Le Duy Dung, Nguyen Hong Kien
Danh gia hieu qua cac chinh sach giao due
danh cho tre Ichuyet tat va de xuat bien phap quan ii giao due hoa nhap ol trUoing hpc Viet Nam
Lg Duy Dung\ Nguyen Hong Kien^
' Hoc Vien Chinti tri - BS Quoc phong 124 Ngo Quyen, Quang Tmng, Ha Dong, Ha N6i, Vilt Nam
Email leduyflung [email protected] 2 Tnjang Oai tigc Giiio due - Oai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi So 144 Xuan ThiJy, Cau GiSy, Ha Noi, Vi^t Nam Email: nguyenhohgkiengd@gmail com
TOM TAT: Viet Nam li quoc gia trai qua nhiiu tie dgng cda chiin tranh, thien tai va cd diiu ki$n mdi trudng song khac nghiet. Do vay, Viet Nam cung la nudc CO so luang ngudi khuyit tat cao, chiem 7,8% din so (tuong dUdng 7,2 trieu ngudi khuyit tit tU 5 tuii trd Idn), trong dd ti le tre khuyit tit li 28,3% (tuong dddng gin 1,3 trieu tre em khuyit tit).Trong nhdng nim qua, Dang va Nhi nudc da ban hanh nhieu chfnh sich vi van ban luat de eham lo ddi song cic nhdm yeu thi trong dd cd ngudi khuyit tat. Cic chfnh sach giao due cho tri khuyit tit da ddpc tiin hinh triin khai trong thuc tien nhim thuc day va bio v$ quyen cua tre em, quan tim ci ve vit chat lan tinh than giup cac em phit triin ning lUc toin dien cua bin thin, hudng tdi nhdng kha nang song dpc lap d mdc dp cao nhat. Bii viit phan tich cic chinh sach giao due hi trd hoa nhap danh cho tre khuyet tat da dddc triin khai trong nhdng nam vda qua. DUa tren nhdng kit qua dinh gia chfnh sich giao due hoa nhap danh cho tre khuyit tat, dua tren nhdng mat manh vi dac biet li nhdng ton tai cua chinh sach khi dUa vio trong thuc tien, bii viit de xuat mdt so giii phip nham hudng tdi muc tieu quin lihieu qua giio due hda nhap d trudng hgc cua Viet Nam.
TLf KHOA: Luat phap; chinh sach; giao due hoa nhap; tre khuyet tat; qudn li giao dgc hoa nhap.
•> Nhan bai 25/9/2019 -¥ Ntian ke't qua phan bien va cHinh sila 09/10/2019 •^ Duyet 6m 25/11/2019.
1 . Dat van de
Viet Nam chiu anli huang nhieu tit tac d6ng cua chien tranh, thien tai va dieu kien m6i truong khac nghiet. Vi vay, so lirgng nguai khuyet tat (NKT) cao chiem 7,8% dan so (tuong dirong 7,2 trieu NKT tu 5 tuoi tro len), trong do ti letre khuyfit tat (TKT) la 28,3% (tuong duong voi gSn 1,3 trieu tre em) (Bo Lao dpng - Thuong binh va Xa hoi, 2017).
Ti le TKT cung chiem ti le cao nhat trong nhom tre em co hoan canh dac biet (chilm tren 85%, cu th8 la 1.235.440 TKT tren 1.450.749 tre em co hoan canh dac biet) (Cue Tre em, 20! 8) o tat ca cac nhom khuyet tat, trong do ti ie TKT tri tue: 27%; TKT van dong 20%; TKT ngon ngir: 19%;
TKT khilm thinh: 12,43%; TKT khiSm thi: 12%; cac loai khuygt tat khac: 7%; tre da khuygt tat chiSm 12,62 %. TKT nang chiem khoang 3 l%o [1]. La qu6c gia dSu tien tai Chau A va thu 2 tren the giai phS chuan Cong uoc quoc te ve Quyen ciia tre em vao ngay 20 thang 02 nam 1990, tilp do la Cong uoc Lien hgp quoc ve Quyln cua NKT nam 2014, Viet Nam la quoc gia dugc danh gia cao ve su quan tam den tre em va TKT.
Mac dil vay, trong qua trinh trien khai cac chinh sach GD cho TKT vao thuc tien, cac chinh sach co nhirng iru diem va ton tai nhat djnh. Nhimg uu dilm ciia cac chinh sach 4a phat huy hieu qua trong viec GD TKT nhimg vin con nhimg diern quy dinh trong chinh sach da boc lg nhung bit cap hoae ton tai nhit dinh. Nhihig bit cap hoae nhiing ton tai do can phai dugc sira chira va khic phuc moi phat huy
dugc hieu qua khi ho trg GD TKT. Tren co so hoi ciiu cac chinh sach GD da ban hanh dl h5 trg TKT cua Chmh phu, kit hgp voi quan sat, phong van va khai quat dinh tinh tit thuc tlln, nhom tac gia nghien ciiu dua ra nhiing danh gia ban diu vg hieu qua cua chinh sach GD danh cho TKT va buac diu dk xuit nhirng giai phap dl quan li giao due hoa nliap (GDHN) 6 nha traong Viet Nam hien nay
2. Npi d u n g nghien cifu 2.1. Cac kha\ niem lien quan a. Khdi niim GD hoa nhdp
Theo T6 chiic UNESCO: GDHN la mpt qua trinh thay dQi toan dien he thdng GD nha xae dinh va dap iing nhu cau da dang cua tit ca hgc sinh (HS), khong phan biet ve hoan canh xa hgi, kinh tl, van hoa, ngon ngir, thi ehat, hoae cac ylu t6 thi chit khac [2, tr4]. Tac gia Biii Thi Lam - Hoang Thi Nho quan niem. "GDHN la phuong thiic GD, trong do TKT hoe cimg vai tre em binh thirong trong truang pho thong ngay noi cac em smh slug. GDHN dua tren quan dilm xa hpi trong viec nhin nhan TKT" [3, t r l l ]
Tac gia Nguygn Xuan Hai quan niem: "GDHN la GD mgi tre em trong lop hoc binh thuang cua trucmg pho thong.
GDHN la h6 trg mgi tre em, trong do co tre em eo hoan canh dac biet, co eo hgi bmh ding tiep niian dich vu GD voi su h6 h-g ean thilt trong lap hgc, phii hgp tai truong ph6 thong noi tre sinh s6ng, nhim chuin hi trd dianh nhimg thanh vien diy dii ciia xa hgi" [4, tr.20].Tac gia Nguyen
Sd23ttiangn/2019 5?
NGHIEN Cl/U LILUAN l « & b * ^ i : ^ a _ , . .
Hong Kien da mo rgng thuat ngfl- GDHN nhu sau: GDHN la phuong thirc GD dap iing nhu cau GD ca nhan cho mgi trg em co nhu cau hoa nhap trong nha truong [5]. Nhu vay, CO kha nhilu each hieu khae nhau vg GDHN, diem dl nhan thay nhat la viee mo rong doi tugng dugc GDHN trong eae dinh nghia. Truac day, cac nha nghien ciiu ciia Viet Nam coi GDHN la phuong thirc GD danh rigng eho TKT. Sau nay, ho da md rpng ra thanh tre em co hoan canh kho khan, roi den tit ca nhiing tre em co nhu cau hoa nhap.
b. Khdi mem qudn li GD hda nhdp
Theo tac gia Nguyen Xuan Hai, quan li GDHN la su tac dong CO ke hoach, co to chiic, co dinh huong cua ehu the quan li den doi tugng quan li dua theo nhij'ng yeu cau co tinh chat khaeh quan ve li luan va thuc tien GDHN nham dat dugc cac muc tieu quan li da dg ra. Trong quan H GDHN, co cae yeu to co ban nhu: 1/ Chii the quan li la to chiie, ca nhan hay bg may quan li GD eae cap tit Trung uong den don vi trucmg hgc a cac cap hgc, bac hgc khae nhau; 2/ Doi tugng quan li la he thong quan H GDHN eiia nganh tir Trung uong cho den don vi trudng hgc d eae cap hgc, bac hgc khac nhau; 3/ Quan he quan li the hien thong quan moi quan he giira chii thg quan !i va doi tugng quan li theo cac phan he quan li va nguyen tac quan li GDHN; 4/ Muc tieu quan li la hieu qua can dat dugc trong quan li GDHN. Hieu qua nay dugc danh gia d hieu qua trong va hieu qua ngoai theo goe do ea nhan (ket qua GD cua ngudi hpe) va goe dp xa hpi (quy mo, chat lugng, uy tin trong eong dong nha truang).
Nhu vay, quan li GDHN dugc coi la mgt nhiem vu dugc long ghep phdi hgp chung trong hoat dgng quan li GD ndi chung va quan li nha tru'dng noi rieng, mang tinh tong the quan li GD [4, tr.42].
2.2. Cac chinh sach hien hanh ve giao due cho ngiitfi khuyet tat
Danh gia tong quan, Viet Nam da ban hanh kha nhieu eae chinh sach GD danh cho NKT, tieu bieu phai ke den eae chinh sach sau day: 1/ Luat NKT; 2/ Nghi djnh sd 61/2006/
ND-CP; 3/ Nghi dinh s6 49/2010/ND-CP; 4/ Nghi dinh sd 74/2013/ND-CP; 5/ Nghj dmh s6 75/2006/ND-CP ngay 02 thang 8 nam 2006; 6/ Quylt dinh s6 23/2006/QD-BGDDT ngay 22 thang 5 nam 2006 quy dinh ve GD hoa nhap; 7/
Quylt dmh s6 I52/2007/QD-TTg; 8/Th6ng Ui 39/2009/
TT-BGDDT; Thong tu 03/2018/TT-BGDDT; 9/ Thdng tu 37/2013/TTLT- BLDTBXH-BYT-BGDDT-BTC; 10/
Thdng UI lien tieh sd 42/2013/TTLT-BGDDT-BLeTBXH- BTC; 11/ Thong tu lien tich sd 19/20I6/TTLT-BGDDT- BNV ve quy dinh ma sd, tieu chuan chiic danh nghe nghiep nhan vien hd trg GD NKT trong cac co sd GD cdng lap;
12/ Thdng tu 03/2018/TT-BGDDT ngay 29 thang 01 nam 2018.
Cae chinh sach GD ddi vdi NKT dugc quy dinh trong luat va cac van ban quy pham phap luat cho thay viee GD cho NKT da duge cu the hoa va trien kliai thuc hien. Ban Chi dao GD TKT va tre em cd hoan canh khd khan dugc thanh lap tai Bg GD&DT va d cac dja phuang. Theo bao eao cua Bp GD&DT, cd 78.121 TKT co klia nang hgc tap dang di hpe, chu ygu la hgc hda nhap d cae trudng mim non va phd thong [1]. Bg GD&DT eung da chi dao de ban hanh quy
dinh vl thdng nhit sir dung ngon ngir kf ^1^",T^"^1?^
qudc, nghien ciiu bien soan tai lieu ngon ngu" k" hi?u ^ cho cac eip hgc phd thdng, xay dung cac chuong trinh UD dac biet ddi vdi TKT, diy manh dao tao chuyen nganh GD dac biet. Ca nudc cd khoang 20 trung tam hd trg phat tnen GDHN va 97 co sd GD chuyen biet. Nam hgc 2016 - 2017, CO trgn 60% TKT cd kha nang hgc tap dugc tiep can GD [6j. Cae trung tam hd trg phat triln GDHN cap tinh da thuc hien tdt cac chiic nang co ban la tu vin, hd trg cho GV, phu huynh HS va TKT, can thiep sdm, bdi dudng chuyen mon cho GV, can bg cdng ddng.
Luat NKT danh mdt chuong quy dinh vl GD ddi vcri NKT (hi Digu 27 din Dilu 31 Luat NKT), trong dd nhin manh trach nhiem ciia Nha nudc trong viec bao dam hda nliap eua NKT trong GD NKT. Ngoai ra, cdn ed nhilu van ban luat khac ciing cd nhtmg quy dinh lien quan ddn GD TKT nhu Luat GD, Dilu 10 quy dinh: "Bit bugc tham gia phd cap GD tilu hge eho tat ca tre em trong do tudi". Luat NKT da quy dinh cu the ve phuong thue GD NKT, chinh sach hd trg vdi nha giao va nhan vien hd trg NKT hgc tap, trach nhiem ciia eo sd GD va trung tam hd trg phat trien GDHN. Ndi dung co ban bao gdm:
I / NKT dugc nhap hgc a do tuoi cao hon so vdi quy dinh chung )a 3 tudi (Khoan 1 Dieu 2 Thdng tu lien tich s6 42/2013/TTLT-BGDDT- BLDTBXH-BTC quy dinh ehinh sach ve GD ddi voi NKT). Dieu 15 Thdng tu lien tich sd 19/2016/TTLT-BGDDT-BNV, NKT dugc hudng ehi do tuyen thang vao trung hgc phd thdng nhu ddi vdi HS trudng pho thdng dan tpe ngi tni va HS la ngudi dan tdc it ngudi theo quy dinh tai Quy che tuyen sinh trung hgc CO sd va tuyen smli trung hgc pho thdng do Bd GD&DT ban hanh. NKT dugc xet tuyen thang vao trung cap chuyen nghiep. Can cir vao ket qua hgc tap d phd thdng ciia HS (hgc ba), tinh trang siic khde va yeu cau ciia nganh dao tao, hieu tnrdng cac tradng he trung cap chuygn nghiep co the xem xet va quyet dinh tuyen thang NKT vao hgc.
2/ NKT nang dugc hudng chinh sach uu tign theo ddi tugng khi dang kf xet tuyen vao cac trudng dai hpc, cao dang. Quy dinh ve un tien nhap hgc tuyen sinh cac he dugc quy dinh trong Quy che tuyen sinh cae he do Bd GD&DT ban hanh.
3/ NKT hgc tap theo phuong thtic GDHN: Ngudi dun|
dau CO sd GD quylt dinh dilu chinh, miln, giam, thay the mdt sd ndi dung mdn hge hoae mgt sd mdn hgc, hoat dgng GD cho phii hgp va duge thg hign Uong kl hoach GD ca nhan. Danh gia chung nhu HS khdng khuygt tat nhung cd giam nhe yeu eau ve ket qua hgc tap. Ddi vdi nhimg mdn hpc hoae hoat ddng GD NKT khdng dap ung dugc yeu ciu chung thi dugc danh gia theo kg hoach GD ea nhan, khdng daiih gia nhung ndi dung mdn hgc, hoae ngi dung GD dugc mien.
4/ NKT hgc tap theo phuong thiic GD chuyen bief Chuong trinh hpc phii hgp vdi timg dang khuygt tat Tnrdng hop NKT khdng dap img dugc ehuong trinh thi ngudi diing dau CO sd GD quygt dinh dieu chinh, miln
giani, thay the mdt sd ngi dung mon hgc, mdn hoc hoae hoat ddn m h phu hgp va dugc the hien trong ke hoaeh GD ci h' \r- danh gia theo quy dinh danh eho GD chuyen hi "t jri ^ • ' •
58 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET HM
Le Duy Dung, Nguyen Hong KiSn
nhung mdn hoc hoae hoat dgng GD ma NKT khong cd kha nang dap iing yeu ciu GD chuyen biet thi danh gia theo ket qua thuc hien ke hoach GD ca nhan.
5/ NKT dugc miln, giam hpc phi, chi phi hgc tap theo quy dinh tai Nghi dinh 49/2010/ND-CP ngay 14 thang 5 nam 2010 vl mign, giam hge phi, hd trg chi phi hoc tap va CO chl thu, sir dung hgc phi ddi vdi co sd GD thugc he thdng GD qudc dan tir nam hgc 2010 - 2011 den nam hoc 2014 - 2015 va Nghi dinh sd 74/2013/ND-CP ngay 15 thang 7 nam 2013 sua doi, bd sung mdt sd dieu eiia Nghi djnh sd 49/2010/ND-CP ngayl4 thang 5 nam 2010.
6/ Phdng GD&DT, Sd GD&DT ehju trach nhiem chi tra, quylt toan kinh phi hd trg hpc tap true tiep bang tien mat cho cha me (hoae ngudi giam hd) ddi vdi NKT hpc tai cac CO sd GD do don vi quan li hoae uy quyen eho eo sd GD chi tra.
11 NKT thugc hg ngheo, hg can ngheo di hpc tai eae co so GD dugc hudng hpc bdng mdi thang bang 80%) miie lucmg casd. Thdi gian hudng trg cap: 10 thang/namhgc va 9 thang/nam hge tiiy timg ddi tugng. NKT da dugc hudng lipc bdng theo quy dinh tai Quylt djnh s6 152/2007/QD- TTg ngay 14 thang 9 nam 2007 ciia Thu tudng Chinh phu khong ap dung che do nay.
8/ NKT thudc hd ngheo hoae hp can ngheo dang hpc tai cac CO sd GD dugc hd trg kinh phi dg mua sam phuang tien, do diing hgc tap vdi miic 1.000.000 ddng/ngudi/nam hpc.
NKT thudc nhigu ddi tugng nhan hd trg thi chi dugc hudng mpt che do ho trp cao nhat.
9/ Co sd GD cdng lap cd NKT dang theo hgc cd trach nhiem lap phirong an mua sam tai lieu hgc tap, dd dimg hpc tap dac thii, dimg chung va du toan kinh phi giti co quan chu quan phe duyet. Tren eo sd du toan kinh phi dugc phe duyet, ngudi dirng diu eo sd GD thue hien mua sim theo quy dinh.
10/ Cac ddi tugng sau day dugc hudng chinh sach uu dai theo quy dinh tai Nghi dinh sd 61/2006/ND-CP ngay 20 thang 6 nam 2006 cua Chinh phii ve chinh sach ddi vdi nha giao, can bg quan li GD cdng tae d trudng chuyen biet, d viing CO digu kien kinh te - xa hgi dac biet khd khan.
11/ Nha giao, can bg quan li GD true tigp giang day, quan ll NKT theo phuong thirc GD chuyen biet trong cac co sd GD chuyen biet, trung tara hd trg phat triln GDHN.
12/ Nha giao true tiep giang day NKT theo phuang thuc GD chuyen biet trong cac co sd GD khac.
13/ Nha giao, can bg quan li GD duge hudng he sd phu cSp trach nhiem 0,3 so vdi muc luang co sd [3].
Thdng ur 39/2009/TT-BGDDT cung neu ro cac co sd GDHN cd trach nhiem: 1/ Td chiie cae hoat ddng GD va day hpc nhim dat muc tieu GDHN; Phat triln kT nang hoc tap, kl nang sdng va hoa nhap cgng ddng cua tre em cd hoan canh khd khan; 2/Thuc hien dieu chinh muc tigu, chuong cd hoan canh khd khan; 3/ Dam bao ngi dung, td chiic, phuang phap day hge dae thii; Td chirc cae hinh thiie day hgc linh hoat; Tang cudng cac kT nang co ban cho tre cd nhu can GD dac biet nham dat muc tieu GD; 4/ Xay dung mdi trudng GDHN than thien cho tre em ed hoan canh khd kiian; Phdi hop vdl cac td chiic xa hdi xay dung mdi trudng van hda,
the thao phii hgp de cac em tham gia tieh cue vao cac hoat dgng trong va ngoai nha trudng.
Thong tu 03/2018/TT-BGDDT ngay 29 thang 01 nam 2018 Bd GD&DT quy dinh cd quy dinh cii thg vdi cac ca sd GD thue hien GDHN sip xgp, bd tri cac hdp hgc phii hgp vdi NKT; Dam bao mdi Idp hpe hda nhap cd khdng qua 02 NKT. Trudng hgp dac biet, thii trudng co sd GD can cii vao dilu kien thuc tl cd thg sip xip, bd tri them NKT trong mpt ldp hgc de dam bao nhirng NKT cd nhu ciu hgc hda nhap deu dugc di hgc. NKT dupc nhap hpc d do mdi cao han so vdi do tudi nhap hgc quy dinh; Dugc hge tap trong eae eo sd GD phii hgp vdi trinh do va nang luc; Dugc quan tam, ton trgng va bao ve, doi xir binh dang trong hpe tap, trong cac hoat dgng GD dl phat trien kha nang ea nhan... Ddng thdi, piiai thdng tin tinh hmh sire khde, kha nang hpe tap, dg xuat nhu cau hd trg vdi gia dinh, co sd GD khi cin thilt.
2.3. Tmh hinh thifc hien cac chinh s^ch ve giao due cho ngiiifi khuyet tat
2.3.1. Tinh hinh thifc hien cac chinh sach ve xae djnh miilc do khuyet tat cho tre em lam ccf sd thilc hien cac hinh thiirc ho trd giao due
Theo quy dinh cua phap luat hien hanh thi TKT (tre dudi 16 tudi) duoe xae dinh miic dp khuyet tat tren co sd sir dung 2 bd cdng cu, dudi 6 tudi va tren 6 tudi theo quy dinh tai Thdng Ur 37/2013/TTLT- BLDTBXH-BYT-BGDDT-BTC va viec xae dinh khuySt tat la ca sd thuc hien cac chinh sach lien quan trong do co hd trg GD. Ddi vdi tre tir 6 tudi trd xudng, hgi ddng xae dinh miic dp khuygt tat chi thuc hien vdi cac dang van ddng, khuyet tat nhin, khuyet tat than kinh, tam thin. Cac dang khuyet tat cdn lai se gtri hdi ddng giam dinh y khoa thuc hien
Nhin chung, cdng tac thuc hien xae dinh mirc do khuyet tat da duoc trign khai tdt. Tuy nliien, mgt so tinh mdi chu ylu tap trung thuc hien ddi vdi nhdm ddi tupng thudc dien hudng chinh sach bao trg xa hgi cdn lai cac nhom hudng chinh sach ngudi cd cdng, chinh sach bao hilm xa hdi, khuylt tat nhe chua thue hien day du. Qua trinh xae dinh khuylt tat cho tre em hign nay, cdng cu danh gia kha nang hge tap cdn it thdng tin do vay viec xae dinh eae hinh thiic hd trg hge tap chua duoc triln khai diy du. Ddi vdi tre em trgn 6 tudi, viec danh gia kha nang tu phue vu nhu eau ca nhan, danh gia kha nang hgc tap chua cd cac tigu chi, do vay lira chgn hinh thiic va phuong thiic GD phii hgp cdn thieu chat che.
2.3.2. Tinh hintt IhiTc hien cac chinli sach ue dam bao trp giup xa hoi hang thang de dap iJtng cac nhu cau thiet yeu Chinh saeh trg giiip xa hgi la nipt trong nhimg ndi dung chinh sach quan trgng nhim bao dam ddi sdng vat chat cho NKT. D I hudng din thue hien trg giiip xa hdi cho NKT, Bg Lao ddng - Thuong binh va Xa hdi da trinh Chinh phu quy dinh cu thi vl dinh mire, chl dp va thii tue Ddng thdi, Bg Lao dgng - Thuang binli va Xa hdi cung da hirdng din each lara hd sa, ngu ro trach nhiera cua dia phuong va eae bg, nganh khi triln khai ehinh sach cho NKT trong Nghi dinh
So23ttiang11/2019 59
NGHIEN c u u LILUAN _ - : J ^ i i ^ ^ ^
sd 28/2012/ND-CP va Nghi dinh 136/2013/ND-CP. Trong dd, chinh sach mdi digu ehinh tang miic trg giiip gip 1,5 lin so vdi mire cii quy dinh trudc khi luat ban hanh. Thu tuc, hd so riit ggn, dan gian eho NKT va dia phuong thuc hien, Trong dd, bd so yeu H lich, don va eae giay td y tg bing td khai va giay xae nhan khuyet tat. Thdi gian nit ngin tir 36 ngay theo quy dinh trudc luat xudng 25 ngay (ddi tugng lam hd so thu tuc trong 01 thang thi nhan duge ehinh sach).
Dong thai, ban hanh Thdng tu hudng dan cu thg ve mau hd so, thu tue va trinh tu xet duyet ciing nhu cac digu kien bao dam thue hien. Ciing vdi viec ban hanh van ban, Bg Lao dgng - Thuang binh va Xa hgi d§ td chiic tap huan, trign khai, chi dao thanh lap hdi ddng xet duyet trg cap xa hdi, kiem tra giam sat, tdng hgp bao cao vg tinh hinh thuc hien chinh sach ndi tren trong thuc tien.
Do vay, ehinh sach eho NKT da duoc thuc hien tuang ddi tot va day du. Mirc hd trg dugc tang tir 400.000 ddng nam 2010 lgn 890.000 ddng nam 2014 (tang tren 2,2 lin). Miic chuan trg cap da dugc dieu chinh tang tir 180.000 ddng nam 2010 len 270.000 ddng nam 2015. Ngu tinh chung ca tang he sd va tang muc ehuan thi che do trg cap da tang 2,25 lan so vdi trudc khi ban hanh luat. Mac dii, trg giiip xa hgi da cd tac ddng tdt den ddi sdng vat chat eiia NKT, song viec thuc hien d dia phuong van cdn nhung han chg nhat dinh.
Van cdn mgt sd NKT chua duge hudng chinh sach, mgt sd dia phuong eham thuc hien dieu chinh he so theo quy dinh tai Nghi dinh s6 28/2012/ND-CP va Ngiii dinh 136/2013/
ND-CP.
Theo quy dinh Luat NKT, nam 2010 TKT dugc uu tien trong he thdng ehinh saeh tro cap xa hdi hang thang. Npi dung cu the bao gom: 1/ He sd hudng trg cap xa hdi ddi vdi TKT cao hon 0,5 so vdi he sd chung. Trong trudng hop tre em khuyet tat nang hoae dae biet nang thi miic hudng trg cap xa hgi hang thang dugc tm tien thgm da giai quygt mdt phan khd khan cho tre em kliuyet tat, tren ca sd do viec tiep can GD ciing dugc nang eao mdt budc: 2/ Hg gia dinh dang true tiep nuoi duong NKT dae biet nang trong dd ed tre em dugc hd trg kinh phi eham sdc he sd 1,0; 3/ Ngudi nhan chara sdc TKT dac biet nang dugc ho trg hg sd 1,5. Chinh saeh nay nham day manh xa hdi hda cdng tac eham sdc tre em khuyet tat dac biet nang vi ed uu tien trong viec nhan nudi duong chara sdc ddi tugng Bao trg xa hgi; 4/ NKT nang, dac biet nang dang mang thai hoae nudi con dudi 36 thang tudi dugc hd trg he sd 1,5.
Danh gia chung cho thay, he thdng phap luat cua Viet Nam dara bao eo so phap ii day dit giup thiic day GDHN cho TKT vdi nhieu quy dinh vg thuc hien quygn GD, quyen dupc hgc hoa nhap eiia TKT, cac dieu kien, tieu chuan phuc vu eho GDHN, trong do dam bao mdi tru'dng GD an toan, than thien, khdng bao lire, quy dinh ve ehe do, chinh sach ddi vdi TKT va vdi ddi ngu GV, can bd tham gia vao trien khai boat dgng GDHN cho TKT
2.4. Danh gia chung ve thiTc hien cac chinh sach giao due danh cho ngi/cii khuyet tat
Thue tl eho thiy, he thdng chinli sach, luat phap ye thuc hien quyln duge hgc GDHN cua TKT da tuong ddi hoan thieu, tuy nhien trong qua trinh tridn khai con gap phai mdt
60 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUG VIET NAU^
sd thach thiie sau: , Mpt Id cdng tac mygn tmyln vl cac chinh sach GU ctio
NKT cdn nhilu han chg thi hien d ca vl ngudn lue va cach thirc thire hien, din din TKT cung nhu gia ^'^"^ ^ac em chua CO nhilu thdng tin vl co sd GD ehuyen biet ho^c nha trudng hda nhap lam anh hudng khdng nhd den eo hgi tiep can vdl cac hinh thiic GD phii hgp.
Hai Id. he thdng tmng tam hd trg GDHN va co sd GD chuyen biet ein sdm dugc nghien ciru va hoan ehinh. Hien nay, nhilu tinh thanh khdng cd cac tmdng chuyen biet trong khi thuc tl nhu ciu hgc trong cac uudng chuyen biet ddi vdi nliiing trudng hgp khdng thi hpc hoa nhap !a rat cip bach.
Hon niia, do dilu kien mgt s6 dang tat phiic tap nhu tu ki va khuygt tat tri tue kha phirc tap ngn vigc chuin hda hoae xay dung Id trinh GD phii hgp cd y nghTa quan trgng trong viec hda nhap cdng ddng xa hdi Tuy nhien, tai mgt sd dia phuong, CO sd GD chuygn biet dat ngay tai trung tam trg giiip xa hgi ngn hieu qua GD chua cao do khdng cd chuyen radn diing chuyen nganh.
Ba Id, dgi ngu GV day hda nhap, hd trg GDHN manh ca ve sd lugng ian ehat lugng. Viec GD hoa nhap TKT can nhirng kien thire co ban Hen quan den dac diem tam sinh li, kien thirc ve dang tat va miic dp khuyet tat cd y nghTa quan trpng trong viec nang cao chat lugng hge tap ciia tre. Ben canh do, nhieu co sd GDHN thieu ddi ngii can bd hd trg GDHN, din din TKT khdng thi din trudng [6].
Bdn la. digu kien eo sd vat chat ciia cac trudng chua dara bao radi trudng an toan de TKT cd thg tiep can ddn tnrdng, tiep can tai heu hgc tap va cac phuong tien hge tap khac.
Hon nira, bao luc hpe dudng, van de ki thi, phan bigt ddi xii vdi TKT van ehua dugc ngan ehan va giai quyet mdt each hieu qua. Dieu nay lara eho TKT ed nguy ca cao bi ngugc dai, tdn thuong.
Ndm Id, ragt sd dang khuyet tat dac biet, chang han nhir tre tu ki khuyet tat tri tue can cd nhiing chinh sacli rigng cu the thi hien edn chua duge tnen khai trong thue tign. Mot sd gia dinh cd nhieu eon ddu thudc khuyet tat tri tue hoae mac benh tu ki (mdt dang khuylt tat dac biet do qua trinh sap xep gien) lai chua cd chinh sach quy dinh rd rang nen chua dugc hudng quyen lgi trong khi cac gia dinh nay rit khd khan khi eho con hg tilp can GDHN.
2.5. Oe xuat mot so bien phap quan li giao due hoa nhap h trif6ng hpc Viet Nam tif goe dp tiep can chinh s^ch Dua tren nhimg kho khan va tdn tai hien hiiu trgn thuc tl, chung toi nhan thiy cin cd mgt sd bien phap quan li GDTIN sau day de viec hpc hda nhap cua TKT ngay cang cd nhilu ket qua tieh cue hon:
Mgla. cac ca so GD chuyen biet, cac tnmg tam h6 tr»
GDHN ya cac nha tmmg hoa nhap „e„ chu don. trayta thong ve cac chinh sach GDHN cho TKT va gia dinh TKT de ho CO thong tin, co eo hoi ti6p can voi ,uy4„ dtioc hoc tap cho nguoi tdiuyet tat no: ehung.
Hana. cac co so GD chuyen biet eae trung tam h6 tro GDHN, cac co so GD chuyen biet ian manh „. • L -
X , ,, . . .• .. •"" va CO chuyen mon cao ean mo them cac co so mdi tai n\i,T-., . .
^S vunp sau vimg xa, vimg khd khan nhara hd tro TKT n>„~Z. . '
- .. •- - . . . . ' ^ 1 tinirng vitns xa trung tara duoc tiep can vai cac chuyen ma .-- ^, .
5"i, cac ( J V CO
Le Duy Dung, Nguyen H6ng Kign
nhilu kinh nghiem giang day, hudng tdi muc tieu khdng cd TKT bi bd rcri hay bi bd lai phia sau.
Ba Id, cae trudng dao tao su pham hoae dao tao ve GD cin CO kl hoaeh phat Uiln ddi ngii chuyen gia cd ehuyen mon cao vl GD hda nhap, GD dac biSt, rad them cac khoa dao tao vl GDHN va GD dac biet ndi chung, GD TKT ndi rieng. Hign nay, sd lugng eae ca sd GD, dao tao ITnh vue nay con qua han chl so vdl nhu ciu cua thuc tiln trong ca nudc.
Bon Id, TKT ndi rigng, tre cd nhu cau dugc GDHN^ ndi chung dlu rit cin cd su hd trg dac biet cua co sd vat chat tir phia nha trudng va cpng ddng. Vi vay, ngoai ngudn quy dau tu cho GD tir ngan saeh eua Nha nudc, cac nha trudng ciing n^n keu ggi xa hdi hda GD tii phia edng ddng dan cu, cae td chiic xa hgi va cac doanh nghiep dl cd thera co sd vat chat giiip TKT hge tap hieu qua han.
Nam Id, ein cd chuang trinh dao tao eae chuyen gia ve tre tu ki hoae TKT tri tue. Bdi vi, day la nhiJng ddi tugng TKT CO kit qua hge tap rat dac biet. Nhigu tre tu ki cd the trd thanh nhftng thidn tai neu nhu nha GD giao tilp duge vcti tre. TKT tri tue lai thudng gap khd khan trong viec tilp thu khi hpc tap nen eiing rat cin nhimg ehuyen gia dugc dao tao chuyen sau vg nhdra tre nay.
Sdu id, phat huy vai tro cua cae lire lugng vdi nliiing viee lam hit siic cu thg dl hoat ddng GDHN cho TKT dugc quan tam mpt each day du.
Ddi v&i ban gidm hiiu eua trudng hoa nhdp: Cac chinh sach danh eho TKT dugc Nha nudc ban hanh rit diy dti va rd rang, nha trudng (ma dai dien la ban giam hieu) cSn triSn khai va thi hanh mdt each nghiSm tiic theo diing quy dmh. Tre em cd quyen duge den trudng va cac era deu eSn dupe quan tam, duge GD chu dao, toan dien. Do dac diem hoan canh dac bigt cua ban than nen TKT rat can dugc nha trucmg quan tam dac biet nham dap img digu kien va nhu cau hpc hoa nhap cua cac em. TKT cd nhiing khd khan Idn han so vdi ban be khdng khuyet tat. Do do, ben canh cac chinh sach cua Nha nudc va ciia cac fad, nganh lien quan, Vi vay, nha trudng nen cd su quan tam mang tinh nhan van tir lanh dao nha trudng trong viec dua ra eae quyet dinh hd trg, tao mpt mdi trudng GDHN thuan Igi nhat.
Doi v&i GV dgy hda nhgp: GV duge phan cdng day GDHN cho TKT thudng la nhiing GV dugc dao tao chuyen sau hoae cd kinh nghiem ve GD. Ben canh dd, dnh yeu tre va su kien nhan vdi TKT la nhirng dieu kien tien quyet dim bao thanh cong trong qua trinh thuc hien GDHN. Dk ti cliirc GDHN cho ragt TKT, ngudi GV cin thue hien theo tifin trinh sau day: 1/ Xae djnh nhu cau va kha nang da dang cua tre; 2/ Xay dung va thue hien kl hoaeh GD ca nhan eho he; 3/ Td chirc mdi trudng hpe tap phii hgp vdi dang tat ciia he; 4/ Dieu chinh ehuong trinh GD phii hgp vdi nhu cau va kha nang eua tre; 4/ Ap dung cac phuong phap hd trg TKT Cf nha trudng; 5/ Van dung linh boat trong viec phdi hgp cac lire lugng GD bao gdm gia dmh - GV hd trg va cac luc
• luong khac.
Doi v&i HS a tru&ng hda nhdp: HS d trudng cd TKT hgc hoa nhap cd vai trd quan trgng trong viec thue hien GDliN thanh cdng, dae biet la vdi nhiing ban HS khong khuylt tat.
Vi|c hmh thanh cac nhdm vdng tay be ban hay nhdm giiip
do nhau trong ldp, trong tnrdng cd TKT hgc hda nhap cd y nghTa va tae dgng den kit qua ciia GDHN rit Idn. TKT cam thay dugc khich le, khdng bi mae cam, xa each ia nhd thai do va each img xir cua HS khdng khuygt tat Ben canh dd, ehinh tre khdng khuyet tat cung cd co hgi dl hilu vl eae ban khuylt tat, ve gia tri cugc sdng va hinh thanh gia tri dao dire nhan van. Digu quan trpng la giiip cac era HS hd trg ISn nhau trong hgc tap va cude sdng de tat ca eae em dlu cam thiy vui ve, hanh phiic khi din trudng. Ddi khi chinh TKT lai la tlm diem eiia su ket ndi cua nhiing ngudi ban tdt, dl neu guong vg tinh than tuong than tuong ai va hilu bilt iln nhau trong tnrdng hgc. Cu thi la: 1/ Giiip dd nhau trong hoe tap, cac em ddi vai eho nhau trong viec lara ngudi giiip dd va ngudi dugc giup dd, ai cd diem manh hon d ITnh vuc nao thi hd trg ngudi khac va ngugc lai; 2/ Hd trg lan nhau trong di lai va sinh boat, TKT rat can ban be trong viec hd trg di lai va sinh hoat, thieu su hd trg nay nhieu TKT khdng the den trudng hgc; 3/ Tre era la lire lugng tuyen truyen, tham gia va xay dung ke hoach GDHN a trudng hgc.
Ddi v&i phu huynh cua trudng hoa nhgp: Su cgng tac cua cac phu huynh cd con khong khuyet tat trong nhiing nd iuc eiing vdi phu huynh cd con khuyet tat, vdi nha trudng va dgi ngii can bd, GV la mgt phan quan trpng trong thue hien cac hoat ddng GDHN cho TKT. Mot sd dang tat khiln TKT cd thg ed nhiing hanh vi lam anh hudng din nhiing tre khdng khuygt tat, nhung can phai cd thai do va hanh vi iing xir tdn trgng va phu hop ddi vdi TKT va gia dinh cua tre. Mgi su ki thi hay cira doan con minh choi vdi TKT se anh hudng rit ldn din mdi quan he eiia HS va chit luong GD nha trudng hda nhap va ciing khdng giup cho viec phat triln Clia con era minh. Ben canh viee thay ddi thai do, phu huynh cin thara gia vao viec hd trp TKT va gia dinh ciia tre theo kha nang cua ho.
Ddi v&i eang dong eiia tnrdng hoa nhdp: Cdng ddng cac trudng cd TKT hgc hoa nhap co vai trd quan trpng trong viec hd trg TKT va nha trudng thuc hien GDHN. Vi vay, mdi cgng ddng hda nhap can thuc hien nhung nhiein vu sau day: 1/ Ddi radi nhan thiic vl TKT Uong cdng ddng dan cu va gia dinh TKT; 2/ Tu vin cho gia dinh vl each chara sdc, GD, phuc hdi chiic nang cho TKT, t p nigra tin cho tre va gia dinh; 3/ Phat hien sdm cac nhu cau ciia tre; 4/ True tilp giiip da tre trong hpc tap, phuc hdi chiicnang va tham gia mpi hoat dgng xa hdi; 5/ Hd tro tinh thin va vat chat cho TKT va gia dinh; 6/ Keu goi cac thanh vien trong cdng ddng tham gia hd trg TKT va gia dinh; 7/Jhdi hgp gifta gia dinh va cpng ddng dl tim ra bien phap hd trg tre trong hgc tap va hudng nghiep, lara nghi, dl xuit nhu ciu ciia tre va gia dinh dl hudng cac chinh saeh uu dai, hd trg.
3. Ket luan
Tre em la ddi tuong ein duge quan tara hang dau d moi qude gia.Tre em la mim non tuong lai cua dat nude TKT la ddi tuong bj thiet thdi do hau qua ciia chien tranh, cua ddi ngheo hoae tai nan lao dgng. Cac era cd nhu cau va ed quyln duoc hoa nhap d nha tnidng va xa hgi. Cac quy dinh phap luat va chinh sach eua Viet Nara da the hien rat ro trach nhiem cua Nha nudc, Bg Lao ddng - Thuang binh
So 23 thang 11/2019 61
NGHIEN Cl/U LILUAN
va Xa hpi, Bg G D & D T cimg cac e o quan Chfnh phu cd hen quan. Cac chinh sach cua Nha nudc vg GDHN la rat can thilt dg hd trg TKT ndi rieng va N K T ndi chung Dd ciing la dieu kien cin thilt lam dieu kien dam bao cho T K T cd mgt tuong lai tdt dep han. Vi vay, viec thuc thi chinh sach mgt each nghigra tiic va hieu qua la trach nhiem cua tat ca cac bd nganh lien quan, cac chinh sach GD cho TKT la trach nhiem ciia tiing dia phuang, gia dinh va cac td chiic xa hdi trong qua trinh xa hdi hda GD. Ddng thdi, do cung
la trach nhiem true t i l p ciia cac GV va cac nha trudng day hda nhap. Day la mgt nhigm vu r i t khd khan nhung cung la nhiem vu cao ea, d i y tinh nhan van ddng gdp vao xay dung xa hgi van minh, phat triln va dam bao edng bang cho mgi edng dan. Mdi mgt ehinh sach ra ddi, cho dii da ra soat kT ludng va mang tmh t h i n trach nhiem cao tdi dau ciJiig khdng tranh khdi nhiing khd khan va vudng mac khi trien khai trong thuc tien.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] Le Tlln Thanh, (2011), Chinh sdch, chiin luge vd Ici hogch phdt uien gido due hod nhdp & Viet Nam, Bp Giao due va Dao tao.
[2] Bg Giao due va Dao tao - UNESCO tai Viet Nam, (2014), Tdng cu&ng cong tdc ddo tgo, bdi duong gido vien gido dgc hda nhdp, Tai lieu 1, Gioi thieu, Tai lieu hieu chinh.
Ha Npi.
[3] Bill Thi Lam - Hoang Thi Nho, (2012), Gido due hda nhdp, NXB Giao due, Ha Npi.
[4] Nguyen Xuan Hai, (2010), Qudn li gido due hda nhdp, NXB Dai hoc Su pham. Ha Noi.
[5] Nguyin Hong ICien, (2017), Gido due hda nhdp a Iru&ng lieu hgc cho tre em md coi sdng tgi cdc ca so bdo trg xa
hdi, Luan an Tien si, Trudng Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi.
Nguyen Tmng Thanh, (2016), Chinh sdch gido due tre khuyet tdt - Thuc trgng vd de xudt hgdn thien. Ban Nghien ciki Giao dye Dac biet.
Trin Ngoc Giao - Le Van Tac (ddng chii bien) - Nguyen Xuan Hai - Nguyen Thiiy Hing - Le Thi Loan - Trin Thi Thiep - Pham Minh Miic - Nguyen Thi Nhd - Nguyen Thi Hoang Yin, (2010), Qudn li Gido due hda nhdp, NXB Phu nil.
Nguyen Quynh, (2018), Tgo mdi Iru&ng gido dgc binh dang, chdt lugng cho ngir&i khuyet tdt, Bao Nhan dan.
Le Van Tac, (2006), Gido due hod nhdp cho tre khuyet tdt bge Tieu hoc, NXB Lao dong - Xa hdi.
EFFECTIVENESS EVALUATION ON INCLUSIVE EDUCATION POLICIES FOR CHILDREN WITH DISABILITY AND SOLUTIONS
FOR INCLUSIVE EDUCATION MANAGEMENT IN VIETNAM
Le Duy Dung', Nguyen Hong Kien^
I Political Academv - Ministry of National Defence 124 Ngo Ouyei, Quang Tmng, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam Email; [email protected]
^ VNU Univeisity of Education, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 144 Xuan Ttiuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam Email; nguyenfiongkiengd@gmail,com
ABSTRACT: As a country has experienced great Impacts from wars, natural disasters and extreme environmental conditions, Vietnam has a high proportion of people living with disabilities, accounting for 7.8% of the population (equal to 7.2 million people) of which the percentage of children with disabilities is 28.3% (age 5 and above). In the past years, the Party and Governement have issued many laws and social policies to ensure for the well-being of disadvantaged groups, including people with disabilities. Education policies for children with disabilities have been practically implemented to promote and protect the child's rights and the rights of people with disabilities to ensure both physical and mental development for their full potential, empowering their ability to live independently at the highest level. This article analyzes educational policies supporting for inclusive education of children with disabilities which have been recently implemented. Based on the results of the evaluation on inclusive education policy for children with disabilities, and the strengths of the policy and the shortcomings of the policies when putting into practice, the article will propose some solutions to meet the goal of managing inclusive education in Vietnam's schools more effectively.
KEYWORDS: Law; poiicy; inciusiue education; children with disability; inclusive education management.
62 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO OUC VET NAM
