TAP c m KHOA HQC TRlJOiNG PAI HOC HPNC RlTc - s 6 47.2019
NANG CAO HIEU QUA VIEC REN KY NANG DICH THUAT CHO SINH VIEN CHUYEN NGtT THONG QUA HE THONG
BAI TAP THEO THANG NHAN THlTC BLOOM
Trinh Thi Thffm', Lg Thi Huong (A) ^ Nguyin Thi Nggc^
TOM TAT
Bdi hdo trinh bdy kit qud thue nghiem sit dung he thdng bdi tap ren ky ndng dich cho sinh vien ehuyin ngdnh Su phgm liing Anh. Hi thong bdi tap duge thiit ki dua theo thang nhdn thitc Bloom, duge sdp xip tu cdp do nhdn thuc thdp (nha, hiiu) den cdp do nhgn thuc cao nhdt (ddnh gid), nhdm hd trg sinh vien ren ^ ndng dich mdt edeh hieu qud han. Qua thuc nghiim, he thong bdi tap da the Men duge tinh uu viet eua nd vd mang lgi nhirng hiiu qud nhdt dinh. Sinh vien Miu vdn bdn ngudn mgt cdch sdu sdc, ky cdng han sau qud trinh ldm hdi tap, tit do ed nhung phuang dn lira chgn lu vung, eau true vd su dung vdn phong phii hgp di cd duge nhitng bdn dich chat lugng. Hi thdng bdi tap giiip sinh viin ndng cao ky ndng dich thugt, cd thdi do vd ddng ca tich cue han trong hgc tap, gdp phdn ndng cao ehdt lugng dgy hgc hge phdn Bien dich 1,2 ndi rieng vd cdc hgc phdn
thudc khdi hen thuc vi ngdn ngu - vdn hda ndi ehung.
Tir khoa: Ky ndng dieh thugt, hi thdng bdi tap, thang nhgn thue Bloom.
I.BATVANDE
Chucmg trinb dao tao nganh Su pham tieng Anh tai Tnicoig Dai hpc Hong Diic gdm khdi kien thiic dai cuong, kien thiic nganh va kien thirc chuyen nganh. Muc tieu chinh cua chuang hinh la dao tao giao vien tieng Anh cho cac ca sd dao tao tren toan qudc. Trong boi canh toan cau hda va hdi nhap cua dat nudc cung nhu nhu cau lao ddng cua xa bgi, chuoTig trinh dao tao cua Nha truomg dupc xay dyng theo hudng md, tao nen tang ca ban de sau khi tot nghiep sinh vien cd the chuyen doi nghe nghiep va tham gia vao cac ITnh vuc khac nbu Iam nhan vien van phdng, thu ky, bien tap vien, bien/phien dich. Ben canh do, da sd sinh vien nganh Su pham tieng Anh tham gia cong tac dich thuat trong va sau khi dupc dao tao d trudng dai hoc. Do do, trang hi kT nang dich cho sinh vien la mpt yeu cau cap thiet nham dap img yeu cau nang cao chk lupng dao tao, dap iing chuan dau ra va dap img nhu cau xa hdi.
Theo do, ky nang dich da dupc dua vao chuong trinh dao tao nganh tiing Anh thdng qua cac hpc phan bien, phien dich nhung chua cd he thdng bai tap ren luyen va nang cao ky nang dich cho sinh vien. Dac biet, vdi thuc trang trinh dp diu vao cua sinh vien nganh heng Anh hien nay, viec xac dinh dupc khung ly thuyit phii hgp d l xay dung he thdng bai tap ren luyen va nang cao kT nang dich cho sinh vien la rk cdn thilt.
' Phong Hap lac QuSc te, Tnrang Dgi hoc Hong Dire
^•^ Khoa Ngoai ngu, Trucmg Dgi hoc Hong Diec
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Tuy nhien, qua khao sat tai lieu day hgc cac hoc phSn Bien dich 1, 2 va h i n hanh day thir nghiem tren ddi tugng la sinh vien nam thir 3 nganh Su pham tiing Anh tai Trudng Dai hgc Hdng Diic, nhom tac gia nhan t h i y viec xay dung he thdng bai tap ren ky nang dich cho sinh vien chuyen nganh tiing Anh - Trudng Dai hgc Hdng Diic theo thang nhan thiic Bloom la mot h-ong nhiing bien phap hiiu hieu gdp p h i n nang cao chit lucmg dao tao, dap iing nhu cau xa hpi.
2. NOI DUNG
2.1. Nhfrng van de Iy luan ve dich thuat va thang nhan thiic Bloom 2.1.1. Dich thugt vd cdc phuang phdp dich thudt
2.1.1.1. Dieh thugt vd vdn de tuang duang trong dich thudt
Phin lan cac nha nghien ciiu nhu Catford (1965), Mounin (1963), Nida (1964) hay AH (2003) coi nghien ciiu dich thuat la mgt bp phan cua ngon ngii hpc va cho ring dich thult la mpt qua hinh giao tiep. Dya theo Iy thuyit ve nhan thiic cua Bloom, Padilla va cac ddng sy (1999) cho rang qua trinh dich thuat la mpt qua trinh cyc ky phiic tap, bdi vi nd khdng chi la nhiing qua trinh ngon ngu hpc thong thudng ma phai ludn duac hieu ro trong nhung tinh huong xa hgi, van hda va hen hit la tam ly. Theo Nguyln Thien Giap (2012) "... dich la mgt hoat dpng ngdn ngii nham chuyen y nghia cua cac bieu thice hong ngdn ngii nay (ngon ngii ngudn) sang y nghia cua ngdn ngii khac (ngdn ngii dich)". Hatim & Masons (1990) ciing cho rang dich la mpt qua trinh giao tiep trong mdt tinh hudng xa hpi cu the va dich gia la nhan vat trung gian cua qua trinh giao tiep nay de ket ndi va truyen dat thong tin tir van ban nguon, tac gia cua nd tdi dpc gia dich.
"Tuang duong (Equivalance) la khai niem mau chot trong dich thuat" (Hoang Van Van, 2005) va la "khai niem trung tam cua bat cii cdng trinh nghien ciiu nao ve dich thuat" (Munday, 2001). Vdi quan niem dich la sy thay the chat lieu van ban nguon bang chat lieu van ban tuang duong d ngon ngu dich, Catford (1965) da xet den
"hiang duang chit heu van ban" va dua ra hai loai hinh tuang duong dich thuat, dd la tuang duang ngdn ngii hpc va tuang duang d cap do van hda.
Newmark (1998) ngoai su ddng tinh vdi y kiln cua cac tac gia hen cdn cho rSng viec gan y nghia cua van ban vdi y dinh cua ngudi ndi/viet la cai ma ngudi dich can tao ra cho ban dich. Baker (1992) d l cap din ba cip do tuang duang dich thuat la tuong duang d cip dp tir, cip do cau va c i p do van ban. Da sd cac nha nghien ciiu ve dich thuat (Catford, Nida, Campbell) c6 quan dilm ring tuong duong la dilu kien thiet ylu d l dich thuat dupc thuc hien va tuong duong la cai dich ciia dich thuat, la "cai cd thi dat dugc".
2.1.1.2. Cdc phuang phdp dich thugt
Khai niem phuang phdp hay phuang thuc, thu phdp trong nhieu trudng hpp van chua dupc phan biet mot each ro net. Dya hen each thiic xir Iy mdi quan he giiia hinh thirc va y nghia cua cac dan vi dich thuat, Catford (1965) diing thuat ngii loai hinh dich
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thudt (types of translation) con Mildred (1998) dung kiiu dich thudt (kinds of hanslation). Newmark (1998) dya theo pham vi iing dyng cua dich thuat vao don vi ngdn ngii la van ban hay dudi van ban de phan hiet phucmg phdp dieh thudt (translation methods) va thit phdp dich thugt (translation procedures). Theo Mildred (1998), "phuong phap djch thuat lien quan den toan bg van ban, cdn thu phap dich thuat chi ditng cho cau va cac dan vi nhd hon cua ngdn ngii". Mildred chia cac phuong phap dich thuat thanh dich dya tren cau true (form-based translation) va dich dua tren y ngbTa (meaning-based translahon). Kha cu thi va chi tilt, Newmark (1998) chia cac phuang phap djch thanh 2 nhdm khac nhau, do la nhdm dich ngii nghia va nhdm dich truyen dat vdi mgt he thong 8 phuang phap dich, gdm: Dich tu ddi tu (word-for-word translation), Dich nguyen vdn (literal translation), Dieh trung thdnh (faithful translation), Dich ngu: nghia (semantic translation), Dich truyen dgt (communicative translation), Dich dae ngu (idiomatic translation), Dich tu do (free translation) va Dich phdng tac (adaptation).
Viet Nam cung da cd nhilu cong trinh nghien ciiu v l dich thuat. Nguydn Hdng C6n (2006) k l thira mot sd kit qua nghien cim v l dich thuat 6 Viet Nam ciing nhu dong tinh voi quan d i l m cua Newmark (1998) nhung van dung vao mdi quan he giira ngu ngudn la tiing Anh va ngtr dich la tiing Viet de de xuit 5 phuang phap dich thuat thudng gap trong dich Anh - Viet, gdm Dich nguyen vdn, Dich nghia, Dich thdng bdo, Dich tu do, Phdng dich.
2.1.2. Thang nhgn thitc Bloom vd nhiing ung dung trong dgy hge
Vao nam 1956, Benjamin Bloom da vilt cudn Phdn Iogi tu duy theo nhiing muc tieu giao due: LTnh vuc nhan thirc, trong do phan md ta ve tu duy gdm sau miic do cua dng da dupe chip nhan rpng rai va dupc sii dung trong r i t nhilu ITnh vuc cho tdi ngay nay. Danh muc nhung qua trinh nhan thiic cua dng dupc sap xep tir mice dp don gian nhit, gpi lai kiln thiic, den miic dp phiic tap nhat, danh gia gia tri va tinh hiiu ich Clia mgt y kien.
Cach phan loai cua Bloom ve tri thirc hien dupc pho bien khap the gidi va khdng ngirng dupc cai tien. Phan Ioai Bloom dupc dung nhu la cong cu quan trgng de xay dyng muc heu giao dye, do ludng giao due, dat cau hdi trong giang day va nghien cim, xay dyng va thiet ke bai giang cung nhu hudng dan giang day de dat myc heu da de ra.
Theo Bloom ITnh vuc tri thirc dupc chia thanh 6 pham trii chu yeu, sap xep theo thii ty tang dan ve dp khd, gdm Biet, Hiiu, Ung dung (Van dimg), Phdn tich, Tdng hgp va Ddnh gid va dupc gpi la thang cap dp tu duy. Cac cap do dupc md ta cu the nhu sau:
Biet: Kien thiic d mice "Biet" bao gdm nhung thdng hn cd tinh chat chuyen biet ma mdt ngudi hpc cd the nhd hay nhan ra sau khi dep nhan. Viec hpc thudng bat dau hi nhu cau "mudn biet" nhung de "biel dugc cai gi dd", ngudi hgc chi can van dung tri nhd, nen thanh qua dat dugc d mirc "Biet" la rat thap va tbudng khdng mang lai gia tri tang them cho ngudi sd hiru cai ''hiit" ay. Thudng muc tieu giao due khdng dimg d viec day cac tri
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thirc thupc miic "Biet" nay. Trong do ludng giao due, ngudi ta thudng dimg cac cau hdi loai diln the, diing/sai hay nhieu lya chgn de kiem tra kiln thirc dang nay. Va thudng chiing la nhirng can hdi de nhat.
Hiiu (hay Thdng hieu): Hiiu dupc chuyen gi dd bic la bao bam viec da biet nd, nhung d miic cao ban la "nh^\ O miic nay, ngudi hgc cd kha nang chi ra y nghTa va mdi lien be gifia cac thdng tin (hay khai niem) ma hg da tilp nhan. Khi phat bilu mdt dinh ngbia nao dd, bic la ngudi bgc da biet den khai niem, nhung de chiing td la minh da hiiu khai niem, hp pbai cd kha nang giai thich dugc cac khai niem do, minh hpa bang cac vi du bay hinh anh, phat bieu lai (rephrase) dinh nghTa dudi dang khac ma kbdng mat di dae trung ciia khai niem.
6 mirc dp cao hon cua "hiiu", nguci hpc phai chi ra cac mdi lien he giira cac kbai niem.
Muc heu giao due d miic nay ddi hdi ngudi bpc phai giai thich, phan biet, lua chpn eho phu hop hay suy diln tir cac dii kien da cho. De kiem tra ngudi hgc cd hieu khai niem bay khdng, ta cd the yeu cau ngudi bpc chpn dinh nghTa sat nbat vdi djnh nghia cd trong van ban dang xem xet trong sd nhieu phat bieu hoac dinb nghTa.
Ifng dung (Van dung): Tri thiic thudc loai img dung lien quan tdi kha nang van dung kien thiic, biet sir dung phuong phap, nguyen ly hay y tudng de giai quyet mdt van de. Van de dupc giai quyet d day phai khac (cd khi la hoan toan mdi) vdi van de da dupc thao Iuan tren Idp hay trong giao trinb. Mue tidu giao due dimg d muc ung dung la nhiing muc heu "thuc dung", mang lai gia tri cdng them cho ngudi hgc vi cac kien thiic cd the dupc dem ra ap dung vao cac van de thyc tiln cua ngitdi bpc. De do ludng kha nang iing dung, ta sir dung cac bai thuc hanh hoac kiem tra eac kT nang thdng qua eae bai tap trac nghiem (liet ke cac thu hac, xem xet ldi cd the phat sinh, lya chpn giai phap tir dii' kien san ed...).
Phdn tich: Phan tich la kha nang xe nhd vin dl thanh cac khai niem thanh phan cd quan he hiru co vdi nhau de tim hidu ban chat cua van de. Vdi kha nang phan heh, ngudi hgc di din ban chit cua sy vat hay khai niem. Day la hen de quan trpng de lay Iam chat lieu tdng hpp hoac phe phan, tir dd di tdi sang tao cai mdi.
Tdng hgp: Tdng hgp la kha nang tbu nhat cac thanh phan rdi rac, vdn khong bdc Id ro cac mdi lien kit thanh ra mgt chinh tbi. Day la miic cao han cua tri thirc. He qua cua phuong phap tdng hop thudng la cac cai tiln, san pham mdi hoac Iy thuyet mdi.
Ddnh gid: Danh gia la kha nang dua ra cac phan xet hay - dd, tdt - xau, tien bg - lac hau, phu hpp - kbdng phii hgp..., vl cac vat lieu, kT thuat, khai niem hay phuang phap. D I cd dugc su danh gia, thdng thudng ngudi hpc phai cd kha nang phan tich van dl, tdng hpp va so sanh tli nhilu nguon, tir dd dua ra cac nhan dinb cudi cimg. Day la miic cao nbat ciia hi tue. Ket qua cua danh gia thudng Iam phat Id cac tri thuc mdi, phii djnh cac tri thice da biet, hoac it ra la tai khing dinh vdi cac can cii xac dang phucmg phap bay vat lieu (materials) dupc nghien ciiu.
Nam 2001, nhdm tac gia gdm David KrathwobI va Lorin Anderson (vdn la bpc trd va cpng sy ciia Bloom) va mot sd chuyen gia vl tam Iy hgc tri nhan, chuong ttinb dao tao va hudng din, kilm ha - danh gia trong giao due da thyc bien cdng trinh ngbien ciiu va dilu chinh thang nhan tbiic cua Bloom thanh phien ban mdi. Theo dd, cae bac nhan thirc dupc gpi ten bing cac danh tir da dupc dilu chinh thanh cac dgng hr. Hai bac cao nhat la Tdng hgp va Ddnh gid dupc dilu chinh thanh Ddnh gid va Sdng tgo.
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Hlnh 1. Bloom vs. Anderson/Krathwohl
6 phien ban moi nay, cac tac gia da chuyin bac Tong hgp thanh Sdng tgo - chinh la kit qua sau cimg cua sy van dung qua trinh nhan thiic, va duac xep vao bac cao nhit. Hai cip dp nay mang tinh kbai quat cao vi chiing dya hren cac mirc dp hieu biet khac nhau, tir thuc t l d i n khai niem, thao tac va cudi ciing la sieu nhan thiic. Vdi 6 bac nhan thiic, thang nhan thiic nay dua qua hinh nhan thiic len cao hon mot bac so vdi thang nhan thirc cii. Su thay ddi nay dac biet phii hpp vdi viec img dung vao qua trinh day hpc nhim dat muc tieu ciia nhieu mdn hpc, trong dd cd day hgc ngoai ngii.
Da cd nhilu nghien ciiu v l thang nhan thiic Bloom va iing dung vao day hpc ndi chung, day hgc ngoai ngii ndi rieng, trong sd do cd Ann (2010), ngudi da gan cac muc tieu day hgc vdi viec thilt k l cac hoat ddng day hpc de smh vien de dang dat cac muc tieu nay. Viet Nam chng da cd nhieu nghien ciiu iing dung Iy thuyet Bloom trong day hgc. Diln hinh la cdng trinh cua Hd Nggc Khai (2015), iing dyng thang Bloom trong kilm tra danh gia nang luc cua ngudi hpc. Do Dudng Hieu (2008) trong cdng trinli
"Nghien ciiu van dung thang bac nhan thirc cua Bloom de danh gia miic dp dat myc heu day hgc mon toan bac tmng hpc phd thong" van dung thang bac nlian thiic cua Bloom de xay dyng muc tieu day hpc, cau hoi, bai tap va xay dyng cac de kiem tra mdn toan.
2.1.3. Ung dung thang nhdn thuc Bloom vdo dgy hge cdc hgc phdn bien dich De thyc hien ren ky nang djch cho sinh vien mpt each bai ban, c6 he thdng thi cSn xay dyng he thong bai tap hd trp sinh vien de hp hieu tudng tan van ban ngudn tmac khi thyc hien thao tac dich va dua ra san pham dich cudi cung. He thong bai tap nay dupc xay dyng dya tren thang nhan thiic Bloom vai cac bai tap giiip sinh vien hieu van ban, trudc hit la hieu cac thuat ngir, cac cum hi cd trong van ban ngudn thdng qua mdt sd dang bai tap nhu: trinh bay, nhac lai, liet ke, md ta,... Tiep theo la mdt so bai tap de kilm tra miic dp bilu cua ngudi hgc ddi vdi van ban nguon nhu: tim vi du minh hpa, giai thich, phan Ioai, so sanh, suy luan, tdm luge, suy dien, lien he, chpn nghia sat vdi tir cd trong van ban nguon nhat,... Sau do la mgt sd bai tap danh gia kha nang van dung cua ngudi hgc ddi vol nhung gi da nh&. hieu vao nhiing tinh huong ngdn ngir mod. Vi du: Chpn va dien tir/ cum 136
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hr thich hop nhit vao cho h-ong trong cau. D I kilm tra kha nang phan tich, danh gia cua ngudi hpc, CO the yeu cau ngudi hpc so sanh mpt bai dich m i u vdi van ban ngudn va dua ra cac nhan dinh, y kiln, binh luan, so sanh, chi ra dilm hay va dilm ylu cua bai dich miu, d l hi dd ngudi hpc nit ra duac kinh nghiem va hoan thanh qua trinh dich cua mmh vdi mgt san pham dich mang tinh tu duy cao va day sang tao.
2.2. Quy truih t6 chm: cac hoat d6ng ren luy^n ky nang bien dich cho sinh vien va tinh hi6u qua cua h§ th5ng bai tap thiet ke theo cac c i p dp cua thang nhan thirc Bloom
2.2.1. Quy trinh td ehdc hogl dgng ren luyen ky ndng bien dich cho sinh vien Tren ca sd de cucmg chi het mdn hgc da dupc thiet ke va ap dung, chiing tdi da cu the hda cac budc tidn banh td chiic boat dgng ren ky nang dieh cbo sinh vien khi sic dung he thdng bai tap theo thang nhan thiic Bloom phien ban mdi. Mdi bai day trong giao trinh bien dich se dupc thiet ke va thyc bien theo cac budc nhu sau:
Bu&c 1: Nhgn dieny tu&ng vg dinh hinh vdn phong cho bdi viit. Sau khi dpc, ngudi djch cd the tdm tat toan bd bai viet thanh mpt vai y chinh. Sau dd, ngudi dich xac dinh van phong cho bai viet, ddi tupng dpc bai dich.
Bu&e 2: Nhgn dien tu, nhdm tu khd dich giiip ngnbi dich hgc dupc each dich ngbia theo tiing van canh cu tbi ma khdng bi ban che bdi nghia cd dinh ciia tir hoac cum tic.
Budc 3: Sdp xip lgi cdu ro rdng vdi muc dich giiip nguai hge nhan dien cau va phan tich thanh phan can tao de bieu ehinh xac nghia cua cau.
Bu&c 4: Xac dinh net vdn hda dae thu la budc cin thilt de sinh vien cd cai nhin tdng quat nbat ve each ma tac gia trinb bay.
Bu&c 5' Dich timg cdu, titng dogn
Sinh vien tiln hanh dich hay vao dich van ban lan thii nhat, lan nay khdng yen cau qua cao v l each diln dat va can van nhung cin chinh xac nhat vdi van ban gdc. Sinh vien cd the tach rdi thanh cac can va xem sy lien ket eua chiing de ghep ndi cho phu hpp.
Bu&e 6: Biin tap lgi cho phii hgp v&i loi ndi cua ngu&i Viet
Sinh vien ra soat lai toan bg van ban da dich. Khdng nen lap lai hr vung trong cac cii phap hoac can tnic ngh phap ciia ngdn ngu ngudn.
Bu&c 7: Ddnh gid bdi dich tiing Anh
Sinh vien ty danh gia xem bai dich da dung, du nghia chua. Van phong cd phong phii va thuin viet khdng. Mgt ban dich tdt cin phai dupc dich sat nghia vdi ban gdc mdi cd thi truyin tai dupc diing ndi dung va y nghTa cua van ban gdc tdi ddc gia.
2.2.2. He thing bdi tap ren ky ndng biin dich cho sinh vien Level 1 and 2: Knowledge/Comprehension
Muc dieh cita bdi tap: Giup sinh vien bilu va nhan thirc tdt han ve van de can dich, ddng thdi huy ddng dupc lugng tir vung cin thilt se sii dung cho bai dich.
Yeu ciu Clia bai tap la tdm t i t lai ndi dung chinh cua bai dich va gach chan nhflng hi va cum tir quan trgng trong bai dich cd anh hudng den net nghTa cua ca c^u hoac ca doan van.
TAP CHi KHOA HQC TRIT6NG PAI HQC H 6 N G BJfC - SQjlJOl?
Level 3: Application
Muc dich cita bdi lap: Giiip sinh vien van dung dupc kien thuc cua minh ve mpt van de de tien banh dich bai, lya chpn phuong an cd san phii hpp va ly giai tai sao cac phucmg an khac Iai khdng phii bap.
Vi du: Dya vao ngii canh ciia bai dpc, bay tim each dien dat tucmg duong vdi cum tu tieng Viet trong cac cum tic tieng Anh dudi day:
v i n dl toan ciu nong bdng A. hot world problem B. burning global issue C. hot global matter
Sy suy thoai ting ozone A. the degradation of the ozone layer B. the recession of the ozone layer C. ozone layer depletion Level 4: Analysis
Muc dich cita bdi tap: Giup sinh vien phan tieh cac thanh td can, mdi quan be ve chiec nang giiia cac menh dl trong cau, each tbiic lua chpn bi, trat ty tir ciing nhu cau true can nhim cung cd lai kiln tbiic vl ngir phap kbi dich, ddng thdi Iam ro dupc y can phSn chia va djcb trong ban dich cua minh.
Vi du: Phan tich cac cau tieng Viet cua van ban gdc, nhan xet ve (i) each chpn tir, tir loai, sap xep trat ty tir; va (ii) cau tnic cau trong nhiing doan in nghieng bang tieng Anh.
1. Trong nhiing thap ky gan day, ngoai nhiing van de can ban nhu viec ngan chan mpt cuge chien tranh nguyen tir, giu gin hda binh, ha thap ty le tang tmdng dan so, van de bao ve mdi trudng da trd thanh van de Idn cd tinh toan cau, cd tam quan trpng sdng cdn ddi vdi Ioai ngudi tren Trai dat.
A In lately decades, besides the basic matters such as preventing a nuclear war, peace reservation, lower the population growth rale, environment protection has become a big global issue that is very important to human on Earth.
B In recent decades, apart from fundamental issues such as a nuclear prevention, peace reservation, population growth rate decrease, environment protection has become a big global issue as well as vital issue to human on Earth.
Level 5: Synthesis
Mue dieh cua bdi tap: Giup sinh vien phan tich sau, phan loai va tdng hop cac ldi vl ky thuat djcb mdt each can ban nhat, phan heh phuang thiie sir dung cac ciu tnic dich cau.
Tir do hiiu rd cau true nham ddi chieu, so sanh, phan ticb va suy luan logic, chat che.
Vi du: Xem ky doan trich dudi day:
Su suy thoai ting ozone lam tang them nguy co benh ung tbu da cac bdnb v l mat va cd the lam suy giam kha nang mien dJch eiia con ngudi. Cac loai ddng vat, thuc vat ciing bi tac dpng va cd Ioai bi hiiy diet hoae dang tren bd tuyet cbiing.
Doan trich dupe dich theo cau tnic nhu sau:
...(l)...inereases ...(2)... may impau ...(3)... are also affected ...(4) 138
TAP CHi KHOA HOC TRlTCflVG BAI HQC HONG BlTC - S 6 47.2019
Phan bd tidng 1, 2, 3, 4 da dugc dich tiieo cac each A, B, C. N I U khdng cd each nao phii hpp, Ngudi dich hay dua cau dich cua minh vao chd trdng cho sin
1 A Tbe depletion of ozone layer B Tbe crisis of the ozone layer C Tbe recession of ozone layer D
Level 6: Evaluation
Muc dieh cua bdi lap: Giup sinh vien phan tich va danh gia thdng tm theo cac tieu cbi thich hpp. Tir do tang cudng cho sinh vien kha nang tianh luan, lap Iuan, danh gia va djnh lugng ebSt lugng ban dich mpt each thuan thyc ban.
Vi du: Xde dinh ddng tu ehinh vd danh tu chinh cua chit ngir Pong dogn Pich du&i day:
6 nhiem mdi tmdng khdng gidi han trong bien gidi qudc gia; viec triet pha rimg d nudc nay cd the gay lut Igi, han ban d nudc khac. Day la vin d l toan ciu cho nen kbdng cd mgt nudc rieng le nao cd the ty giai quylt dupc ma can cd mdt su phdi hop cbung thdng qua mdt chien lupc toan can.
Dich doan tiich sang tiing Anh
So sanh it nhat 2 ban dich de chpn ban cd each dien dat thich hpp nhat. Tra ldi cac cau bdi dudi day:
Y cua ban dich cd trung thanh vdi nguyen tac khdng?
Cach dien dat co bi anh hudng cua tieng Anb khdng?
Cac cum tir tieng Anh cd dien dat dung khai niem cua cac cum tir hing Viet khdng?
Cd Khdng
Ddi chieu hdi dich v&i bdng Tieu chi ddnh gid bdn dich
Kilm tra can dich vdi cae tieu chi dudi day. So sanh ket qua tiong nhdm hoac giiia cac nhdm
Dich kbdng hoan chinb Hieu sai y cua van ban gdc
Ban dich khdng dien dat dugc bet y cua van ban gdc
Bia them hoac cit xen ndi dung y Khdng bilt chpn hr thuat ngii thich hpp Dich qua xa so vdi ban gdc 1. Incomplete passage
2. Misunderstanding of original text 3. Mishanslation into target language 4. Addition or omission
5. Terminology, word choice 6. Too freely tianslated
7. Too literal, word-for-word tianslation Dieh qua chat che tien pham vi tir 3.3. Danh gia kit qua sir dung he thSng bai tap
3.3.1. Ddnh gid chung vi he thong hdi tap
He thdng bai tap thuc hanh bien dich dupc thilt k l theo thang nhan thiic Bloom chinh la mot giai phap hmi ich gdp p h i n hd h-p sinh vien trong viec hpc va thuc hanh ky nang dich. Sau 3 tiiin day thyc nghiem, tac gia quan sat thiy khong khi hgc tap hen
TAP CHi KHOA HQC TRlTOfNG PAI HQC HONG BlTC - s g j L i ! ! ! :
Icrp va tinh than hpc tap cua sinh vien cd nhiing thay ddi ro ret. Sinh vien tich cue tham gia vao cac boat dgng tren Idp, thao luan soi ndi nham tim ra each giai quyet cac van de hoac tinb huong do giang vien thiet lap. Sinh vien chii ddng tra ciru, tim kiem thdng tin tien mang Internet, nghien cim va phan tich thdng tin dya tren cac du lieu thyc te ma giang vien cung cap. Sinh vien hao hirng tham gia thao luan, tranh luan, gdp y, nhan xet, phan bien... Cac bao cao tdng hpp ca nhan hay de an lam theo nhom deu dupc sinh vien hoan thanh diing thdi gian quy dinh va co chat lucmg cao.
Nhu vay, he thdng bai tap dich da gop phan bii dip nhiing thilu sot ciia giao trinh bien dich hien hanh, giup sinh vien cd su chuan bi that chu dao trudc khi dich mpt van ban hoan chinh thdng qua viec thyc hanh cac bai tap bd sung va cung co kien thiic ve tu vyng, ngu phap, giiip sinh vien tu tin va hiing thii vdi cac hoat dgng lien quan den dich thuat nbilu han. Cac yeu cau ddi chieu so sanh ciing cd y nghia het siic quan trgng tiong viec bdi duang tu duy phan bien cua sinh vien.
3.3.2. Nhirng ddng gop cua hi thdng bdi lap
Bieu do dudi day cho thay, 100% sinh vien cho rang viec thiet ke bai tap iing dung da ho trp tdt viec hpc mdn Bien dich . Trong do, cd 77% sd sinh vien cho rang viec xay dyng he thdng bai tap bien djch la rat can thiet. Ket qua dieu tra cung the hien duoc rang he thdng bai tap da dap img dupc nhu cau ren ky nang bien dich cua sinh vien, giup hp ciuig cd va nang cao kien thuc cung nhu ky nang dich mgt each logic va cd he thong.
0%
a Rat can thiet Q Can thiet D B i n h thLPdng 131 Khdng can thiet
Bilu dl 1. Danh gia cua nguoi hoc ve su cin thilt ciia hf thing bai tap
3.3.3. Ddnh gid ve linh phii hgp cita hi thing bdi tap ren luyen ky ndng bien dich cua sinh viin
Qua ket qua khao sat, 100% sinh vien ddng y ring he thdng cac bai tap dupc thilt kl hai hda giiia ly thuyit va thyc hanh. Cac bai tap dugc thilt kl theo muc dg tu duy tii dl din kbd, tic don gian den phirc tap giup hp tilp can dugc voi cac chu dl dich mgt each hr
140
T » P Cffl KHOA HQC TRlf6NG B 4 I HQC HONG BlfC - SO 47.2019
nhien. He thfing bai tap Ithong chi giup sinh vien cung cfi ngii phap, tang v6n tir vimg ma con ren luyen van phong dich thuat da dang, npi dung tuong thich vai van ban ngufin.
V^ loai hinh van ban, da so sinh vien cho rang r4t phu hgp voi nhu cSu hoc tap dS nang cao kha nang bien dich. Ve do dai cung dam bao ngi dung diy dii, khong qua nhiSu npi dung ma ciing khong qua ngan. Cac bai tap thuc hanh luyen ky nang dich duac thifa k& theo muc dp tu duy tang din, tir tilp can dl djch tit, cau dan le r5i dich doan ngan va sau do moi den dich ca doan dai. Viec thilt kl thanh he thfing cac bai tap nhu vay se giiip sinh vien tiep can djn vol van ban djy du, tao hieu img tich cue vai tjt ca sinh vien. Da so sinh vien ciing cho rang npi dung cac bai tap duac thilt kl theo thang nhan thiic Bloom da dam bao duac yeu tfi hip din, c6 tinh thai sir cao nhim giup sinh vien khfing chi hpc kien thiic va ky nang dich ma con gop phin giiip hp cap nhat thfing tin trong nuac va the giai.
3.3.4. Ddnh gid ve tinh hieu qud
Khi khao sat ve hieu qua cua he thong bai tap thuc hanh dich, hon 90% sinh vien da cho biet hp co the hieu va nha dupc nhirng npi dung kien thiic da hpc tren lap nhu ngii phap, tu vimg ciing nhu phong each dich. Hon the nira 95% sinh vien cung da bpc lp duac cac kha nang dien dat y trong van ban gfic thfing qua nang lire dien dat ngon ngir ciia chinh ban than minh. Dieu nay khang dinh rang cac bai tap dupc thiet ke theo thang nhan thiic ciia Bloom da giiip hp ciii thien duac ky nang dich.
Thfing qua ket qua khao sat, sinh vien cung bpc Ip dupc kha nang van dung kien thirc vao thuc tien djch cac chu de khac nhau. Co the ket luan rang viec xay dung duac he thong cac bai tap ren luyen ky nang dich cho sinh vien tieng Anh theo thang nhSn thiic Bloom mang lai hieu qua tich cue. Cac bai tap nay da dap ling duac nhu cau luyen tap cua sinh vien, giiip cac em nang eao ky nang dich.
3.3.5. Ddnh gid tren ket qud dieh
Sau khi day thuc nghiem, chung toi cung da dua vao kit qua la bai dich ciia sinh vien va tieu chi danh gia ban dich dl sinh vien danh gia lai mot lan nQa nhitng uu dilm cua he thfing bai tap. Kit qua cho thiy, co tren 80% sinh vien tu tin danh gia ban djch ciia minh dat yeu ciu tu mirc dp danh gia chap nhan duac, kha va chuan.
Trong do dang chii y la 7,6% sinh vien tin ring bai dich cua minh dat chuan. Cac npi dung danh gia cu the gfim:
v l dp hUu dung, chuyin tai thong tin: Thi hien a tieu chi danh gia 1 va tieu chl danh gia 2. Co 55,7% sinh vien danh gia ring khi chua hpc thuc nghiem ban dich ciia hp truyin tai chua t6t va con nhilu thilu sot gay tfii nghia hoac thay dfii y nghia cua van ban dich. Da co 42% sinh vien cho ring ban dich cua minh co the chap nhan dupc nhung chi co 2%, nhan thiy bai dich cua minh dat muc kha. Dilu do co nghia la ban
T ^ CHI KHOA HQC TRlTONG BAI HQC HONG BtfC -SOJJ:^^
dich truyen tai dupc y nghia theo each tbiic nhit quan vdi myc dich dat ra tmoc luc dich. Khdng cd sinh vien nao cho rang minh djch hoan hao.
Cd thi ndi rang ydu td quan trgng nhat cua mgt van ban dich la phai truyen dat dupc thong tin cua van ban ngudn tdi dgc gia. Sau 3 tuan thyc nghiem 46,1% sinh vien cho bilt ban djch tmyIn tai dugc y nghia theo each thiic nhit quan va hoan hao vdi myc dich dat ra tmdc luc dich. Dac biet cd 3,8% sinh vien cd thi dich hoan hao so vdi muc dich dat ra trudc liic dich. Y nghTa va cam nhan van ban nguon dupc tmyen tat hpp Iy sang van ban dich. Chi cdn 5,7% sinh vien nhan thay ban than cdn nhieu sai sot trong van ban djch va 5,7% trong sd sinh vien cho rang bai dich cua minh bi lac de, gay tdi nghia. Cd thi thiy ring nha dupc thyc hanh cac bai tap vdi dp khd tang din theo thang nh$n thiic Bloom giiip sinh vien cd each dien dat sat voi van ban ngudn, tmyIn dat dupc dung thong tin va han che xay ra ldi, khong gay toi nghia cho ban dich.
Vl thuat ngft va phong each dich: Chinh la cac tieu chi danh gia 3 va 4. Neu cd 5,7% sd sinh vidn cho ring ban djch cua hg cd van phong phu hpp d miic dp kha tmdc khi hpc thyc nghiem thi cd din 25% khlng djnh ban dich co it hoac khong co thuat ngft hoac phong each/van phong khdng phu hgrp. Neu cd Ioi thi gay anh hudng rat it. Hon the nfta da cd 7,7% sinh vien cho bilt da sir dung thuat ngft phu hgp vdi ngu canh, phong each va van phong phu hop vdi chu de tiong ngdn ngft dich va doi tuong dpc cy the.
Ve viec sit dung ngdn ngu, thanh ngii: Viec sir dyng ngon ngu, thanh ngft cua ban dich dupc the hien d tieu chi 5 va 6. Ddi vdi hai tieu chi nay, ket qua khao sat cung thd hien sy tien bg vugt bac cua sinh vien. Tren 80% sinh vien da biet su dung thanh ngu thanh thao va phii hgp ddi vdi ngft canh trong ngdn ngu dich, nlu co I6i thi gay anh hudng rat it ddi voi y nghTa. Chi cd 3,8% sinh vien hiu nhu khong dirng thanh ngft khi dich va 9,5% dich thanh ngu gay tdi nghia cho van ban dich. Trong khi do 15,4%
va 19,2% sinh vien da cho bilt hp dich khdng troi chay va dich thanh ngft khong diing dan den van ban dich bi tdi ngbia hoac thay ddi nghia.
Ve ky thuat dich: Ket qua khao sat cho thiy sinh vien c6 nhilu tiln bp vl ky thuat dich. Cu thi la cd 9,5% va 42,3%o s6 sinh vien nhan dinh ban dich hoan toan theo nguyen tac va cd rit it hoac khdng cd ldi ky thuat. Chi cd 1,9% sd sinh vien cho ring hp mic phai nhiing Idi ky thuat nghiem tipng. Trong khi dd cd din 19,2% sinh vien mic cac I6i ky thuat nghiem tigng khi dich va chi c6 3,9% cho ring ky thuat dich dat miic kha, khdng cd sinh vien nao danh gia ban dich cua minh dat chuin vl ky thuat tmdc khi hoc thyc nghiem.
v l viec bien tap van ban dich: Theo sinh vien, ban dich cua hg cin dugc bien tap Iai nhilu lin dl dam bao tinh chinh xac. Chi co 3,8% sinh vien hoan toan tii tin va cho ring ban dich chuin, dat dugc myc dich. Kit qua khao sat tirrdc thuc nghiem ciing cho thiy chi 3,9% sinh vien cho ring ban djch ciia minh c6 thd xuit ban dupc hoac sii dung
^ T ^ P Cffl KHOA HQC TRlTpfNG B ^ HOC HONG BlTC - SO 47.2019
cho cac myc dich nghi nghiep, sau khi da dugc bien tap lai thi cd din 34,6% smh vien dat mirc dp nay sau 3 tuan thyc nghiem.
3. KET LUAN
Tren co sd ly Iuan ve qua trinh nhan thiic do Bloom dl xuit, he thdng bai tap dugc thilt kl vdi cac budc hi dl din khd theo thang bac vl dp kho cua nhan thuc. Cac bai tap yeu cau ve nhan thirc d 2 bac I va 2 (Knowledge/Comprehension) vci myc dich giiip sinh vien hieu va nhan thiic tdt hem ve van de cin dich ddng thdi huy dpng dupc lupng hr vung can thiet se su dyng cho bai. Bac 3 la iing dung (application) vdi bai tap dich giiip ngudi hpc thyc hien cac thao tac thyc hanh va ren luyen ky nang dich vdi mpt s6 dang bai tap giiip sinh vien van dung dugc kien thiic khoa hpc vl raoi tmdng dl tiln hanh dich bai, xem xet cac phuong an dua ra de lya chpn phuang an phii hop va ly giai nguyen nhan tai sao cac phuang an khac lai khong phu hgp. 0 miic nhan thiic 4 (Analysis) la mpt sd dang bai tap giiip smh vien phan tich cac thanh td cau, mdi quan he ve chiic nang gifta cac menh de trong cau nham cimg cd lai kien thiic ve ngu phap khi dich ddng thdi lam ro dugc y can phan chia va dich trong ban dich cua minh. Cac bai tap nang cao kha nang nhan thirc 6 miic cao la tong hgp (Synthesis) giiip sinh vien phan tich sau nham phan loai va tong hgp cac loi ve ky thuat dich mgt each can ban nhat. Tir do giup sinh vien hieu ro cau true d van ban nguon va van ban dich nham doi chieu, so sanh, phan tich va suy Iuan logic, chat che. Bac cao nhat cua thang nhan thirc Bloom la danh gia (Evaluation) vdi cac yeu cau doi vai sinh vien la nhSn xet, danh gia ban djch tft ngft ngudn sang ngft dich hoac dpc van ban dich va tra ldi cau hdi, so sanh cac ban dich cua cac ca nhan khac nhau. Cac dang bai tap nay giiip sinh vien phan tich va danh gia thdng tm theo cac tieu chi thich hgp. Tu do tang cuong cho sinh vien kha nang tranh luan, lap luan, danh gia va dinh lugng chat lugng ban dich mot each thuan thuc hon.
Viec thuc hanh qua he thdng bai tap dich da giiip cimg cd Iy thuyet ve phuong thiic chuyin dich tir tiing Anh sang tiing Viet. He thdng dang bai tap dua ra rapt mo hinh khai quat cac dang bai tap ren luyen ky nang ngdn ngft ndi chung, ky nang djch thuat va co thi iing dung dl xay dyng he thdng dang bai tap cho cac hpc phan ly thuyet ngdn ngu khac nhu Ngu am - Am vi hpc, Ngft phap, Tu vyng hgc, Ngft nghia hpc, Ngft dyng hpc, Phan tich diln ngon... gdp phin nang cao chit lugng dao tao nganh Su pham tieng Anh tai Tmdng Dai Soc Hong Diic.
iTng dyng khung ly thuyit vl qua trinh nhan thiic tirong viec thiet ke he thong dang bai tap dich cd thi Iam tiln dl cho viec iing dung khung Iy thuyit nay trong bien soan giao trinh, tai lieu day hgc ngoai ngir, thilt kl giao an, xay dyng he thong dl thi, he thdng bai tap ren luyen va nang cao nang lyc ngdn ngu cho ngudi hgc tieng Viet va ngoai ngft.
T A I L I E U THAM K H A O
T ^ P Cffl KHOA HQC T R U I N G B ^ I HQC HONG BUC - S O j Z J ^ ^
[I] Nguyln Hdng Cdn (2006), Cdc phucmg phdp va thii phdp dich thudt (Tren cu lieu dich thugt Anh - Viet Nhiing vdn de ngdn ngir hoe, Khoa Ngdn ngu bpc, Trudng Dai hge Khoa hpc Xa hdi va Nhan van - Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi, Ha Ngi, tr.21-50.
[2] Nguyen Thien Giap (2012), Phucmg phdp lugn vd phuang phdp nghiin eitu ngon ngd. Nxb. Giao due. Ha Npi.
[3] Dd Ducmg Hiiu (2008), Nghien cicu van dung thang bdc nhgn thuc Bloom de ddnh gid muc do dgt muc tiiu dgy mdn todn bdc trung hgc phd thdng - chit di phuang trinh, luan van Thac sy, Dai hgc Giao due. Ha Ndi.
[4] HO Nggc Khai (2015), Ifng dung thang bloom trong xdy dung chudn ndng luc vd ddnh gid kit qud eiia ngu&i hgc, http://cdspgiaIai.edu.vn/Article/Detail/1009 dang ngay 30/12/2015.
[5] Hoang Van Van (2005), Nghien cuu dich thugt, Nxb. Khoa hgc Xa hgi, Ha Npi.
[6] Ali D. (2003), The transfer factor, Writescope Publishers, Melbourne.
[7] Ann Snow (2010), Applying Bloom's Taxonomy in the Classroom, dated 27/9/2010, by OUP ELT, oupeltglobalblog.com/2010/09/27/appIying-blooms-taxonomy-m-the- classroom/
[8] Baker, M. (1992), In other words, a coursebook on Translation, Routledge, London, [9] Bloom, B., Englehart, M., Furst, E., Hill, W., & KrathwobI, D. (1956), Taxonomy of
Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals, Handbook I:
Cognitive domain. New York: Longman.
[10] Campbeh, S. (1998), Translation into the Second Language. Longman, UK.
[II] Catford, J.C. {\9^5), A Linguistic Theory of Translation, OUP, UK.
[12] Anderson, L. W. and Krathwohl, D. R., et al (Eds.) ( 2 0 0 1 ) , ^ Taxonomy for Learning. Teaching, and Assessing: 4 Revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Pearson Education Group, USA.
[13] Hatim B., Mason I. (1990), Discourse and the Translator, Longman, UK.
[14] Koller, W. (1990), Equivalence in Translation Theory, Quelle Und Meyer, Heidenberg.
[15] Mildred L. Larson. (1998), Meaning - Based Translation, University Press of America, USA.
[16] Munday, J. (2001), Introducing Translation Studies - Theories and Applications, Routledge, London.
[17] Mounin George (1963), Les Problefinees Theoriques de la Traduction. Translating and Interpreting, Gallimand, USA.
[18] Newmark, P. (1998), More paragraphoc sinh Translation (Topics in Translating), Multilingual Matters, NY.
[19] Nida, E. A. (1964), Toward a science of Translating, Leiden, Netheriands.
TAP CHI KHOA HQC TRUONG BAI HQC HONG BlTC - SO 47.2019
[20] Padilla et al (1999), Proposal for a cognitive theory of translation and interpreting, A methodology for fiiture emphical research, in: The hiterpreters' Newsletter n.
9/1999, Trieste, EUT Edizioni Universita di Trieste.
ENHANCING TRANSLATION CAPACITY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER STUDENTS USING THE SYSTEM OF ADDITIONAL EXERCISES DESIGNED BASED ON BLOOIM'S
TAXONOMY
Trinh Thi Thorn, Le Thi Huong (A), Nguyen Thi Ngoc ABSTRACT
The article presents experimental results of using the system of additional exercises in Translation Course to enhance Panslalion capacity of teacher students in the Faculty of Foreign Languages al Hong Due University. Exercises are designed based on Bloom's Taxonomy presenting different cognitive levels, from the lowest (remember, understand) to the highest level (Evaluate). The results show that the use of those additional exercises demonstrates their superiority over the old teaching method and their significant effectiveness. The students understand the source texts thoroughly and comprehensively;
therefore, they may extend the choices of vocabulary and structures. Moreover, the appropriate use of translation styles may improve the students' translation quality. The system of exercises actively promotes student learning in the Translation Course in terms of translation skill advancement, favorable attitudes and high motivation. The application not only contributes to the enhancement of leaching practice in this particular course but also lo linguistic and cultural courses.
Keywords: Translation skills, system of additional exercises. Bloom's Taxonomy.
