngudi Trung Qudc, hogc bi dua sdu vdo ndi dia kiem cdng viec khdc.
Nhieu phu nie vd tre em gdi cUng bi lita bdn md khdng biet. Vi du dien hinh Id mdt chi a xd Then Chu Phin, da cd chdng vd 3 con, sang Trung Qudc ldm viec, bi du dd d lgi lay chdng, sau khi sinh cho dng chong mdt dua con liin bi dudi vi Viet Nam. Khi chi trd ve Viet Nam, chdng chi da ldy vg khdc vd chi phdi ve nhd me de de a... Sd cdn lgi mdt thdng tin vdi gia dinh" (PVS can bg cdng an xa phu trach thdn, xa Then Chu Phin).
+ Khdng it hien tugng "nhieng ngudi phu nil chdn chdng nen sang ben kia bien gidi Idy chdng khdc"; hoac nhftng ngudi
"qua Ilia Id thi" khdng the lay cbdng tai Viet Nam nen theo ngudi quen, nhiing ngudi di
36 Th6ng ttn Khoa hgc xa hoi. 56 6.2019
tmdc hoac dugc gidi thieu, din mdi qua ben kia bien gidi lay chdng.
Tren thuc te, cd mdt sd trudng hgp ca 2 vg chdng deu di sang Tnmg Qudc lao ddng, do ngudi vg cd chiit nhan sac nen chu thue da tach vg ra, cho lara d khu vuc each xa chdng, mdi t u i n cho hai vg chdng gap nhau mgt lan. Ngudi vg bi chu thue Igi dung tinh due. Khi ve nudc, cac gia dinh nay cd nhieu nguy CO tan vd hanh phiic.
Hien nay, nhan thiic cua ngudi dan d khu vyc raien mii phia Bac ngay cang dugc nang len, hg da cd y thiic ve ti'nh phap Iy ttong hdn nhan, duy tri ndi gidng va nhftng quy dinh chung ttong ket hdn vdi ngudi nudc ngoai. Do vay, hien tugng hdn nhan ty do theo tmyen thdng/theo cara tinh, cd phan "ngoai phap luat" qua bien gidi se cd xu hudng dan han che.
Ket Iuan
Di cu lao dgng cua ngudi dan khu vyc mien niii phia Bac sang Trung Qudc la di cu qudc te. Nhftng quan diem tmyen thdng nhu di cu la do sy mong mudn rdi bd qudc gia dang sdng, la xung dot, mau thuan hay chien ttanh... khdng tdn tai ttong nhdm di cu nay. Hg chii yeu "di cu raiia vu" vi ly do kinh te. Xu hudng di cu sang Trung Qudc lao ddng ciia ngudi dan khu vyc nay teong thdi gian tdi se ngay cang gia tang bdi sy chenh lech thu nhap ciing nhu dieu kien giao luu, hgi nhap ngay cang rdng md.
Chinh quyen cac cap can tao dieu kien cap giiy thdng hanh qua bien gidi d cap xa, huyen dd ngudi dan dd tiep can vdi thu tuc hanh chinh quan tegng cho viec di cu lao ddng nay, bao dara su an toan ti'nh mang ciing nhu tai san cua ngudi di cu lao dgng qua bien gidi a
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Nghiem Tuan Himg (2012), 'Tslhung nguyen nhan ca ban va didu kien chu y l u thiic diy di cu qudc td", Tgp chi Khoa hgc Dgi hgc Qudc gia Hd Ndi, sd 28.
2. Vd Thi Minh Le (2009), "Tong quan ly luan ve di chuyen lao ddng", Tgp chi Nghien cuu Chdu Phi vd Trung Ddng, tap 49, sd 9.
3. UBND xa Ai Qudc (2017), Bdo cdo tdm tdt tinh hinh di ddn tren dia bdn xd Ai Qudc, ngay 28/12.
4. UBND xa Cao Minh (2017), Bdo cdo thitc trgng di cu cua cdc ddn tdc thiiu so trong 5 ndm qua (tie 2013 den 2017) tren dia bdn xd Cao Minh, ngay 12/12.
5. UBND xa Chien Phd (2018), Bdo cdo thuc trgng di cu cua cdc ddn tdc thieu sd trong 5 ndm qua (tie 2013 den 2017) tren dia bdn xd Chien Phd, ngay 26/01.
6. UBND xa Dd Tham (2017), Bdo cdo tinh hinh ddn di cu tic do tu ndm 2007- 2077, ngay 14/12.
7. UBND xa LCng Phin (2018), Bdo cdo tinh hinh di cu tu do tic ndm 200 7-2017, ngay 15/01.
8. UBND xa Phd Cao (2018), Bdo cdo tinh hinh ddn di cu tu do tic ndm 2007- 2017, ngay 22/01.
9. UBND xa Then Chu Phin (2018), Bdo cdo thuc trgng di cu cua cdc ddn tdc thieu sd trong 5 ndm qua (tic 2013 din 2017) tren dja bdn xa Then Chu Phin, ngay 22/01.
10. UBND xa Xuan Duong (2017), Bdo cdo thuc trgng, diin biin tinh hinh di ddn cita cdc ddn tdc thiiu sd tren dia bdn xd, ngky QA/\2.
