D5ng van Minh va cs Tap chf KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 77(01): 4 9 - 5 4
INDIGENOUS STUDY ABOUT NATIVE PLANT SPECIES ERYTHROPALUM SCANDENS BL (BO KHAI) IN THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINOUS REGION OF VIETNAM
Dang Van Minh, Dang Kim Vui, Nguyen Chi Hieu College of Agriculture and Forestry - Thai Nguyen University SUMMARY
Erythropalum scandens BL (local name is Bo Khai) are native plant species in Northern mountainous region of Vietnam. These plant species have been widely used by local people as vegetable and medicinal herb. However, there are still very few research and little information about these plants. The overall project objective of this study is to apply farmer approach to understand the natural growth and distribution, value and scarcity of native plant species Erythropalum scandens BL in the Northern mountainous region of Vietnam. Results of the research indicated that these plants were found in both limestone and hill land ecosystems.
Erythropalum scandens BL was found mostly in foot slope and catchment areas. Young plants of Erythropalum scandens BL grow well in shade light under thick forest. Market demand of these vegetables is high as being good taste and considering clean vegetables. These plant species have been over exploited, increasing scarcity in the region. Farmers have collected seedlings and seeds from forests to grow in their gardens as new crops but without much success due to lack of knowledge and technology.
Keyword: Native plant species, indigenous knowledge, natural growth and distribution, scarcity INTRODUCTION
The Northern Mountainous Region (NMR) is home to a large proportion of Vietnam's population and includes representatives of thirty-five ethnic minority groups. Poor literacy and low education levels create a poverty trap that is difficult to overcome.
Way of living of people in this region still follows self-sufficient method with heavily depending on forest. However, the forests in this region have come under increasing pressure by many interrelated forces as overexploiting, shifting euhivation, exploitation for agriculture.
Non timber forest products (NTFP) are one main source of income of local people in mountain areas. In this region, the NTFPs have been traditionally exploited by local people for food and other uses, such as medicine or materials for handicraft. NTFPs, therefore, are considered as an important income generation source for local people, particularly for those whose living is much dependent on forest (Vu Van Dung et al., 2002).
• Tel:09l23343IO: Email:dangminh08'a]gmail.com
Among NTFPs, there are some native plant species in NMR are popularly being used by local people as food stuff and vegetable, e.g.
Erythropalum scandens BL (local name is Bo Khai) that have been widely used by local people as vegetable and medicinal herb.
Recently, some local people have collected these plants from forest and sold to traders in city. These vegetables are expensive as considering clean and special vegetable with very good taste. Consequently, these wild plant species in forest are being over exploited and in some places they are nearly disappeared. Many farmers in the NMR now can recognize the importance of these species for their life, but there are increasing diffieuhies for collection of plants from natural forests. This is understandable, since these species are exploited by many people.
Farmers, who have been working and living on their place for a long time, usually understand the plants in their place well.
Chamber (1983) stated that farmers' knowledge about the specific conditions in which they produce ma) be more exact than and often superior to that of researchers who
Dang Van Minh vd cs Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 77(01): 49-54 Recently, some local people have collected
these plants from forest and sold to traders in city (table 5). These vegetables are expensive as considering clean and special vegetable with ver\ good taste. Many collectors from city come to villages to buy these vegetables and then sell them in city markets.
Consequently, these wild plant species in forest are being over exploited and in some places they are nearly disappeared.
Farmers' perception about harvesting and the scarcity of the plants in natural forest Harvest method is important to conserve natural plant resources. Unsuitable method may cause to unsustainable harvesting. Data in table 6 indicated that most of farmers
Table 4. Farmers perception about value of
harvested Erythropalum scandens BL by cutting young leaves and buds. Its consequence would lead to rapidly reduce plant population in the region and cause to disappear of these species in some places.
Data in table 7 present some indicators indicating scarcity of these plant species in the region. Compared to last 7 years and last 5 years, number of people and frequency going to collect these vegetables from forest increased, travelling time to forests to get vegetables was longer, quantity of vegetable collected for one going significant increased.
All of these indicators indicated scarcity of these natural resources increasing every year.
native plant species Erythropalum scandens BL Purpose for use Number of farmers agreed
Vegetable 62 Medicinal herb 42 Total interviewees 62
Table 5. Market access of native plant species Erythropalum Number of farmers agreed Number of farmer have sold vegetable 26 Place of selling:
- Selling for collector 7 - Selling in commune market 19
Percentage 100
67 - scandens BL
Percentage 100 27 73 Table 6. Method of harvest from natural forest
Harvest method
Harvest young leaves and buds
Cutting trees to get
Number of farmers agreed 50
Percentage 86 young leaves and buds
Total Table 7.
8 58
Comparison of number of people, time and fi-equency to collect native pi Erythropalum scandens BL and Phyllanthus elegans L from forest
7 years ago 5 years ago
14 100 ant species
current year Number of farmers involved harvest
Travel time to harvest (hour)
Frequency to collect vegetable in forest (times per month)
Quantity of vegetable collected per travel (bunch of vegetable)
31 1.8 3 35
54 2 3.33
32
58 2.4 4.4 25
52
Dang van Minh va cs Tap chf KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 77(01): 49-54 Farmer planting these native plants
Farmers now can recognize the importance of these species for their life, but there are increasing difficulties for collection of plants from natural forests. Many farmers want to grow these native plant species as vegetable crop. 40% of interviewed farmers indicated that they have grown plant species Erythropalum scandens BL respectively in their home garden (Table 8).
Farmers have collected seedlings and seeds from forests to grow in their gardens. Results from the farmer survey indicated that more farmers are wanting to grow these plants in their garden as a crop, but without much success due to lack of knowledge and technology.
CONCLUSION
Erythropalum scandens BL (local name is Bo Khai) are native plant species in Northern mountainous region of Vietnam. These plants were found in limestone and hill land ecosystems, but it is likely that limestone ecosystem would be more suitable than hill land ecosystem. Erythropalum scandens BL was found mostly in foot slope and catchment areas. Young plants of Erythropalum scandens BL grow well in shade light under thick forest. These plant species have been widely used by local people as vegetable and medicinal herb. There is good market access for these vegetables due to being good taste and considering clean vegetables. These plant species have been over exploited, increasing scarcity in the region. Farmers have collected seedlings and seeds from forests to grow in their gardens as new crops but without much success due to lack of knowledge and technology.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank for the Seed Fund for Research and Training (SFRT) of the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) for funding. Thanks for Faculty stuff and Graduate students and undergraduate students of Thai Nguyen
University of Agriculture and Forestry, as well as Forestry department of Bae Kan province, Vietnam for their help during survey and collection of data.
REFERENCE
[l].Castella. J.C. and D.Q. Dang. 2002.
Renovation of Mountainous Region: Changes of land Use System and Development Strategy for Farmers in Bac Kan, Vietnam. Agricultural Publishing House. Hanoi. Pp. 149-173 (by Vietnamese).
[1]. Chambers R. 1983. Rural Development:
Putting the Last First. Longman Inc., London.
Pp.75-103.
[2]. Eyzaguirre. P. 1988. Farmers knowledge, world science, and the organization of agricultural research systems. In Moock, J.L. and R.E. Rhoades (eds). Diversity. Farmer Knowledge, and Sustainability. Cornell University Press. Pp. 11-34.
[3]. Fujisaka, S. 1992. Farmer knowledge and sustainability in rice-farming systems: blending science and indigenous knowledge innovation. In Moock, J.L. and R.E. Rhoades (eds). Diversity, Farmer Knowledge, and Sustainability. Cornell University Press. Pp. 69-84.
[4]. Moran, E. 1989. Socioeconomic survey methods. Part I: The minimum socioeconomic survey. In Anderson, J.M. and J.S.I. Ingram (eds).
Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility. A Handbook of Methods. C.A.B. International, Oxon (UK). Pp.
89-100.
[5]. Scoones, 1. and J. Thompson. 1994.
Knowledge, power and agriculture- towards a theoretical understanding. In Scoones, 1. and J.
Thompson (eds). Beyond Farmer First: Rural People's Knowledge. Agricultural Research and Extension Practice. Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd., London. Pp. 29-40.
[6]. Vu Van Dung, Jenne De Beer, Pham Xuan Phuong. 2002. Overview of non timber forest products in Vietnam. Document of the Project:
Sustainable utilization of non-timer forest products. Project Secretariat. 8-Chuong Duong
Do, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi. Vietnam.
Dang van Minh vd cs Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 77(01): 49 - 54 Table 8. Situation of farmers planting native plant species Erythropalum scandens BL
Content Number farmers Percentage 25 40 Number of farmers have grown plants in gardens
(of total 62 interviewees) Planting places:
- Home gardens 23 92 - Forest lands after clearing 2 8 Sources of seedlings/seeds
- Seedlings taken from forest 20 80 - Collection seeds from forest 5 20
TOM T A T
NGHIEN CLTU KIEN THlTC BAN DIA VE CAY RAU BO KHAI ERYTHROPALUM SCANDENS BL TAI VUNG NUI PHIA BAC VIET NAM
Dang Van Minh , Dang Kim Vui, Nguyen Chi Hieu Trudng Dai hpc Nong Ldm - DH Thdi Nguyen
Erythropalum scandens BL (ten dia phuang la Bd Khai) la loai cay ban dja cd d khu vuc miln niii phfa Bac Viet Nam. Loai cay nay tir lau da dugc ngudi dan dja phuang sir dung lam rau va thudc.
Tuy nhien, hien nay cac thdng tin cung nhu cac nghien ciiu vl loai cay nay vin cdn ft va thilu.
Muc tieu cua nghien ciiu nay la iing dung phuang phap tilp can thuc dja dl tim hiiu sir sinh trudng cung nhu sir phan bd tu nhien ciia cay Bd Khai, tim hiiu gia trj va miic do khan hilm cua loai Erythropalum scandens BL tai khu vuc mien nui phfa Bac Viet Nam. Kit qua ciia nghien ciiu cho thay cay Bd Khai cd mat d ca he sinh thai nui da vdi va ddi dat thSp. Erythropalum scandens BL dugc phat hien moc chu ylu d chan ddi va cac bd sudi. Cay Erythropalum scandens BL non cd thi sinh trudng tdt dudi tan rimg ram. Nhu clu cua thj trudng vl loai rau nay rit cao do rau cd vj thom ngon va dugc coi la rau sach. Hien nay rau Bd Khai dang dugc khai thac qua miic. lam suy kiet sd lugng loai. Ngudi dan da tiln hanh thu thap hat rau frong rimg sau dd dem gieo trdng frong vudn nha. tuy nhien kit qua thu dugc rdt thip do thilu kiln thuc cung nhu ky thuat frdng rau Bd Khai.
Til' khda: Lodi thuc vdt bdn dia, kien thuc bdn dia, tdng trirdng tu nhien vd phdn bd, su khan hiim
Tel:09l23343IO: Email:[email protected]
Nguyin Hung Quang va cs Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 77(01): 55-58
STUDY ON DIFFERENT FEED FORM ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS CHICKEN
Quang N. H.'* and Ebrahimi R^
'College of Agriculture and Forestry - Thai Nguyen University
^Ramin University of Agriculture and Natural Resources ABSTRACT
In this study, it was conducted to evaluate the effects of three various physical diet forms (whole pellet, whole crumble, and mix crumble and pellet) on broilers performance. It was performed by using 150 broilers (male and female mix) from commercial Arbor Acres breed in a completely randomized design with 3 diets by 2 replications (25 chickens per each replication). Daily gain, feed intake and FCR were measured in whole period, flirthermore, carcass mean, breast, leg meat, abdominal fat. liver, and gizzard were measured and analyzed at end of the experiment. Body weight was not significant different among the tests. Feed intake was highest in the pellet groups.
FCR in the crumble groups was higher than that of the other groups. The results indicate that the physical form of the diet had a significant effect on abdominal fat. which was highest in broilers that fed with pellet diet.
Keywords: Particle size, performance, broiler chicken, body weight, FCR INTRODUCTION
In poultry diets, cereal grains such as yelow corn, rice, wheat are the primary energy source. Therefore, not only must producers be concerned about the composition of the grain, but also how it is processed so the animal may fully utilize the nutrients. Researches shown that the physical form of diets and feed particle size have a great effect on poultry yield (Behnke and Beyer, 2004) [3]. The effects of particle size on feed quality and quality of poultry has been researched in a number of settings (Behnke, 1994) [2]. Small particle size increases the surface area of the grain, thus allowing for greater interaction with digestive enzymes. It also improves the ease of handling and the mixing characteristics. In poultry diets, the effects of feed particle size appear to be confounded with complexity of the diet as well as further processing such as pelleting or crumblizing.
Cabrera (1994) [4] found no effect of feed particle size (1,000 to 400 microns) on growth performance of broiler chicks fed a complex (added tallow, meat and bone meal, and feather meal) diet fed in a crumblized form.
In the second trial, feed efficiency was Tet:0985.588.164: Email: hungquangcniyiflyahoo.com
improved 3 percent by reducing particle size from 1,000 to 500 microns in simple diets fed as a meal form but not in crumblized diets.
Therefore, the response to reduced particle (600 to 500 microns) size in broiler chicks appears to be greatest when fed simple (grain- soybean meal) diets in a meal form. Feeding a complex diet in a crumblized form did not appear to require particle size below 1,000 microns. Studies with laying hens suggest no advantages in reducing particle size below 800 microns. In analyzing results of several experiments evaluating the effects of dietary particle size on pig performance, it is clear that the greatest effect of particle size is on feed efficiency. Most researchers would agree that reducing mean particle size of cereal grains to <600 pm results in marked improvements in nutrient digestibility and efficiency of growth. Decreasing the particle size of ingredients results in a greater surface area to volume ratio. Smaller particles will have a greater number of contact paints within a pellet matrix as compared to larger particles (Behnke, 1994) [2]. Some reports suggest that the effects of feed particle size on performance may be maintained even after pelleting. There appears to be a general consensus that particle sizes of broiler diets
Nguyen Hung Quang vd cs Tap chf KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 77(01): 55-58 based on maize or sorghum, optimum particle
size should be between 600 and 900 pm.
Available data clearly show that grain particle size is more critical in mash diets than in pelleted or crumble diets. Although it has been postulated that finer grinding increases substrate availability for enzymatic digestion, there is evidence that coarser grinding to a more uniform particle size improves the performance of birds maintained on mash diets. This counter-intuitive effect may result from the positive effect of feed particle size on gizzard development. A more developed gizzard is associated with increased grinding activity, resulting in increased gut motility and greater digestion of nutrients. Although grinding to fine particle size is thought to improve pellet quality, it will markedly increase energy consumption during milling.
Systematic investigations on the relationships of feed particle size and diet uniformity with bird performance, gut health and pellet quality are warranted if efficiency is to be optimized in respect of the energy expenditure of grinding (Amerah et al, 2007) [1]. In this research we investigated the Effects of feed particle size on the
performance and carcass characteristics of broilers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Birds and Diets
Experiments were performed using 150 broilers (male and female) from a commercial Arbor acres breed. Starter and grower diets were prepared and manufactured from a local factory. All diets (Table 1) were corn- soybean-based and were formulated to meet or exceed NRC recommendations. All diets and water were provided for ad libitum consumption.
Statistical Analysis
The birds allocated in a completely randomized design with 3 diets by 2 replications (25 chickens/each replication).
The chicken was grown till 42 days. The diets that were used are shown in table (1). The data collected were analyzed by using SAS (SAS Institute, 2002) [8]. The average daily gain and FCR were measured. At the end of the experimental period 4 birds were dissected from each treatment group to allow carcass, leg meat, breast meat, abdominal fat, gizzard and liver weight to be measured.
Table 1. Ingredient of diets formulated to NRC (1994) [6] specifications (kg per tone)
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ingredient Yellow corn
Soybean meal Rice bran Shell
Sodium bicarbonate Salt
Fish meal Peanut meal Phosphate Methionine
Vitamin - Mineral premix Oil
Starter 462 276 120 10 1.5 1 50 50 9 1.8
6 5
Grower 512 226 120 9 - 1 50 50 12 1.8 6 5 Nutrient contents
1 2 4 5 6
Calcium (%) Phosphorus (%) Methionine (%) Lysine (%) ME (kcal/kg) Crude protein (%)
1.04 0.55 0.83 1.90 2885 22.00
1.04 0.54 0.78 1.80 2925 20.50
