70 M ^ Jiisa
s611-2014 D g y ; : ^ ! ^ GIAO OUC 0 Niroc NGOAIVai net ve sir anh hucfng cua giao due My dd1 vGfi giao due Nhat Ban va Trung Quoc
ThS. LE VAN TUNG Tradng Dgi hpc D i n g T h i p
M
y ta mit trong nhQng nude ed nen giao dye phit triln, do viy cac thanh tyu cda nin giao dyc nay nhgn dUpe sy quan tam, hpc tap kinh nghigm cua nhilu nudc.Bai vilt niy phin tich v i gidi thifiu mdt vai inh hudng eda giio dyc My dli vdl giio dyc Nhit Bin va Trung QuIe.
1 . Anh hi/&ttg iI6'i vdl Nh^t B^n
Nhgt Bin l i mgt quoc gia sdm tilp thu v i n hda - giio dyc eda nude ngoii mgt cich chu ddng. Cho d i n khi kit thde c h l d l Tokugawa (1868), ngadi dan Nhit Bin da xay dyng dapc Irln mgt tram nghin trudng hpc d tgn ta tekakoya, mot logi trudng hpc dupc t l chdc trong chua dinh cho tre em. Trong suit thdi ky Minh Tri. chfnh quyln da quan tam din vile phi d p giao dye h i thing trudng hpc toan quoc vdi ke hogeh hinh thanh tim khu vyc hpc tip trfin toin lanh thl, mdi khu vyc nhu vgy cd mgt trydng dgi hpc, 32 trUdng trung hpc v i 210 frUdng tilu lipc, k l hogeh nay da ehua dupe hoan tit. Ke hogeh quan trpng nay gfin vdi cdng sac d a tiai nha d i each giao dyc Idn cda nhin d i n Nhgt Bin t i yukk:hi Fukuzawa (1634-1901) v i Arinori Mon (1885-1869). Hai c i i dfiu vT dgi vdi tam mfit nhin xa trdng rgng v i y chl quylt doan niy deu ngudc con mfit sang n i n giio dyc v i khoa hpc ky thugt phUPng Tiy, hp phe binh tlnh chit giao dilu, thilu dan ehu, thieu binh dling, ttiilu khoa hpc cda nin giao dyc mang ngng mfiu sac Khlng giao qua d l eao kinh sach, hpc ttiudc Idng d Nhat Ban tdc biy gid. Y tudng fukoku kyohei (phu qudc binh cudng) chd ttpng du nhgp v i n minh v i c6ng nghi phUdng T i y da di d i n sy d n thiet cua viec xiy dyng mit nin giio dyc hiin dgi, ttUde ttgn l i frianh tip Bd Glio dyc (nam 1871), k l dd la Tuyen b l Oseidasaresho td bd hg thing phong kiln, he ttiing phin tang giao dyc. nhin mgnh myc dfch giio dyc l i khoa hpc thye tifin b l Ieh, ehi phf gtio dyc do ngudl d i n ddng gdp nhfim md rdng cp hdi hpc t i p cua nhin din. Ngudi Nhat d i xiy dyng dupe mdt hg thing giao dyc cdng Ifip (hpc td m l hinh cda Phap IOc bfiy gid) nhung sich giao khoa thl djch nguyfin tic td My ktidng chlnh ty gl ca. Cho d i n nfim 1879. Nhgt Ban ban hinh Sfic Ignh giao dyc tQ bd hg thing giio dyc tnjng uong. thda nhgn nguyfin tie ty do quin ty. sy diJc Ifip cda m&i d n g ding d l i vdi giio dyc, ttiyc chit d i y l i nguyen tic eda hg thdng giio dye My. Sau chien tranh ttil gidl ttid 2, Nhgt B i n d i giiu hin ifen nhd bin dupc hing eho cugc chiln tranh Trilu Tiin (1950-1953). Cung trong thdi ky
niy, nUde My d i ed Tiln sT G.D.Stoddard dfin d i u Phil doin giao dye sang Nhit Bin nghiin edu nhfim t i i thilt n i n giao dye niy. Nhit B i n tdng bade cfii cich giao dyc theo hudng xay dyng mit n i n giio dyc hign dgi, binh ding, d i n ehd, eoi frpng phit friln ning tyc c i nhin, chd trpng ngi dung khoa hpc v i d n g nghe hign dgi, vda md mang d i u dc vda phit triln vin hda (tilng ndi va van hda Nhgt Bin). Sy hign dign cda trilt ly giio dyc My, die bigt \k chu nghTa thyc dyng trong n i n giao dyc Nhat Ban t i khi rd nit, v l dilu niy, cdng trinh Hiin d^i hda giio dtfc Nh$t Bin (1986) cda tap t h l cae nha khoa hpc Nhgt B i n chT rd: Sau chiln tranh t h l gidi thd 2. "Giao dyc nha tafdng la d l phit triln ning tyc d nhin giii quylt vfin d l mdt d e h d hilu bifi't nhdng v i n d l khic nhau cda cugc sing xa hdi hign tgi, v i d e chlnh sich giio dyc nhfim t l ehdc chUdng Wnh giang dgy frong n d tnJdng d i p Ong mye dfch n i y da dope ban b l . Chu nghTa ttiyc dyng ta My da dUpc daa v i o nhu l i mdt tnIt ty gtio dyc. VI viy, giao dyc n h i trudng nhfin mgnh tfnh ty phit cda tte em dupe phit ttiin ttidng qua kinh nghifim trong cudc sing hfing ngiy. Thuyit giao dyc n i y dupc gpi l i hpc tip theo bit hay hpc tgp giii quylt v l n d l " [4, fr. 26]. ChS khic, d n g trtnh vilt: "Cude cai cich giio dye sau chiln tranh d myc dfch thifit tap mpt hfi thing ddn tuyin vdi 9 n i m glio dyc bfit bupe. Chd nghia thyc dyng kilu My bfit dfiu dupe td dilm eho ndl dung giio dye b i t bulc. N6i mdt cich ey fril hdn, "nghifin cdu xa hgr da phit friln tgi My dupe dua v i o hg thdng mdi d y nha mit mdn hpc rigng bilt. Khii nigm nghign cdu xa hdi ddng vai trd tmng t i m trong hfi thing cic "bii hpc cudc sing" d l t l chdc mgt ChUdng trinh giing dgy chd trpng d i n kmh nghiim hang ngay eua hpc sinh va se dUpc ddng trong hpc tgp giai quylt mdt s l vfin d l . Cich nghiin cdu cd dinh hudng gifit quylt vfin d l dya frin "cic b i i hpc cu^c sing" n i y eung dupe i p dung vao giio dyc khoa hpc (nka) v i toin hpc" [4, tr. 88 - 89]. 0 bic dgi hpe. frong nhdng ttigp niln 1960-1980, giao dye dgi hpc Nhit s i n vfin ehd frpng k l thda nhQng thirih tyu Idn cua v i n mmh My Au. nhilu d c h giao khoa, giao trtnh giing dgy tgi dgi hpc dUpc dfch td My, dgc bigt ta tilp tyc gdi lou hpc sinh di hpc tgp, nghign cdu tgi c i c nude phit tnln khic, mSc dd vgy vfin chd trpng cic nfli dung giio dyc mang b i n sfic d i n tgc eua minh, thyc chfit ta k i t hpp giQa tinh hoa Han hpc va Tav hpc vdi sy nhfin mgnh sy d n cd lao dpng, tinh thfin hda ddno (chdng ehd nghra c i nhin d l i tgp vdl tap thl) va tmh thfin ao
Datfmliici 'MPg'^a:;; - ^ 7 1
dyng khoa hpc cdng nghg ttiyc dyng. Sy tilp thu, hpe hdi d n g nghg va giio dye phuong Tiy. dgc bifit ta My. no tyc bin b? giQ gin v i hign dai hda giio dyc theo hUdng v i n hda khoa hpc. d i gidp Nhit B i n ting khd Thfin Ngheo (Bint>lgami) ttin eon dudng tham vpng trd thinh quoc gia mang tinh quic t l . 2. Anh hirdng Sfli vdi Trung QuCfc
Trung Quic t i mdt quic gia cd truyin thing van hda liu ddi, Khlng giio v i Lao giio la nhQng g l i trj cd finh hUdng ldn frong d u tgo gia tri cua Ddng A v i chau A. Trilt ty giio dye eda Khlng Td khdng nhCfng chi phli n i n giao dye va ttuyln thing hpc ttiuit Tnjng Quic qua nhilu t h l ky, ma d n finh hUdng rgng rai d i n nhilu nudc xung quanh nhu Nhit Bfin, H i n Quic.
Vigt Nam. Cic tu tudng giio dyc quy bau eda Khlng Td eho din nay vfin dUpc d c t h l hg hpc gia va mpt d nin giio dyc quan tim nghign cdu. hpc tap. Nhilu ndi dung tu tudng Nho giio (trong Ta ThU, Ngd Kmh) eung dang dupc dua v i o chUdng trinh giio dye Trung QuIe hifin nay. trich nhifim x i hdi cda Nho giao trong Ijch sd vfin tilp tyc cd y nghia phuong ptiip luin eho vific xem x i t mgt s l vfin d l ndi x i hdi dUdng dgi. die bigt ta sy phye hdi cda truyin thing hpc thugt Nho giio trong cic dgi hpc Trung Quic, theo Qiang Zha (giio su dgi hpc New York) d lign quan d i n vific giim sit sy lifim chinh hin iim eda d c hpc gifi v i cie tnJdng dgi hpc Trung Quic [1, tr. 457], Cic tu tudng ddc tri, ehinh dsmh, trung dung v i tu than ta nhQng trilt ly cit Idi, da dUpe ttid thich, trd thinh tyc lupng vd thQc ttong quy tfie xd sy v i n hda dgo dQc, vl t h l , gia tri cda ehdng khd phat md theo fridi gian. Td gdc dp nghifin edu eda chdng tli cho thfiy, trilt ty giio dye My t h l ky 20 finh hadng din giio dyc Tnjng Quic l i giin dogn, hgn c h l , nhung ding ghi nhgn, khie vdi finh hudng v i o Nhit Bfin. Trudc tien, ehdng ta bilt ring, nin khoa hpc kT thuit Tnjng Quoc da tgo ra nhdng thinh qui Idn cho van mmh nhin logi 6 thdi n h i Tfin. Hin. Ting, nhung b| chdng Igi 6 fridi n h i Mmh, Thanh. Vifie duy tri nhan quan cd lip d hai trilu dgi cuoi cdng niy, da tgo ra sy giin dogn cho nin khoa hpc kT ttiuit v i giio dyc Trung QuIe. VI t h l . cho din nda d i u ttil ky 20, phUPng f i y da b6 xa Tmng Quic dd tnfdc dd nudc niy d i phit minh ra gifiy, kT thuat in, thuic sung, la bin, Ifch phip,v.v.., bfing cudc d c h mgng khoa hpe kT thuit d l dUa nin sin xult vao trinh dp d n g nghigp hda (hien nhien, phUdng T i y da ehufin bi eho dilu niy td thdi Khai sing). Chfnh vio b l i d n h niy. d c tti ttiQc du hpc d phUdng Tay eua Trung Quic da nhin ttiiy d n i n giio dyc My v i phUdng T i y nhdng bii hpc d l thay d l i nen giio dyc mang dgm mau sfic Khlng giio dadng ttidi v l n ft quan tam d i n khoa hpc thye chdng, kT ttiuit d n g nghi va ttiUdng mgi. Thii Nguyin Boi (1868-1940).
nguyfin Bg ttudng Giio dyc Trung QuIe. hifiu trudng Dgi hpc Sfic Kinh (1916-1926) d n g nhilu tti thde friudc Phong trio Ngu Td (1919) d i tifip ttiu trilt ty giao dyc eua chu nghTa thyc dyng v i chd nghTa vi Ipi (Utilitarianism) d l d l i mdi mye dfch.
ngi dung, chudng trinh. phUOng phip giio dyc tgi Trung Quic.
Cic ty tudng chfnh dapc ndi d i n l i : tmh thfin khoa hpc thyc ChQng vfi tU duy ehfnh xie. phUdng phip nghtin cdu thyc nghigm. giio dyc t i p ttung vao nhQng v i n d l mang tgi lpi Ieh ttiyc t l . ty do hpc thuit, quan hg thiy-ttd d i n chd, vigc dgy hpc tgi trudng hpc giao cho d c nhi giio. khuyin khfch tU duy sfing tgo. cac hgn c h l cda thyc tifin giao dyc Tmng Quic biy gid, nhy Heget tOng ndi trade dd. ngudi dUpe gpi ta hiln minh khi bilt nit lui khdi thyc t l v i chl hinh dgng bing ldi ndi hay d u chO. khd m i ctilp nhan d e tu tudng dd. Thai Nguygn B l i bi d e h chac higu ttUdng dgi hpc Bfie Kinh sau dd. Cho d i n nhQng frifip ky cull t h l ky 20, cy t h l tQ nim 1985. Trung Quoc bfit
dfiu td bd m l hinh giao dyc Xdviet va tiln hanh " d i each ttie c h l giio dyc". Trung QuIe d i hpc tap kinh nghigm cua m l hinh dgi hpc nghign cdu My, thi ttudng hda giio dye v i d i t myc tieu x i y dyng mgt nen gigo dyc hign dgi. De hign thye hda ke hogeh ngy, 'Trong 30 nam qua, Tmng quic da gdi 1,2 trigu ngudi d i n hpe tgi 108 nudc. Tinh din 2008, 77% higu tmdng cic ttudng cao dfing, 84% nghien cdu vifin eic vien khoa hpc, 62% tiln sTTrung Quoc diu la nhQng ngUdi t i t nghigp 6 nUde ngoii" [5, tr. 284]. Nim 2009. nude nay da Ifip ra mgt c i u lgc bg cic dgi hpc nghifin cOu, Ily ten ta Liin minh C9 (Ivy League China) gim cac dgi hpc: Bfic Kinh, Thanh Hoa, TnIt Giang, Cing nghifip cap NhTTan, Phyc oan. Giao thfing Thupng Hfii. Nam Kinh, Khoa hpc ky thugt Trung Quic va Giao thdng Tiy An. C i i ten C9 lam ngUdi ta lien tadng tdi Ivy League cua My, chl khic d chd c g t i mdt dy i n do nha nudc dfiu tu cd tham vpng nhu mpt tap doin dgi hpc, cdn d My chT ta mdt lifin doan t h l thao cda tam dgi hpe tu nhan vdng Ddng Bfic, chdng la nhQng "dgi hpc quy tgc" cda My. cac khia egnh trifit ly giio dye d a C9 khi tuang ding vdi tinh ttian cda dgi hpc nghiin cQu My. chfing hgn, chu trong dao tgo cie nhin til khoa hpc, qufin ly, thUdng mgi v i cdng nghigp; cd ky ning lanh dgo, tim vigc theo kip v i tu duy phin biin. Tuy nhiin. theo Jalmit Salmi, chuyfin gia giio dyc cua Ngan hing T h l gidi, eae dgi hpc niy d n gap phii nhdng ttxJ nggi frfin con dUdng chuyin hda. trdi dgy nhU: chat lapng syt giim do md rgng dgi hpc qua nhanh, v i n hda han tam ddi hdi d kit q u i nhanh d n trd nd tyc nghifin cdu sang tgo va d i i hoi, thilu hyt smh vifin ed nin tang giio dyc ktioa hpe d n g nghg, thieu ty do hpc thugt, tam nhin cd Hnh bfit chudc hdn sing tgo (ehd trpng van hda xufit bfin hpn l i gfin vdi ttiyc tifin, tuong lai) [1. tr. 459].
Phan trinh bay fren eho ttiay. xufit phat td nhdng dilu kiin phit ttiln dae thd khic nhau, song trong qua trinh xay dyng mdt nin giao dye hiln dgi, Nhgt Bfin v i Tnjng Quic diu chd ttpng hpc tap kmh nghigm td cac nin giio dyc phit triln, d day ta My.
d l mdt mat khac phyc nhdng hgn c h l cua nin giao dyc tmyln ttiing. ding ttidi tilp ttiu d chon Ipc nhdng tfnh chfit tifin tiln d a nin giao dyc My. N i u nha tmdc chiln tranh t h l gidi tha 2.
trilt ty giao dyc mang mau sfic cua chd nghTa thyc dyng My d anh hydng finh hadng dam hdn dli vdi giao dye Nhgt Ban v i d phfin md hon dli vdi giio dye Tmng Quoc, thi 6 nda culi t h l kV 20, d hai nfin giio dyc niy diu djnh hudng hign dgi h d giio dyc ttieo hadng vin hda ktioa hpc (Nhat Bfin) v i xie Igp cic viln dgi tipc nghifin eau (Trung Quic) v i diu thu dUpc nhQng thanh q u i tiL oay dupc xem l i bii hpc kinh nghiim d gii tti tham khao ddi vdi d n g tac giao dyc 6 nude ta hign nay.
Tdi ligu tham kh^o:
1. Ngd Bio Chiu v i d n g sy (Chd biSn, 2011), KyySu Dai hqc Humbokit 200 n&n (1810-2010): Kmh ngNem thigidi vk Viet Nam, Nxb. Tri ttidc. Ha Ngi.
2. LdDgt Chu Man Smh, (Chd bifin, 2010). CH each giio die ddc nddc phit Iriin. Cii dch giko dyc d Nhit Bkn & Oxtriylia. Bin dfch cua N g u i ^ Nhu Digm, Nxb. Glio dyc Vigt Nam. Ha Ngi.
3. Tsunesaburo Makiguchi (1994). Giko dyc vJ c u ^ song dng fgo.Nxb.Tri.TPHlChlMinh.
4. Toshfc Nakuchi vicgng sy (2002), Hien d^hdagiio dyc Nh^
Sir; Bfin dfch cda Lg Thj Dan Dung v i Phupng Vu, Nxb. Chfih tri quic gia. Ha Ngi.
e.TrJn QuIcToan (Chu biln) vacpng su(2012), Pha«n*)fliao i c trong OSu kiin kinh ti thi trUdng vk hdi nhip quic ti Nxb. Chinh tn qude gia, H i Nil.
6. Fukuzama Yukichi (2012), Khuyin hqc haynfitfng bai hqc ve tinh ttian ttfcUdng ciia ngUdi Nhat Bkn. Bin d|Ch eua Phgm Hdu Lpi, Nxb. Din tri, Ha Ndl.
