Dau tiT cong
cua nganh nong nghiep:
Thi/c trang va giai phap
DAO THI HO HCfdNG"
Dd'i vtfi ndng nghidp Viet Nam, khi ma stf d^u ttf ttf khu vtfc ttf nhSn con nhilu hgin chd', thi d l u ttf cdng co vai tro quan trong quyd't dinh do'i vtfi viec phat trid'n cua nganh. Tuy nhidn, d l u ttf cdng cho nong nghiep trong giai doan gan day dang co xu htftfng giam d i n . Khdng nhtfng thd', cac khoan muc p h S n b ^ d a u t t f g i t f a c a c t i e u n g a n h l a i k h d n g h t f p l y . D i l u nay da dan ttfi tinh trang d l u ttf trong ndng nghidp vtfa thtfa, vtfa thid'u, gay anh htftfng ttfi td'c d$ tang trtftfng chung cua nganh.
THIJC TRANG
Mac du d l u tff cdng trong ndng nghifip theo gid hifin hanh tang qua tffng nam, nhffng ly le dau tff edng trong ndng nghifip/GDP lai cd xu hrfdng giam ddn, thdm chi cdn giam nhanh hdn so vdi tong dau trfcdng/GDP (Bdng I).
Xet theo giai doan, tff nam 2008 de'n 2012, long dau tff cdng trong ndng nghiep dat trung binh la 93,4 nghin ty dong, giai doan 2013-2017, dat trung binh Id 140 nghin ty dong (tdng 23,3% so vdi giai doan dau). Trong khi dd, tong dau trf cdng/GDP giai doan 2008-2012 dat trung binh la l4,68%o, giai doan 2013-2017 dat trung binh Id 11,87%.
Ty trpng dau tif edng trong ndng nghiep/GDP giai doan 2008-2012 dat trung binh la 1,45%, giai doan 2013-2017 dat trung binh Id 0,95%. Trong khi ty trong td'ng dau tff cdng/GDP giai doan 2008- 2012 dat trung binh la 9,92%, giai doan 2013-2017 dat trung binh la 8,05%. Nhff vay, dau tff cdng vao ndng nghiep dang sut gidm tffdng dd'i so vdi cdc ngdnh khae.
Dau tff edng trong ndng nghifip, ldm nghiep va thiiy Idi 10 nam qua dien bifin theo xu hffdng ngffpc chieu nhau (Bang 2). Ne'u nhff quy md va gid tri dau tff cdng trong ITnh vffc ndng nghiep tang qua tffng nam, thi d chieu ngffde lai, quy md dau
• Hpc vien Ngan hang
tff ldn ty trong vd'n dau tff trong ITnh vffc thuy lpi lai thfi' hifin xu hifdng gidm. Trong khi dd, d ITnh vffc Iam nghiep, mae dii quy md vd'n dau tff tang nhe, nhrfng ty trpng dau trf chii ye'u theo xu hrfdng gidm dan.
Giai doan 2008-2012, dau trf vdo ndng nghiep dat trung binh Id 64.3% todn ITnh vrfe; giai doan 2013-2017, dau trf vao ndng nghiep dat trung binh 11,9% toan ITnh vrfc (tang 46,6% so vdi giai doan trffdc). Dau tff vao lam nghiep giai doan 2008-2012 dat trung binh la 7,5%;
2013-2017 dat trung binh Id 3,4% (giam 4% so vdi giai doan trffdc). Dau tff vao thuy Ipi giai doan 2008-2012 dat trung binh la 23,72%, giai doan 2013-2017 dat trung binh la 5,16% (giam 18,56% so vdi giai doan trffdc).
Trong nhffng ndm qua, ty trpng dau trf vao thuy Ipi giam do hifiu qua thd'p tff vifie nudi trdng thuy san, nhd't Id tdm su. Nhieu vung da't ven bie'n da dffdc xdy dffng thanh nhffng khu vffc nudi trdng thuy san tap trung. Tuy nhifin, viee xay dffng cdc hfi thd'ng thuy Ipi
NSm
•'nils
^nio
"'Oil 7ni7
^nn ^014
^-ni-i
^OIA
"-on TSng DTC/GDP (%)
14.08 I7..M 15.97 13.47 i:.."!?
p.-iy 12.1.5 l''.39 11.33 11.21
BAMG 1: QUY MO DAO TCf CONG Dan Vl DTC trong
NN/GDP (%) 1.44 1.6'' 1.58 1.38 1.24 0.97 1.01 0.98 0.94 0.88
Ty trong DTC trong NN trons tone DTC (%)
10,23 9.34 9.92 10.24 9.90 7.91 8.30 7.94 8.30 7.85
inh: %, nfihhi l\ ttdng T6ng DTC trong NN (nghin tv d6n£)
8 1 00 85,00 92.00 98.00 111.00 127.00 135.00 138.00 14fi.00 154.00
37
jHlEN CClG - TRAO DOI
BANG 3: C d CAU V O N D A G T d CONG TRONG NONG NGHIEP PHAN THEO LINH Vdc
D{fn vj tinh: ngbin ry dong, "i
N f i m
7no»
7am
?mo
2011
? n i ?
? n i - ! 7014 2015 2016 2017
N d n e r Quy m 3 (nshin t v i
54.3 61.2 58.0 77.5 75.5 90.2 112.1 107.6 118.3 126.3
shifeD T y t r ^ n g
67.0 77.0 63.0 74.0 68.0 71.0 83,0 78,0 81.0 82.0
lAm m Quy md (ngliin t v ) 7.6 6.0 10.1 3.9 6.7 4.1 5.1 1.8 3.7 9.9
T y t r p n g
9.4 7.0 11.0 4.0 6.0 3,7 3,8 1,3 2.5 6.4
Thii
Quy mfi
19.1 17.9 73.9
"'1.6 28.9 32.8 17.8 28.6 24.1 17.9
yWi T y t r p n g
( % 1 73.6 21.0
^6.0 22.0 26.0 75.8 13.2 20.7 16.5 11.6
BAiSG 4:
N f i m N o n g nchiep L a m nghtC'p T h i i v 101
CHI SO ICOR TRONG NOMG NGHIEP X E T THEO LINH VtTC 2008
4.79 5.89 4.15
2009 6,52 6,44 5,47
2010 7,70 8,00 6,53
2011 8,39 9,78 7,05
2012 8,38 8,94 7,13
201.1 6.99 7.42 6.09
2014 5.56 6.76 4.14
201.S 5.03 6.12 4.37
2016 5.56 5.93 5.12
2017 6.23 5.93 4.29
BANG 5: TINH TRANG THAT THOAT VA Nd DONG CGA D A G T G CONG TRONG NONG NGHIEP
Dan Vf linh: nghin ty dong 1 Danh mi^c
1. That thodt, ldng plii von ddu lit a. Do dir an cham lien do
b. Do sai pham trong khau lap, tham dinh, phe duyet.
dieu chinh dif an
c. Do sai pham tronp khau thi cong dif an 2. Ndv^ii dau lit xay dtfng cti ban
2013 3.46 2.14 0,44 0,88 4,45
2014 3.84 2,65 0,58 0.61 5,18
2015 5.76 3,97 0,86 0.93 6.22
2016 5.29 3,64 0,36 1.29 7.48
2017 5.75 4.14 0,!2 i.49 5.73
ddp ffng yfiu cdu san xud't chffa dffdc quan tam ddng mffe, ehffa ed quy hoaeh va eae giai phap dong bd.
Dau tff edng trong Iinh vffc ndng nghiep ludn Idn hdn nhieu so vdi dau iff cdng trong lmh vffc thuy ldi, lam nghifip xet ve quy md va ty trpng.
Giai doan 2008-2012, ICOR ehung eua nen kinh te' trung binh Id 8,73, giai doan 2013-2017 la 5,15, trong khi dd ICOR trong ndng nghiep tffdng ffng la 6,86 va 5,15. Nhin chung, chi sd' ICOR ehung cua nen kinh tfi' Viet Nam ndi chung va ICOR trong ITnh vffc ndng nghiep ndi rifing la khd cao, dong nghia vdi hifiu sua't kinh tfi' tha'p va da cd nhffng ednh bdo ve sff lang phi trong dau tff va hieu qua tha'p trong sff dung nguon life cua VietNam.
Xet theo ITnh vffe. thi chi so' ICOR ldm nghifip la cao nha't, tie'p dfi'n la ndng nghifip va cud'i cung Id thuy ldi {Bang 4).
Thffc tfi' trie'n khai dau tff cdng trong nganh ndng nghiep thdi gian qua cho thd'y mdt sd' vd'n dfi sau:
Mgt id, kieu qud ddu tu cong trong ndng ngkiip trong hai nam gdn day cd clou kiiu suy gidm. Cu thfi, ICOR chung eua ndng nghifip ndm 2016 la 5.35 va ndm 2017 la 5,98. Nguyfin nhdn Id do trong hai nam trd lai ddy, tinh trang ed cd'u lai ndng nghifip tuy dat dffde ke't qua bffde dau. nhffng kinh tfi' hd, san xud't
nhd Ie vdn chie^m ty trpng cao; tich tu dd't dai da ed ehu trffdng, nhffng chuyen bifi'n chdm, viec sff dung tai nguyfin dat ndng nghifip chffa hifiu qua; md hinh ndng nghiep hieu qua cao ehffa dffpc quan tam cd thfi' dan tdi phat trien ndng nghiep edng nghe cao theo phong trao, tao dff thffa eung sdn pham khdng dong deu giifa ede vung. Ke't ea'u ha tang mde du da dffpc lang cffdng ddu tff, nhffng nhieu khu vffc cdn ra't khd khdn. Khu vffc ndng, Iam nghifip va thuy san nhffng ndm gan day gap nhieu khd khan do dien bie'n bat Ipi cua thdi tifi't.
Hai Id, ca cdu vdn ddu tu cdng khdng dong deu giffa cdc ngdnh ndng, ldm nghiep vd thuy Igi. Phan ldn dau iff cdng danh eho .san xua't ndng nghiep (ehifi^m ty trong trung binh 80% giai doan 2015- 2017 so vdi Iam nghifip va thuy ldi). Va, hau het eae khoan ehi eho dau tff san xud't ndng nghiep deu tdp trung vdo he thd'ng giao thdng ndi dong. Dau tff cdng cho Iam nghiep ehffa difpe chu y, ehie'm ty Ifi rat thd'p trong td'ng nguon dau tff ndng nghifip. Dau tff cdng cho ngdnh thuy ldi thdi gian qua ed tang, nhffng chffa xffng tam vdi nganh. Cdng tae dau tff ha tang edn bd't cap, chffa dap ffng yfiu cau san xua't. Hau hfi't he thd'ng thuy lpi phuc vu nudi trong thuy san vdn diing ehung, vdi he thd'ng thuy Idi phuc vu ndng nghiep, ldm tdng nguy ed ve d nhifim nguon nffde va dieh benh.
Ba la. vdn cdn tink trgng thdt thodt Idng phi vd'n ddu tu cdng. Cu the, linh trang tha't thodt lang phi vd'n dau Iff dd'i vdi eae dff an eham lien dp va sai pham irong khau thi edng dff an ed ehieu hffdng gia tdng theo hang nam (Bang 5).
Hifin nay, cd khd nhieu dff dn, ma tinh trang dau lu" dan trai, hifiu qua sff dung vdn chffa eao, mdt sd' ndi cdn xay ra sai pham trong qudn Iy ddu tff.
Qua giam sat eho tha'y, mdt so'edng trinh dat hieu qua thd'p do bd' tri vd'n dau Iff ehffa ddp ffng tifi'n dp theo ke' hoach dffdc duyfit, dau tff thie'u dong bd, thi cdng keo dai: Chd't Iffpng cdng tdc khao sdt, thifi't ke'cdn chffa dat yfiu cau, anh hffdng tdi chat lu"png va hieu qua cdng liinh;
gid ea nguyfin vdt Hfiu bifi'n ddng thai thffdng lam phdt sinh chi phi...
Bdn la. tinh trang chgm gidi ngdn vd'n ddu tu cdng dang diin ra. Bp Ndng nghifip va Phat trien nong thon cho biei, tdng kfi hoach vd'n dau iff xay dffng ed ban ndm 2019 dffdc giao Id 14.606 ly
38
dong; trong dd vd'n trong nffdc 12.246 ty dong, vd'n ngodi nffdc (ODA) 2.360 ty dong. Trong 9 thdng nam 2019, khd'i Iffpng giai ngan ffde dat 7.368 ty dong, bang 50,5% ke' hoach nam, Cu the', giai ngan vd'n trong nffdc dai 51,7%; vd'n ngoai nffdc dat 40,3%. Ty le giai ngdn nay chffa tinh 304 ty dong mdi dffdc giao thang 08/2019. Ddy la mdt nghieh ly trong dieu kifin thie'u vo'n hifin nay.
NHUNJG GIAI PHAP CAN THUC HIEN
Tha nhdt, doi mdi cd chfi', chinh sdeh can di ddi dd'i vdi dd'i mdi tff duy trong chi dao, di^u hanh. Theo do, cae ed quan, ca'p chinh quyen can hoan thien cae quy dmh vl chfi' tdi thffdng, phat du manh, du sffc ran de dd'i vdi cdc hoat ddng vi pham trong ITnh vffc dau tff; cdc cd quan can cd cd ehe' pho'i hpp ehat ehe trong vific th£m tra, cd'p gid'y chffng nhan dau tff eho cdc dff an trpng die'm, nhd't Id ede dif an ed quy md ldn; thffc hifin cdc bien phap thue day gidi ngan, khdng ed'p gia'y chffng nhan dau tff eho eae dff an cd cdng nghfi ffng dung vdo ndng nghifip lac hdu, dff dn tdc ddng xd'u dfi'n mdi trffdng; thd'm tra ky cac dff dn sff dung nhieu da't ndng nghifip dffpe quy hoaeh, giao da't ed dieu kien theo lien dp dff an.
Tha hai, xay dffng, sffa dd'i, ed ehfi' van hdnh he thd'ng thdng tin phuc vu theo ddi, kiim tra va ddnh gid ede dif dn ddu tff cdng trong ndng nghifip de' tao dieu kifin cho eae ehii ddu tff va cac ed'p quan ly trong viee td'ng hpp, lap va gffi bdo eao gidm sdt, danh gid dff an dau tff thdng qua v^ebsite ve gidm sdt, ddnh gid ede dff dn dau tff. Can tdng ty trpng vd'n ngdn sdch trong long dau tff xd hdi cho ndng thdn.
Bfin canh dd, can tuan thu nguyen tac quan ly ngdn sdch vd thdng qua eae chffdng trinh, dff dn. Dong thdi, tang vd'n
ddu tff trffc tifi'p phdt trifi'n ndng nghifip theo hffdng ffu tifin ndng cao nang Iffc, he thd'ng ep sd nghifin effu khoa hpc, cdng nghe, nhdm tao ra nhffng ddt phd mdi ve nang sua't, chat lufpng va hifiu qua kinh te'. Chir trffpng dau iff can quan tam ccf gidi hda, bao quan, ehe' bifi'n sau thu hoach, giam tha't thodt va gia tdng gid tri eua san phd'm.
Thff ba, tang cffdng quan ly, trdnh dau tff dan trai, thd't thodt, ldng phi. Theo dd, ean tdng trdch nhiem va xff I)' nghifim ngffdi quan Iy, dd'i vdi mpi hanh vi dau tff khdng hieu qua, Iam thd't thodt vd'n. Tie'p tue hd trp kinh phi tff ngan sach trung ffdng, ngdn sdeh dia phffdng dfi' trien khai manh me, sau rdng chu trffPng thi difi'm bao hifi'm ndng nghiep nhdm hd trp eho ngi/di san xud'l ndng nghiep ehu ddng khde phue va bu ddp thiet hai tai ehinh do hau qua eua thien tai, dich benh gdy ra. LTnh vffe ndng nghiep ed nhieu nii ro, nen bao hiem ndng nghifip Id cd sd dfi' cdc to' chffc tin dung manh dan hdn trong viee du'a tin dung vao khu vffe nay.
Ben canh do, can thay dd'i cdng tde kie'm tra, gidm sat mdi ed the' gdp phan ndng eao cha't Iffpng edng trinh ndi rifing va ndng cao hieu qua hoat ddng dau Iff cdng ndi ehung. Dac bifit, can phdt huy vai trd cua sff kifi'm tra giam sal eiia edng dong va ngffdi dan.
Tha tu. da dang cde nguon vd'n dau tff vdo ndng nghifip. Vdl vai trd quan trpng cua nguon vd'n ngan sach, ean ed bien phap sff dung vd'n hieu qua thdng qua phdi hdp vdi cac nguon vd'n khac, nhff: vific dau tff can cd trpng difi'm, dau tff dift die'm theo tffng hang muc cdng trtnh de phat huy td'i da hifiu qua sff dung vd'n Can lffu y, vd'n ngan sach ehi la nguon vd'n moi, hd'p ddn cac nguon vd'n khde dau tff vao nganh ndng nghifip.
Tka ndm, day nhanh gidi ngan kfi' hoaeh vfi'n dau tff cdng. Trong thdi gian tdi, Bp Ndng nghiep va Phdt trien can ra soat lai ke' hoaeh to'ng the tffng dff dn de' Iam ed sd ddn dd'c thffc hifin hoan thanh kfi'hoach; kjp thdi tong hpp bao cdo di dS nghi Bd Kfi' hoach va Dau tff dieu chinh vd'n kfi'hoach nam linh hoat, phii hop tie'n dd giffa cdc dff an, giffa eae chii dau tu". Ben canh dd, Bd Ndng nghifip va Phat trie'n ndng thdn can tdng cffdng cdng tde kifi'm tra lien dp thffe hifin dff dn de ddn dd'c va kip thdi thao gd vffdng mac cung chu dau tff trong qud trinh thffe hien, nhd't la nhffng dff dn trpng die'm, dff dn cd kfi' hoach vd'n nhieu; gidm sat ehat che cde chu dau tff thife hien edng tdc tham dinh, phe duyet, dd'u thau khdng de' keo ddi thdi gian, anh hffdng de'n tie'n dd.G
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bp Ndng nghiep va Phdt trifi'n ndng thdn (2019). Bdo cdo tinh kink gidi ngdn ddu lU cdng trong 9 thdng ddu ndm 2019
2. Bd Ndng nghifip va Phat trien ndng thdn (2018). Sdlieu ngdnk ndng ngkiip vd phdt triin ndng thdn 2000-2017 tap 1 vd tap 2, Nxb Ndng nghiep
3. To'ng cue Thd'ng ke (2009-2019). Niin gidm Thdng ke cdc nam, iff 2008 din 2018. Nxb Thd'ng ke 4. Nguyfin Thi Ngpc Nga (2019). Hieu qud dau tucdng trong link vuc ndng ngkiep d Viet Nam.
Ludn dn tifi'n sy, Vifin Nghifin cffu qudn ly kinh te'Trung ffPng
5. Nguyfin Thi Thuan (2017). Ban ve dau tff edng trong ITnh vffe ndng nghiep ndng thdn Viel Nam, Tgp chi Tdi chinit, Ky 2, thdng 03/2017
Economy and Foretii
