TAP CHi CONG THlftfNG
DICH v y LOGISTICS CANG:
ccf HOI VA THACH THlfC
H A N G THI HANG
TOM TAT:
Bai vie't sau d^y de cap de'n nhiJng cd hgi va thach thu'c m^ dich vu logistics c^ng phdi dd'i mat trong chudi cung iJng lidn quan vdi hoat dpng van tai va khai thac cang.
TiJf khoa: Dich vu logistics cang, boat ddng vSn lai, khai thac cang.
1. Khai ni0m logistics cang
Theo Hdi nghi Lien hdp qudc ve Thifdng mai va Phat trien, the he cang thi? nha't (tinh de'n nhitng nam 1960) cang chi difdc coi la khu vUc trung chuyen hang hda giita dat lien va bien. The he cang thiJ hai: Gang dtfdc phat trie'n thanh mot trung tam vSn d i , cdng nghidp va dich vu thu'dng mai. Thd' he cang thiJ ba (giai doan nay bat dau t!x nhiing nam 1980 den cud'i nhffng nam 1990) khdi ngudn ti! qua trinh container hda (containerization) va lien phifdng thu'c hda (intermodalism) ke't hdp vdi cac yeu cau phat trien cua thffdng mai qud'c te': Cang du'dc xem nhu mdt khu trung chuyen (Hub) cua mang Iffdi san xua't va phan phd'i hang hda; Cac boat ddng ciia cang dffde chuyen biet hda, da dang va thd'ng nha't chff khdng chi dffng lai d cac boat dong truyen thdng; Cang tao gia hi gia tang cho cac san pham truyen thd'ng. The he cang thd tff (trf cud'i nhffng nam 1990 va dau nhffng nam 2000 de'n nay) dUdc ban de'n vdi nhCng dac djem cd ban: Qua trinh phat tnen cua mang Iffdi tan gom hang (Feeder) va cang trung chuyen (Hub port) cung din de'n sff ra ddi ciia tinh trang da doanh nghiep khai thac cang; Cdng nghe thdng im lien lac tidn lie'n cho
phep cac nha khai thac cang tang nang suat lam hang thdng qua cac ke hoach lam hang hieu qua hdn va giam thdi gian lffu hang trong cang, Mot khu cang cd the dffde xem nhff thudc the he thff tif ne'u khu cang nay cd cac trang thie't bi hien dai theo tieu chuan qud'c le' vdi he ihd'ng khai thac va quan ly tien tie'n qua cdng nghe thdng tin dien tit [4],[5].
Tff nhu'ng chffc nang van lai, thffdng mai va cdng nghidp, cang bien cdn cd chffc nang thiic day viec xay dffng thanh phd' cang thanh mot trung tam kinh le' quan trong cua qud'c gia. Tren the'gidi mot sd'cang ldn thffc hien chffc nangcd ban: XuS't nhap khau, trung chuyen va logistics (nhff la cang Hongkong, Singapore, Rotterdam).
Theo thd'ng ke trong ban bao cao "Review of Maritime Transport 2014" thi trung binh khoang 80% Iffdng hang hda, chie'm tren 70% gia trj thu'dng mai toan cau dffde van chuyen bang dffdng bien. Van tai bien la xffdng sd'ng cua thffdng mai qud'c td va nen kinh te toan cau (UNCTAD, 2014).
Tuf nhffng ke't qua nghien cffu gan day cang bien cdn Ird thanh mdt trung lam logistics, trung
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tam phan phd'i. Gang la mdt "mat xich " cua chudi cung ffng loan can.
Trffdc day, cang cung cap gdi dich vu cd ban cho khach hang. Ngay nay, cang cung ca'p nhieu dich vu hdn (dich vu logistics gia tri gia tang - GTGT - nhff la mdt phan khdng thd' thieu trong chudi cung ffng).
2. Cac dich vu logistics cang cung cdp 2.1. Dich vu logistics Id tgp hap cua nhieu dich vu khdc nhau lien quan trite tiep hoac gidn tiep tdi hoat dgng van tdi hdng hda
O Viet Nam, logistics dffde hieu la boat ddng thffdng mai bao gdm mdt hoac nhieu dich vu nhff nhan hang, van chuyen, lifu kho, lffu bai, lam thu tuc hai quan, cac thu tuc gia'y td khac, iff vS'n khach hang, ddng gdi bao bi, ghi ky ma hieu, giao hang hoac cac dich vu khac cd lien quan den hang hoa.
Phdn loai cdc nhom dich vu logistics d Viet Nam:
(Theo Nghi djnh sd 140/2007/ND-CP hffdng dan Luat Thffdng mai ve hoat ddng logistics).
- Cac dich vu logistics chu ye'u: Dich vu bd'c xe'p hang hda, bao gom ca hoat ddng bd'c xe'p container; Dich vu kho bai va lffu giff hang hda, bao gdm ca hoat ddng kinh doanh kho bai container va kho xij' ly nguyen lieu, thie't bi; Dich vu dai ly van tai, bao gdm ca hoal ddng dai ly lam thu tuc hai quan va lap ke'hoach bd'c dd hang hda; Dich vu bd trd khac, bad gom ca hoat ddng tie'p nhan, Itfu kho va quan ly thdng tin lien quan de'n van chuyd'n va lffu kho hang hda irong sud't ca chudi logistics; Hoat ddng xff ly lai hang hda hi khach hang tra lai, hang hda tdn kho, hang hda qua han, ldi md't va tai phan phd'i hang hda dd;
Hoat ddng cho thue va thue mua container.
- Cac dich vu logistics lien quan de'n van tai:
Dich vu van tai hang hai; Dich vu van lai thuy ndi dia; Djch vu van tai hang khdng; Dich vu vin tai dffdng sSt; Dich vu van lai dffdng bd; Dich vu van lai dffdng 6'ng.
- Gac dich vu logistics lien quan khac: Dich vu kie'm Qra va phan tich ky thuat; Dich vij bffu chinh;
Dich vu thffdng mai ban budn; Dich vu thffdng
mai ban le, bao gdm ca hoat ddng quan ly hang Iffu kho, thu gom, tap hdp, phan loai hang hda, phan phd'i lai va giao hang; Cac dich vu hd trd van tai khac. (Bang 1).
2.2. Dich v« cang
Dich vu cang gdm cd: Xe'p dd hang hda tai cau Ciing (ship - to - shore hoac ngffdc lai); Gac dich vu xff ly hang hda nhff nang/ ha container, chffng tff xua'l nhSp khau, sap xe'p van chuyen hang hda...; Dich vu Iffu trff, kho bai container...;
Dich vu lai dat lau, hoa lieu .; Cac djch vu khac nhff sffa chffa container, lam sach container hoac su'a chffa tan...
Trdn the' gidi, dich vu xe'p dd tai cau cang chie'm ty trong Idn nha't trong cd cau doanh thu ciia nganh, vdi ty le 31,3%. Dffng thff hai la djch vu Iffu trff, kho bai vdi ty le la 21,4%. Tie'p theo la dich vu lai dat tau, hoa tieu (17,7%), dich vu xff ly hang hda (17.5 %), dich vu khac (12,1 %).
[Ngudn: PSA Port Holdings, 2015].
O Viet Nam, dich vu xe'p dd tai cau cang chie'm ty trong cao nha't irong cd ca'u doanh thu cua nganh, vdi ty le 72,5%; Dffng thff hai la dich vu hfu kho bai chie'm 20,2%; Tie'p theo la djch vu lai dat tau (2,6%), dich vu xff ly hang hda (3,9%), dich vu khac (0,7 %). [Ngudn: Dff lieu doanh nghiep VSC, PHP, DVP, DXP, HAH 2016; FPTS Reseach].
3. Dich vu logistics cang tai khu vffc cang Hai Phong
Vdi VI tri la dau md'i giao thdng quan trong cua Vung kinh te'trgng die'm Bac Bd, khu vffc cang Hai Phdng la ndi cd san Iffdng hang hda thdng qua cao nha't tai mien BSc. Nam 2016, san Iffdng hang thdng qua cang Hai Phdng dat khoang 4.500 TEU, tang 13,6% so vdi nam 2015 va cd td'c dd lang trffdng kep (CAGR) 2010-2015 la 12,6%/nara trong giai doan 2010-2016. |Ngudn:
Gang vu Hai Phdng, Dff lieu doanh nghiep, FPTS Research]
He thd'ng cang bien Hai Phdng dffde chia thanh 3 khu vffc ldn la: khu be'n cang sdng Cam, khu be'n cang Dinh Vu va khu be'n cang Lach Huyen [6].
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TAP CHi CONG THIftiNG
Bang 1. Cac djch vu logistics md Viet Nam co cam ket md cufo trong EVFTA Nhom d|ch vu
Dich vu van tai bien
Djch vu van tai dt/dng thQy ndi dia
D[ch vu van tai hang khdng
Djch vu van tai dudng sat Dich vu van tai dudng bo
Dich vu hd'tro moi phUdngthdcvantai
D|ch vu cu thi (ma CPC tffdng Qng) - Dich vy van tai hanh khach, trCf van tai npi d[a (CPC 7211}
- Dich vu van tai hang hda, trii van tai ngi dja (CPC 7212)
•Cacdich vuhdtrdvan tai bien: Xep dd cdng-ten-no (CPC 7411), thdng quan. *dai ly hang hai. kho. bai cdng-ten-no
- Djch vu van tai hanh khach (CPC 7221) - Dich vu van tai hang hda (CPC 7222) - *Bao tri va sUa chOa tau (CPC 8868*) - Djch vu ban va tiep thj san pham hang khdng - Dich vu dat, giO chd'bang may tinh
- Dich vu bao dudng va siia chQa may bay (CPC 8868")
- *D!ch vu mat dat (ngoai trii siia chQa, ve sinh tau bay, van chuyen mat d^t, quan ly san bay va dieu hanh bay)
- "Djch vu cung cap hda an tren may bay - Djch vu van tai hanh khach (CPC 7111) - Dich vu van tai hang hda (CPC 7112) - Dich vu van tai hanh khach (CPC 7121+7122) - Dich vu van tai hang hoa (CPC 7123)
- D|ch vu xep dd cdng-ten-no, trd d|ch vu cung cap tai cac san bay (mot phan cua CPC 7411)
- D|ch vu kho bai (CPC 742) (c) Dich vu dai ly van tai hang hda (CPC 748) - Cac dich vu khac (mot phan cua CPC 749, gdm kie'm tra van dOn, mdi gidi van tai, giam dmh, nhan va chap nhan hang, chuan bi chUng td van tai thuc hien thay mat cho chu hang)
Ddu '* trudc len dich vu: Dich vu md Viet Nam chUa cd cam ke't trong WTO [2]
Khu be'n cang sdng Ca'm va khu be'n cang Dinh Vii: Luong cang bien d hai khu vffc nay thffdng xuyen bi phil sa bdi la'ng, nen phai thffdng xuyen duy tu nao vet de cac tau cd trgng tai cao cd the cap cang dffde. Cdng viec nao vet luong sdng thffdng didn ra hang nam vdi dp sau duy tri it nha't la 5,5 met. Lffdng phu sa bdi lang cao cdn gay khd khan cho cac doanh nghiep khai thac cang khi dd sau luong cdng bd'thffdng xuyen thay ddi, gay anh hffdng tdi doanh nghiep cang trong boat dong mar- keting, ban hang va Ijch trinh cua cac hang tau.
Vdi do sau luong tff 5,5-6,5 met, cac cang d khu
vffc song Cam va khu Dinh Vu cd the don tau co tai trong 10.000 DWT va 20.000 DWT cap ben, trong dieu kien cd tau lai dat vao cang.
Khu ben cang Lach Huyen: Vdi xu hffdng gia tang kich cd tau cua cac hang van tai bien. khu vffc be'n cang sdng Cam va Dinh Vu khd cd the tie'p nhan dffde cac tau cd trgng Eai Idn do do sau mdn nffdc khdng the dap ffng. khu bd'n cang Lach Huyen dffde danh gia la cang nffdc sau tiem nang nha't tai khu vffc cang Hai Phdng. Vdi luong tau rdng 160 met, vi triitbi sa bdi hdn, dd sau 14 met cimg he thd'ng de chan sdng, chan cat; cang Lach
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Huyen cd kha nang tie'p nhan tau me cd trong tai ldn 50.000 DWT day tai va 100.000 DWT giam tai. Cac tau me cd the trffc tie'p dffa hang tdi Hai Phdng ma khdng can phai trung chuyen qua cac cang khac trong khu vffc (nhff Trung Qud'c, Singapore), nen tie't kiem dffde chi phi nhd khdng phai SIS' dung lau gom va khdng ma't chi phi trung chuyen dd'i vdi hang hda. Gang Lach Huyen se cd canh tranh ve cffdc phi so vdi cum cang phia trong.
Khi van chuyen hang vao phia trong cd the can sff dung tdi cac hinh thffc van tai khac nhff dffdng sat, dffdng bd ke't nd'i, dieu nay lien quan chi phi van chuyen hang. (Bang 2).
So vdi nhffng dich vu logicstics ma cang Hai Phdng cung cap, Tong cdng ty Tan Cang Sai Gon cdn cd them nhiJng dich vu logistics nhff la kho ngoai quan, kho mat/ cdng nghe cao, kho hang IMDG, trung tam phan phd'i/ kho phan phd'i.
4. Cd hpi va thach thtfc
Nhflng cdhdi dd'i vdi dich vu logistics c^ngcd dffde tff sff phat trien cua nganh Gang bien cd md'i tu'dng quan chat che vdi sff phat tri^n thtfdng ma i toanthe'gidi cung nhfflang trffdng GDP loan cau va cac dff an FDI tao ddng Iffc phat trien, tang Iffdng giao thffdng qud'c te'.
- San Iffdng hang hda thdng qua cang bien the gidi: Vdi vi tri chie'n iffdc quan trgng, chau A (dac biet la Ddng Nam A) ddng vai trd la cau nd'i cho cac tuye'n thffdng mai tff chau Au sang chau My va ngffdc lai. Trong so 10 cang bien cd san Iffdng hang hda thdng qua ldn nha't, Trung Qud'c chie'm de'n 7/10 cang bie'n trong danh sach. Qua dd, cd the tha'y rSng khu vffc chau A, dac hiet la Trung Qud'c hien nay la ndi cd boat ddng thffdng mai sdi dpng nhat the" gidi. Trong nam 2015, gia tri xua't khau hang hda tai chau A va Trung Qud'c lan Iffdt chie'm 36,5% va 14,1% gia tri xuat khau cua loan the' gidi (theo so' lieu World Bank). [Ngudn.
UNCTAD 2016, FPTS Research].
- Cac nffdc dang phat trie'n tai Ddng Nam A Cd the tha'y tff nam 2013-2015, san Iffdng container thdng qua cang bien cac nffdc dang phat irien tai khu vffc Ddng Nam A deu cd mffc tang trifdng cao nha't so vdi cac khu vffc con lai. Nhffng nam gan day, mffc Iffdng tdi thieu ciia Trung Qud'c tang idn khie'n cho hoal ddng gia cdng cac nganh cdng nghidp gia tri gia tang tha'p (nhff nganh may mac) chuyen sang nhffng nffdc khac nhff Viet Nam, Indonesia. Sff chuyen ddi nay da thuc day thffdng mai dd'i vdi mat hang tieu dung.
Bang 2. Djch vu cua cang Hdi Phong
D|ch vu khai thac cang -Xepdd nang ha hang hda -Giao nhan hang hda - Bao quan hang hda - Kinh doanh bai container hang - Bai container rohg
D|ch vu hang hai - Mdi gidi tau bien - Lai dat va hd' trd tau bien - Dich vu dai ly tau bien - Ve smh, sda chiia va bao tri container
D|ch vu logistics - Kinh doanh kho ndi dia - Kho CFS -Khai thue hai quan - Dich vu xuat nhap khau hang hda
" LuutrQ hang hda -Ddng rut hang vao container
VSn tai da phffdng thffc - Van tai dudng sat - Van tai dudng bd - Van tai dUdng thuy ndi d|a
Hoat dpng san xuat, xay diJng - Xay dyng sQa chOa cau cang, CT dan dung
" Nha hang va cac d|ch vu an uong - Kinh doanh BDS, cho thue van phdng
Ngudn: www.halphongport com v
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l A P CHl CONG THirifNG
san Iffdng h^ng hda thdng qua cac cang bie'n tai Trung Qud'c cung nhff cac thi trffdng dang phat trien tai Ddng Nam A. [Ngudn: Drewry, 2015;
FPTS Research],
- Dff bao lang trffdng cho 8 qud'c gia khu vffc Ddng Nam A (Viet Nam, Thai Lan, Singapore, Phiilipines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar va Campucbia), Drewry cho r3ng, td'c do tang trffdng kep hang nam (CAGR) san ltfdng container thdng qua he ihd'ng cang bie'n tai Viet Nam giai doan 2013-2020 se dat 9,2%/nam, cao nha't trong 8 qud'c gia, dffng thff hai la Indonesia vdi CAGR dat 7,3%/nam va sau dd la Myanmar vdi CAGR la 6,6%/nam. Trong dd, ddng Iffc tang irffdng dd'i vdi Viet Nam, Thai Lan va Indonesia de'n tff xua't kha'u, dffde thuc day bdi ddng vd'n FDI dd' vao nganh cdng nghiep san xua't lang manh. Dgng life tang trffdng dd'i vdi Malaysia, Philippines de'n tff boat ddng xua't khau cac mat hang ndng nghiep trong khi dong Iffc lang trffdng cua Singapore, Maylaysia, Campucbia lai de'n tff hoat ddng nhap khau. Mot sd'qud'c gia tai khu vffc Ddng Nam A cd ldi the've dja ly de xSy dffng va khai thac cang nffdc s3u, xu hffdng khai thac ta't ye'u trong tffdng lai. [Ngudn: Drewry, FPTS Research].
Nhffng thach thffc dd'i vdi djch vu logistics cang: Ap lffe gia cffdc giam do tinh hinh van tai bie'n gap khd khan va xu hffdng nang cao trong tai lau yeu cau he ihd'ng cang nffdc sau. Giai doan tff nam 2010 trd ve sau: cdng sua't khai thac cang khdng chi phu thudc vao nhu cau ma cdn phu thudc vao kich cd cua lau. De dap ffng kich thffdc tau container ngay cang tang, cac cang bie'n c^n gia tang quy md, md rdng chieu dai cau cang, gia tang dd sau mdn nffdc va phat trie'n cdng nghe cho cac thie'l bi xe'p dd trong khu vffc cang bien. The' he tau hien dai nha't hien nay cd
sffc chffa gan 20.000 TEU; ddi hdi cac ca'u bd co t^m vdi len den 22-23 containers. Xu hffdng den nam 2020, cac the' he tau tie'p theo dang phat trid'n vdi dung Iffdng dff kie'n len de'n 24.000 TEU.
Gac nha khai thac cang ludn mong mud'n toi ffu hda cdng sua't cua cang, de cang boat dong dat de'n 100% cdng sua't nhffng van td'i thieu dffde thdi gian dd hang. Tuy nhien, trong thffc te, viec nay ra't khd de dat dffde. Nghien cffu cua Drewry (2015) cho tha'y, hieu sua't siJ dung clu cang d mffc 65% se cho hidu qua cao nha't, neu ldn hdn, tinh trang cac tau phai chd ddi se xay ra, dan de'n viec un tac va cha't Iffdng dich vu lai cang se giam di, ddng thdi gay chSm tre hch trinh cua tau [3].
5. Kd't luain
Nhff vay. khi nhan thiic dffde nhflng cd hgi va tbiich thffc dd'i vdi dich vu logistics cang trong chudi cung ffng loan can, cd the tim ra sff khac biet, chdnh lech vd cac loai hinh dich vu logistics giffa cac cang, de tao ra nhflng dich vu da dang, hoan thidn cho khach hang.
0 Viet Nam, hien tai cac cang chu y^'u vin cung cap cac djch vu truyen thd'ng, cdn it cac dich vu gia tn gia tang cho hang, dieu nay cung la thach thffc cho cac cang trong viec canh tranh trong ndi dia va khu vffc (nhflng cang Idn 6 nff^c Ian can nhff Singapore hay Trung Qud'c).
Du cd vi tri dja ly thuan Idi, dieu kien ttf nhien thich hdp cho viec xay dffng va phat tiien cang nffdc sau nhffng he thd'ng cang bien phan tan anh hffdng de'n hieu qua khai thac. Khu vifc cang Hai Phdng cung can nSng cap cd sd ha tang kel nd'i, cac khu cong nghiep dd' phat trie'n ddng bd va chii trong cha't Iffdng dao tao ngudn nhan lu'c cd kha nang cap nhat dffde nhffng thay doi ciia cdng nghe •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. Bd ludt Hdng hdi Viet Nam. 2015.
2. EVFTA vdi ngdnh Logsllics Viet Nam. Hd Ndi. 2017.
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3. Fpt Securities, Bdo cdo ngdnh Cdng bien, 2017.
4. TS. Nguyin Thanh Thuy, gido Irinh Kinh tecdng, NXB Thd'ng ke, 2012.
5. Lan Shi. A Study on Port Logistics Supply Chain and Its Flexibility Operation Mechanism in Guangxi Beibu Gulf Based on the Fourth Generation Port Theory, International Conference on Management Science and Management Innovation (MSMI2015).
6. Quye't dinh sd2367/QD-BGTVT, Phe duyet Quy hoach chi tie't Nhdm cdng biin phia Bdc (Nhdm 1) giai dogn den ndm 2020, dinh hudng din ndm 2030
7. Quyet dinh sd3863/QD-BGTVT. Ban hdnh bieu khung gid dich vu hoc da container va dich vu lai ddt cdng hien Viet Nam.
8. UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport, 1992.
9 UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport, 2014.
10. UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport, 2016.
11. www.benngheport.com.vn 12. www.haiphongport.com.vn 13. www.saigonnewporl.com.vn
Ngay nhan bai: 12/3/2019
Ngay phan bien danh gia va su'a chfla: 22/3/2019 Ngay cha'p nhSn dang bai: 2/4/2019
Thong tin tdc gid:
TANG THI HANG
Khoa Kinh td' - Quan tri kinh doanh Trtfcfng 0 a i hoc Hai Phong
SEAPORT LOGISTICS:
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
• TANG THI HANG
Faculty of Economics - Business M a n a g e m e n t - Hal Phong University
ABSTRACT:
This ardcle is to present opportunities and challenges in transportation activities and the operation of seaports related to supply chains that seaport logistics need to solve.
Keywords: Seaport logistics, transportation activities, exploitation of seaports.
S d 7 - T h a n g 4/2019 179
