DAC DIEM THE CHE PHAP LY VE KIEM SOAT QUYEN L i r e NHA NflCiC 6 VIET NAM HIEN NAY
NGUYEN LONG H A I "
Tom tdt: Thi chf phap ly vi hiem sodt quyin lUc nhd nudc la ylu tdquan trgng tgo nin cd che phdp ly ve hiim soat quyin luc nha nUdc. Bii viet xuat phdt td quan niem thinio la thi chi phdp ly vi hiim sodt quyin luc nhd nudc; dgc diim cua thi che phap ly vi kiim soat quyin ldc nhi nudc ndi Chung; phin tich lam ro nhitng die diim thi che phdp ly vi hiim sodt quyin luc nha nUdc i Viet Nam hiin nay.
Td khoa: Kiim sodt quyin ldc nhi nudc; the che: thi che phap ly.
AbstracU Ugal institution for state power control is on important factor for the creation ofa legal mechanism for state power control This article examined the concept of legal institution for sidle power control, its features and the case of Vietnam.
Keywords: Stale power control; institution: legal institution.
Ngiy nhin bii: 2017/2015; Ngiy duyet ddng bai: 11/11/2015.
n o i d u n g , t i n h t h a n q u y d i n h t a i H i e n p h a p n u d c C o n g h o a x a h o i c h u n g h i a V i e t N a m n a m 2 0 1 3 , n h a n u d c t a l a " N h a n u a c 1. N h a n d i f n t h e c h e p h a p l y v e
k i e m s o a t q u y e n Irfc n h a n i ^ 6 c K i e m s o a t q u y e n lUc n h a n u d c l a n h u c a u t a t y e u t r o n g q u a t r i n h t o chtfc t h U c t h i q u y e n lUc n h a n u d c , l a y e u t o ' d a c t r U n g c u a n h a n u d c p h a p q u y e n . M o t e a c h c h u n g n h a ' t co t h e h i ^ u . I d e m s o a t q u y e n
p h a p q u y e n x a h o i c h i i n g h i a c u a n h a n d a n . d o n h a n d a n , v i n h a n d a n " . T r o n g dd,
"ta't c a q u y e n lUc n h a nUdc t h u p c v e n h a n d a n . . . " ; " q u y e n lUc n h a n u d c l a t h o n g n h a ' t , -,~j— —... , . i ^ j " " " s " - l u j a iium; i a u i o n g n n a t , l u c n h a n u d e l a m g t h e t h d ' n g n h f l n g cd e h e ' cd sU p h a n c d n g , phd'i h d p , k i l m s o a t gifla dUdc thflc h i e n b d i n h a n u d e v a x a h d i
n h i m gifl e h o v i e c t h f l c t h i q u y e n liic n h a nfldc d u n g m u c d i e h , h i e u qua'^'. K i e m s o a t q u y e n liic n h a nUdc dUde t h u c h i e n b a n g n h i e u e a c h k h a c n h a u , cd t h e b i n g p h a p l u a t , d a o dflc, t a p q u a n , t h o n g l e t r u y e n t h d ' n g , e d n g l u a n . . . T u y t h u d e v a o m u c d i c h c u a c h u t h e q u y e n l u c v ^ d i e u k i e n l i c h s i i c u t h e e u a x a h g i m a p h U d n g thflc k i e m s o a t n a o dd dUdc Ifla e h g n d o n g v a i t r d c h u d a o , h o a c m g t so' p h U d n g thfle dfldc sfl d u n g ke't h d p vdi n h a u . T h e o d u d n g ldi c u a D a n g C o n g s a n V i e t N a m v a
sd 11-2015
c a c cd q u a n n h a n u d e t r o n g v i e c t h i i c h i e n c a c q u y e n l a p p h a p , h a n h p h a p , tU p h a p " ' ^ ' . N h u v a y , d nUde t a , v i e e k i e m s o a t q u y e n lUc n h a n u d c d a dUde c h i n h thfle k h i n g d i n h t r o n g Hie'n p h a p , t a o cd sd h i e n d i n h d e x a y d i l n g v a h o a n t h i e n h g t h d ' n g t h i c h e ' p h a p l y v e k i l m s o a t q u y e n iflc n h a n u d e t r o n g t h d i g i a n t d i .
" ThS, NCS Khoa Luat, Hoc vien Khoa hoc xa hoi.
Email: [email protected]
'" Xem' Tnnh Thi Xuyen (2008), Kiem sodt quyen luc nha niidc-Mot so van de ly tuan va thUc tiin d Viet Nam hien nay. Nxb. Chi'nh tri quoc gia, H& N6i, tr.36
•^ Dieu 2, Hieii phap nU& CHXHCN Viet Nam, nai^ 2013.
NHAN LOC KHOA HOG XAHOI g ]
DAC DIEM THE CHE PHAP LY...
Tuy cac khai niem "thi che", "the che phap ly" dUdc dung nhie'u nhUng nhflng nghien cflu ve cac khai niem nay d Viet Nam con chfla tao ra sfl thd'ng nha't. Vi vay, dl tim dinh nghia the che' phap ly ve kiem soat quyen luc nha nUdc d nudc ta gap nhieu khd khan. Mgt so' cong trinh m6i cong bd' gan day ciia cac nha chinh tri hoc, kinh te' hge, luat hoc da cho tha'y xu hudng phan biet ngay cang ro hdn gifla khai niem the che' vdi thie't che'. Theo do, the che' dUdc quan mem sat hdn vdi vai trd cua no !a nhflng quy tac, quy dinh, chuan mUc do con ngfldi dat ra g i n lien v6i nhiing to chflc nhat dinh de gidi han, dieu chinh, dinh hudng hanh vi cua con ngfldi trong cac md'i quan he chinh tri, kmh te, van hda, xa hgi... T h i che bao gdm nhflng the che' chinh thflc (hay con ggi la the che quan phUdng, nha nudc) va nhflng t h i che phi chinh thflc (phi quan phUdng, phi nha nudc)"'. The che phap Iy la the chg' gdn lien vdi nha nudc, dUdc tao ra b5i phap luat, nhflng ngudi viet bai nay quan niem t h i che' khong hoan toan trung khit vdi khai mem phap luat. Bdi vi, phap luat chfla diing trong no nhieu ngi dung, nhieu gia tri, va hinh thflc ben ngoai cua phap luat ra't da dang, phong phu, khong phai luc nao cQng chi la cac quy pham thanh van, quy tSc cua hanh vi. Mat khac, phap luat do nha nUdc ban hanh cd dien pho quat chung, con the che phap ly la mgt yeu td, mgt bg phan cau thanh cua cO che phap ly, thong thUdng ta hay noi den cd che phap ly trong mgt linh vuc CU the gan hen vdi ten ggi ciia cd che dd, dl cung vdi the che ludn la cac khai niem thiet che, cd che.
g ] NHAN LUt KHOA HOC XAHOI
The che phdp ly vi kiem sodt quyin lite nhd nUdc Id tdng the nhitng quy tac, thi thdc, chuan mUc, pham vi, gidi han, guy trinh, thu tuc, xdc lap quyin vd track nhiem cua cdc chu the, cdc bien phdp, hdu qud phdp ly... hdm chita trong npi dung cdc quy pham cua phdp ludt thUc dinh, hudng den viec kiem sodt quyin lUc nha nUdc^^K Ndi each khae, dd chinh la nhiing khung kho dUdc tao r a bdi Hie'n phap va phap luat nham gidi h a n quyen Iflc nha nfldc, dinh hudng va tao chuan miic cho hanh vi eiia cac to' chflc, ca nhan tham gia kiem soat qua trinh to' chflc va thflc thi quyen Iflc nha nfldc. The che' phap ly vl kiem soat quyen Iflc n h a nfldc la ye'u to
"'Xem: Le D5ng Doanh (2010), The che hinh thiic, thi' che phi hinh thiic, von xd hoi va sit phdt triin - Chuyen dl nghien ciiu cua De tai "The che xa h6i trong phat triin xa h6i vli quan ly phat trien xa hqi d nU6c ta hi^n nay" thuoc ChUcfng trinh khoa hge - cfing nghe cap nhh nu6c KX02/06-10.
"' Hien nay co mot so' each dinh nghia khac nhau vl the che phap ly ve kiem soat quyen liic nhk niSdc, nhU:
'The che kiem soat quyen ldc nhS nifflc l& cac quy dinh cua Hien phap, luat v^ cac vfin ban du& Iu|t lien quan den vigc to chflc, thflc hien v^ kiem scat quyen Iflc nhfi nflde, bao gom cac quy dinh cua Hien phap, phap luElt ve tfi' chflc bo may nhfi nfldc; cac quy djnh vi thanh tra, kiem tra, giam sat, kiem sat; cae quy djnh ve n ^ y e n tfic, th^m quyen, noi dung, hinh thflc, trinh ty kiem soat quyen Iflc nhfi nfldc dfldc ghi nhfin trong Hien phap, cac luat tS chflc bo may nhfi nfldc, trong lufit bau cfl, lu^t^ giam sat, thanh tra, phan bi?n xS hoi, trong cac dieu fldc va tfip quan qufi'c tS..." (xem:
Nguyin Minh Doan, Vu Thu Hanh, Cdc yS'u t6'cSu thanh cua ca che kiem sodt quyin liic nhd niidc. T?p chi Nh^ nfldc vfi phap luat, sS"? nfim 2014); hay: "Thi ehe kiem aoat quyen Iflc nhfi nfldc \k tong thi e&e quy pham phap lu^t xac lap cac ccf quan, to chflc, ca nhfin, quyen vfi nghia vu, phfldng thflc v i cac dieu ki^n bao dam de cac chu the khac nhau kiem soit quygn li^
nhfi nfldc" (xem. TrSn Ngoc Dfldng, Bdo cao ket qua nghien ci2u. DS tdi "Ctf sd ly ludn ud thiic tiin xdy dUng ca che kiem sodt quyen luc nhd niidc trong vi^c thi^
hien cdc quyen lap phdp. hdnh phdp, tU phdp d niOc ta". Vfin phong Quo'c hoi da nghiSm thu nfim 2015).
trong khuon kho bai viet nfiy, chung toi ehi xin n6u ngfin gon quan niem ve the che phap ly kilm soit quyen life nha nfldc
siii-ais
NGUYEN LONG HAI nen tang, cdt loi cung vdi cac yg'u to' khac
(thigt chg', dieu kien, md'i quan he tfldng tac gifla the chg', thig't che, eac dieu kien...) hinh t h a n h cd che phap ly kiem soat quyen lue nha nflde*^*. The che dd cd vai trd tao khung kho phap ly cho boat dgng kiem soat quyen Iflc nha nude; dinh hfldng, hudng dkn hanh vi cac ehu t h i tham gia k i l m soat quyen Iflc nha nfldc;
gdp phan lam cho quyen Iflc nha nudc dUdc to chflc va van hanh on dinh, hdp phap, chinh dang, manh me va hieu qua hdn; mot mat, ban che' nhflng bie'n thai xa'u trong to ehflc thiic thi quyen liic nha nfldc, mat khac cung ban chg' nhflng "mat trai", nhflng "can trd mgt each v6 loi" cd thg didn r a khi cac chu the lam dung vai tro kigm soat ddi vdi chfl t h i khde trong van hanh quyd'n lilc nha nude.
2. D a c d i e m c h u n g c u a thg' che' p h a p ly vi k i e m soat q u y e n Iflc n h a nfldc
TrUdc hg't, e^n nhan biet nhflng dac dilm chung cua t h i ehg' phap ly ve kilm soat quyen liic nha nudc, tfle la nhflng dac trflng cd ban d l phan biet no vdi cac the che xa hgi va t h i chd' phap ly khac (the che' phap ly trong cac Hnh vflc nhfl kinh te', dan sfl, hdn nhan gia dinh...). Theo dd, the che' phap ly ve kilm soat quyen luc nha nfldc cd nhflng dac dilm nhfl sau:
- The che phdp ly ve kiem sodt quyen lUc nhd nUdc sinh ra do nhu cdu tU thdn cua quyen luc nhd nUdc yeu cdu phdi co kiem sodt; la ke't qua cua qua trinh con ngUdi nhan thflc ra cac mat han che' cua quyen Iflc nha nfldc va co gdng kiem soat nd, bao dam de quyen lilc nha nudc dUdc thflc hien dung muc dich va cd hieu qua nhu sfl menh ban dau eua nha nUde dUdc dat ra.
sti 11-2015
Xa hgi phai phat trien den mdt trinh do nha't dinh, trong dd nen dan chu va phap quyen phai cd mdt dia vi tUdng xiing thi kigm soat quyen lile nhd nfldc mdi dUdc dat ra mdt each nghidm tue va t h i ehe phap ly ve kiem soat quyen Ifle nha nfldc mdi dUdc xay dflng thanh mdt he thd'ng.
Khdng cd nhu cau Idem soat quyen Iflc nha nudc thi khdng cd the chd' phap ly ve kiem soat quyen Iflc nha nfldc. Khi da hinh thanh, the che' phap ly ve kilm soat quyen iiic nha nudc cd tac ddng tich ciic trd lai ddi vdi viec thflc thi quyen Iflc nhd nfldc. Neil tac ddng dd la hdp ly thi lam cho quyen luc nha nfldc manh len, neu tac ddng ngUdc lai co the lam cho viec thilc thi quyen Iflc nha nUdc bi can trd.
- The che phdp ly ve kiem sodt quyen lUc nhd nUdc co nguon go'c chu ydu vd trUc tiip tii nhiing hpc thuyet chlnh tri - phdp ly ve to ehflc quyen liic nha nfldc ma giai ca'p thdng tri sfl dung trong xay dflng bd may nha nudc cfla minh. Mdi md hinh to chflc quyen luc nha nfldc cd each thflc va mflc do ap dung eac bien phap kiem soat quyen Iflc tUdng flng. Mdt nha nudc xay dung tren nen tang dan chu, phap quyg'n, cd thfla nhdn va ap dung hoc thuye't phan chia quyen lUc la nhflng tien de cd ban d l hinh thanh t h i che phap ly ve kiem soat quyen Iflc nha nfldc. Dfla tren cac ly thuye't ve to chflc quyen Iflc nha nfldc, the che' phap ly ve kilm soat quyen Iflc se do chinh Nha nudc ban hanh.thdng qua each
'^' Hien nay, gifl cac nha nghien cflu d nfldc ta cdn ton tai nhflng quan niem khac nhau ve cac ye'u to ca'u thanh co che phap iy kiem soat quyen Iflc nhfi nfldc, tuy nhien deu tho'ng nha't rfing trong cO che do co the che, thiet che
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOI Q
DAC DIEM THE CHE PHAP LY...
dat ra cac nhiem vu, quyen han cho cac cd quan nha nfldc, dfldc Hie'n phap va cac luat ve to chflc cfla cac cd quan trong bd may nha nUdc quy dinh. Dieu do lam cho t h i chg' ve kilm soat quyen lilc nha nUdc khac vdi cac the che' trong linh vflc kinh te', dan sfl thfldng dfldc kg' thfla tfl cdc thdi quen, tap quan trong xa hgi.
- The che phdp ly vi kiem sodt quyin lUc nhd nUdc bieu hien moi quan he hai chiiu, mpt mat, gida nhd nUdc udi nhdn ddn, va mat khac, giUa cdc ca quan nhd nudc vdl nhau. Dieu nay khac vdi thd che kinh te, the che' van hoa chu yeu t h i hien md'i quan he gifla nha nfldc ndi chung vdi khu vflc dan sfl. Ngi dung cac the chg' tao ra sfl rang budc, tac dgng lan nhau gifla cac cd quan trong bg may nha nUdc, trong chinh viec giai quye't eac cdng viec ngi bd cua nha nudc, nhfl chuyen mgt dil an luat lam sao dfldc thdng qua, hay viec mdt quyg't dinh hanh chinh bi can trd.
- The che phdp ly vi kiem sodt quyen lUc nhd nudc luon phdi phit hdp vdi thi chd chinh tri cua moi qudc gia, do the che chinh tri do quyet dinh. The che chinh tri la tong the cac quy tac dieu chinh hoat dgng cua con ngfldi hgn quan dg'n cdng viec cua Nha nudc; vi vdy, nd la ye'u td cd ban anh hudng tnic tie'p dg'n viec td' chflc, thiet ke va tao lap cd che kiem sodt quyen luc nha nudc. The che chinh tri tien bg, uu Viet dg'n dau thi t h i che kiem soat quyen luc nha nudc cflng uu viet va hieu qua de'n d6. Cd che kilm scat quye'n lUc nha nudc dugc thiet lap ngay trong to chiic bg may ke't hgp vdi Cd che kilm soat tfl ben ngoai tao thanh mgt he thong kilm soat hoan chinh doi vdi quyen luc Nha nude; the hien E 3 NHANLtflCKHQAHpCXAH^I
vi tri, vai trd, md'i quan he gifla nhflng co quan cao nha't cua Nha nfldc nhfl Qufic Hdi, Chu tich nfldc, Chinh phii, Toa an vfij nhau va gifla Nha nfldc vdi nhan dan; dfl cung la the hien ban cha't the ch^ chinh tri ciia mdt ehe' do chi'nh tri xa hgi trong dfl Nha nfldc dfldc xay dflng.
- The che phdp ly vi kidm sodt quyen lUc nhd nUdc Id bp phdn cdu thdnh nin cd chi phdp ly kiem sodt quyin lUc nkd nudc.
Trfldc het, phai ed cac quy dinh cua phap luat thi mdi tao nen cd che phap ly v§' kilm soat quyen Iflc n h a nfldc, ng'u khong, quyen Iflc n h a nfldc chi ehiu sfl tac ddng co tinh kiem soat cua eac yeu to' khac, nhii dao dflc, tap quan, nig'm tin tdn giao...
Chinh cac quy dinh cua phap luat vdi d|c triing xac lap rd rang nhflng quyen vk nghia vu, each thflc to chflc va van hanh cua cac ehfl the, cac thig't che trong xa hoi ma cac chfl the a'y cd t h i hoat ddng tao nen cd che'. Thdng thfldng, the chg' la cai dg hdp thflc hda, chuan mile hda, tao nen su d'n dinh, duy tri hoat ddng cua cac thig't che trong cd che' kiem soat quyen Iflc nha nfldc. Tuy nhien, cung cd luc the che cfl tinh vfldt trfldc, md dfldng, kich thich de lap nen thiet che mdi. The ch^ dfldc xay dflng trong nhflng dieu kien kinh tg' - xa hdi nha't dinh ma cd chg' kilm soat quyln lUc van hanh, nhflng eung cd lue the ch^
gdp phan tao ndn nhflng dieu kign, thiic day hoac duy tri sfl tfldng tac gifla cac b?
phan hdp thanh de tao ra cd che mdi hofic hoan thien cd ehe dang hien cd.
- The che phdp ly vi kiem sodt quyin lUc nha nudc trudc het vd chu yeu bao gSm nhiing quy dinh ndm trong hidn phdp cua mdi gudc gia, bdi vi hig'n phap la v&n ban stf 11-911
NGLTYEN LONG HAI han che quyen luc n h i nudc. NhiJng quy
dinh trong Hifo phap la the che goc, the che can ban, then cho't, co vai tro dinh khung, dinh hudng va tao lap nguyen t4c CO ban lam can cij cho he thong the che, thiet che va la bao dam cho he thong the che duoc ban hanh ddng bo, thong nhat, kha thi va co hieu lUc, hieu qua. NhU vay, hiS'n phap la van b i n goc, tao nen khung the che phap ly ve Idem soat quyen lUc nha nudc. Tren the gidi, hau het cac nudc deu cd h i & phap t h a n h van, chi co 03 nudc khong cd hie'n phap thanh van la:
Anh, Niu-di-lan va It-xa-ra-en nhUng vSn cd cac van ban phap luat, cac quy pham phap luat duoc hlnh t h a n h theo t&p tuc truyen tho'ng, cac an le ciia Toa an to'i cao cd lien quan tdi viec to' chttc quyen lUc nha nudc, chi khdng dUOc Nha nudc tuyen bd' hay ghi nhan trong mdt dao luSt co ban la hien phap'^'.
3. Dac d i e m t h e c h e p h a p ly v l k i e m scat q u y e n Mc n h a nticic d Viet N a m
Phan tich nhiing quy dinh trong Hie'n phap v4 phap luat Viet Nam hien nay cho thgiy t h i che phap ly ve kiem soat quyen Itic nhS nudc d nudc ta, ngoki nhQng dSc diem chung neu tren, cdn cd nhiing dac diem sau:
(1) Tfie che p/idp ly ui /tiem sodt quyen Ide nfid nude d ViSt Nam Id tfie ehe liiem sodt quyen life eud Nfid niidc phdp quyen Xd hoi chu nghld.
Day la md hinh to' chflc quyen liic nha nudc doc dao chua cd trong tien 1$ dang dUdc xay dung d nudc ta theo khang dinh tai ldi vSn Hie'n phap 1992 tU lan siia dd'i, bd' sung n4m 2011 va tie'p tuc dudc k h i n g dinh trong Hie'n phap 2013. Nha nudc sf 11-2015
phap quyen xa hoi chii ngliia la nha niidc trong dd cd sii thd'ng nhsi't bien chflng giiia cai chung la "nha nUdc phap quyen" vdi cai dac thii la dinh hudng "xa hpi chii nghia". Thuoc v$ cai chung cd cac ye'u to' dudc coi n h u dau hieu cd ban ciia nha nudc phap quyen, nhU: quyen liic nha nudc thuoc ve nhan dan; cac quyen con ngfldi va quyen cdng dan duOc tdn trnng va bao ve; n h a nudc bao dam dan chu;
phap luat chie'm vi tri toi thUdng trong ddi so'ng nh4 nudc va ddi sd'ng xa hoi; nha nudc to' chflc va hoat dong theo mot cd che bao dam sfl k i l m soat quyen lUc nha nudc... Thudc ve dinh hudng xa hdi chii nghia, phai cd cac ye'u td': diia tren nen tang ly luan ciia Chu nghia Mac - Ld nin, tu tudng Hd Chi Minh; bao dam sU lanh dao va quan triet quan diem, dudng Id!
cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam; cd muc tieu hoat ddng gdn vdi nhiing dac tning cua xa hoi xa hpi chu nghia ma chiing ta dang xay diing dudc ghi nh&n trong Cudng Hnh xay dung da't nUdc trong thdi ky qua dp len chu nghia xa hdi nSm 1992 (bd' sung, phat trien nam 2011). Cai chung v& cai dac thu neu tren hoa quyen, gSn bo hiiu co vdi nhau trong nha nudc phap quyen xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam va chi phdi manh me de'n ban cha't, noi dung, phuong thflc van hanh the che' phap ly ve kiem soat quyen liic nha nudc d nudc ta; trong dd, nha nudc phap quyen la cd sd tien de", ddi hoi phai cd hoat dpng kiem soat va dinh hudng xa hpi chii nghia vdi cac muc tieu ciia nd la ye'u td' dinh hudng, d&n dat de
^ Xem: Nguyen Dang Dung, Bui Ngoc Son (2004), The che chinh tri, Nxb. Ly luan chi'nh tri. H i Noi, tr.38.
NHtN LUC KHOA H9C Xii Hfl Q
DAC DIEM THE CHE PHAP LY...
hoan thien the che phap ly ve kiem soat quyen Iflc nha nfldc.
(2) The che phdp ly vi kidm sodt quyin lUc nhd niidc d Viet Nam diidc xdy dUng tren nguyen tdc "quyen lUc nhd nUdc la thdng nhdt, cd sU phdn cong, phoi hap vd kiim sodt gida cdc ccf quan trong viec thUc hien cdc quyin lap phdp, hdnh phdp vd tUphdp".
TrUdc day, do anh hucing nhieu cua md hinh nha nfldc theo kieu xd-vie't, bd may nha nfldc ta dfldc td chflc theo nguyen tac tap quyen, trong dd quyen Iflc nha nUdc tap trung d Qud'e hdi, cd quan dai bieu cao nha't cua nhan dan dong thdi la cd quan quyen luc cao nha't cua nha nU6c. Tinh tho'ng nhat tap quyen cao den ndi trong cac nghien cflu ve quyen Iflc nha nfldc chi phe phan sii hinh thflc cua viec phan quyen trong cac nha nfldc tfl san, khdng h^ thfla nhan quyen Iflc nha nfldc gom cac quyen lap phap, hanh phap, tfl phap.
Trong cac ban Hie'n phap 1959, 1980 va Hie'n phap 1992 trfldc khi sfla doi, bo sung nam 2011 cua nfldc ta deu co luc sfl dung tfl "kiem scat" nhflng khdng theo nghia day du la kiem scat quyen lUc nha nUdc.
Tren thuc te, viec kiem soat quyen lUc nha nUdc cung cd nhUng chi la sU kilm sodt mgt chieu, ve nguyen tac va ly thuyg't la tap trung vao Quoc hgi, cung nhu sU kiem soat cd quan nha nu6c ca'p dudi cua cd quan nha nUdc ca'p tren.
Trong qua trinh doi mdi, xay dilng nha nudc phap quyen xa hgi chu nghia, chung ta da tflng bfldc ap dung nhflng hat nhan hdp ly cua hge thuyet phan quyen; dan den each diln dat trong Hien phap 1992 (sua doi nam 2001): "Quye'n luc nha nUdc la thdng nhat; cd su phan cong, phdi hdp gifla Q NHANLMCXHQA HOC XAHOI
cac cd quan n h a nfldc trong viec th\te h i ^ cac quyen lap phap, h a n h phap, tfl phap".
Hie'n phap n a m 2013 chi bo sung th&n cum tfl "kiem soat" ma v i n gifl nguyen tfic quyen lue nha nfldc la thdng nhKt.
Nhfl vdy, xet theo ldi van cua Hi6i phap, d nflde ta, quyen Iflc nha nfldc vin li thd'ng nhat. Quyen Iflc dd ddu la lap phap, h a n h phap hay tfl phap deu cd chur^ m$t nguon gdc thd'ng nha't la n h a n d3n, deu do nhan dan uy quyen, giao quy^n. Quyen Iflc n h a nfldc thd'ng nha't trfldc tien la si^
thd'ng nha't d muc tieu chinh tri, n6i dung chinh tri cua nha nfldc. Ca ba quy^n: l^p phap, hanh phap, tfl phap - tuy cd chflc nang, nhiem vu, pham vi khac nhau nhflng deu thd'ng nha't vdi nhau d muc tieu chinh tri chung la xay dflng mot nha nUdc
"dan giau, nfldc manh, xa hdi dan chu, cdng bang, van minh". Nhfl v^y, dfl od kilm soat the' ndo cung phai trgn tinh than bao dam muc tieu chinh tri d6, khdng de vi kiem scat ma trigt tidu muc tieu chinh tri cua Nha nfldc ta. Mat kheic, du kiem soat thd' nao cung phai nh^ni hfldng de'n bao dam quyen Iflc cua nMn dan vdi tfl each la chfl the td'i cao cua quyen liie nha nfldc. Bdi tai Dieu 6 Hi^n phap nam 2013 da chi ro: "Nhan dSn thiic hien quyen Iflc n h a nfldc bang dan chu true tie'p, bang dan chu dai didn thong qua Qudc hgi, Hgi dong n h a n dan va thdng qua cac cd quan khae cua Nha nfldc".
(3) The che'phdp ly vi kiem sodt quyin liic nhd nUdc d Viet Nam ndm trong ctf chi hoat dpng cua cd he thd'ng chinh tri dac trUng bdi nguyen tac "Bdng lanh dao, NM nudc gudn ly, Nhdn ddn ldm chd". Vi viy, chu t h i tham gia Idem soat cd n6t d$c s6ii-2t»
NGUYEN LONG HAI biet, trong do noi len vai trd Dang lanh
dao, Mat t r a n Td' qudc vk cae doan the chflih tri - xa hgi "la cd sd chinh tri cua chinh quyen n h a n dan", thflc hien vai trd giam sat va phan bien xa hdi.
0 nudc ta, ngay sau khi r a ddi vk trong sudt qua trinh phat trien eiia mmh, Nha nudc ludn cd mdi quan he chat che va chiu sU lanh dao cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam. Dang la ngudi lanh dao nhan dan lam each mang, gianh chinh quyen va Idp nen Nha nude. Su lanh dao cua Dang dd'i vdi Nha nudc la mgt nhu c^u td't ye'u khaeh quan, cd ngudn goc vk dUdc thfla nhan bdi thUc tidn lich sfl. Dieu dd dfldc khang dinh trang trgng tai Dieu 4 cac ban Hie'n phap 1980, 1992 va 2013. Khi thfla nhan sfl lanh dao eua Dang dd'i vdi Nha nfldc thi xdy dflng cd chg' Dang kiem soat quyen luc n h a nfldc la yeu c^u chinh dang va can thig't.
Cac doan t h i ehinh tri- xa hdi (Mat tran To qud'e Viet Nam va 5 doan the thanh vign, gdm: Cdng dodn Viet Nam;
Hgi Nong dan Viet Nam; Hdi Lign hiep Phu nfl Viet Nam; Hdi Cilu chig'n binh Viet Nam; Dodn Thanh nign Cong san Ho Chi Minh) la nhflng diem gan ket gifla quyen Iflc chinh tri va quyen liic xa hdi, ndi md cac td chfle xa hdi tham gia trilc tie'p vao viec thiic hien quyen lUc ehinh tri, tao nen nhflng vung giao nhau cua he thd'ng chinh tri vk he thd'ng xa hdi. Cac td chflc chinh tri - xa hdi cung vdi Dang Cdng san Viet Nam va Nha nudc tao thdnh he thd'ng chinh tri Viet Nam; trong do, cac td chflc chinh tri - xa hgi dfldc xac dinh la cd sd chinh tri cua chinh quyen nhan dan, ndi the hien y chi, nguyen vgng, tap hdp sd 11-2015
khdi dai dodn ke't toan dan, phat huy quyen lam ehu cfla nhan dan.
(4) The che phdp ly kiem sodt guyen lUc nhd nxidc d Viet Nam Id mpt the che dang trong gud trinh hodn thiin, vdi cd sd ly luan la viec van dung nhflng hat nhan hdp ly cua hoc thuyg't phan quyen, hoc thuyg't chu quy^n nhan dan, hge thuye't ve xay dflng nha nude phap quyen vao thflc ti§n xay dflng Nha nflde phap quyen xa hgi chu nghia d nfldc ta. Day Id mdt vaii de chUa ed tien Ie va md hinh eho trUde trong lich sfl. Vi vdy, la qua trinh vfla lam vfla nghien cflu, vfla r u t kinh nghiem. Vdi cd sd phdp ly la nguyen tac kiem soat da dfldc bd sung va hie'n dinh trong Hid'n phap 2013, eung vdi qud trinh dan chfl hda ddi sd'ng xa hgi va trinh do dan tri ngay cdng nang eao, the che phap Iy ve kidm soat quyen Iilc nha nude chac chan se dUdc khan tnidng hoan thien theo hfldng manh me, ddng bd hdn trong thdi gian tdi.
(5) Ve md hinh hdp ly sau khi hodn thign, the che phdp ly kiim sodt quyin lUc nhd nUdc d nudc ta se bao gdm cdc bp phdn sau:
- Kiem soat cua cac chu the ben ngoai nha nfldc:
(1) T h i che kiem soat quyen lilc nha nudc tfl phia Dang Cdng san Viet Nam.
Quyen Iflc cua Dang cam quyen la quyen lilc chinh tri, vi cd quyen ndy, Dang c^m quye'n lanh dao va kilm soat nha nudc.
Trong thilc t i l n d nudc ta. Dang cd td chflc bd may eua minh Id nhflng cd quan bgn ngoai, song song vdi cd quan nhd nudc, mfii ban cua Dang cd t h i kiem tra, giam sat mdt sd cd quan cua bg may nhd nfldc.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdi Q
DAC DIEM THE CHE PHAP LY...
Hon niia. Dang da cd mot phan "hoa than vao nha nUdc" thong qua cac td chUc cd sd dang dudc thie't lap trong cac cO quan nha nudc, qua sU lanh dao ciia cac ban can su dang, dang doan, qua nguyen tac bao cao va chiu sU kiem tra, giam sat theo Dieu le Dang, qua vai trd cua nhiing dang vien giii vi tri lanh dao chii chdt trong cac cd quan nha nUdc. Ngudi vie't bai cho r&ng, do vi t n dac biet ciia Dang cam quyen d nudc ta, cd the va c&n phai dua hoat ddng kiem soat ciia Dang ddi vdi nha nUdc thanh mdt cd ch§' kiem soat rieng. Co sd Hie'n dinh de xay dUng the che' Dang kiem soat quyen luc nha nudc la Dieu 4, Hie'n phap nSm 2013.
(2) The che nhan dan kiem soat quyen luc nha nudc, trong dd quy dinh de cac ca nhan, to chUc trong xa hdi kiem soat quyen lUc nh& nudc. Nhan dan, vdi nghia t4p hop ngudi gdm toan the cong dan cua nudc Viet Nam, la chu the tdi cao ciia quyln lUc nha nudc, cd quyen kiem soat quyen lUc ma minh da giao quyen, uy quyen cho cac CO quan nh& nudc thuc hien.
Kiem soat cua to&n the nhan dan dd'i vdi quyen lUc nh& nudc the hien trong mot sd trudng hop. Vi du.- khi nhan dan tham gia gdp y Hie'n phap, hoac tham gia cudc trung cau y dan ve mot van de nao dd;
Nhan dan vdi tu each ca nhan cdng dan ciing cd the tham gia kiem soat quyen luc n h i nudc theo cac quy dinh ve' quyen tu do ngdn luan, tu do bao chi, tie'p can thong tm, hoi hop, 14p hoi, bie'u tinh (Dieu 25 Hien phap nam 2013), quygn khieu nai to cao (Dilu 30 Hie'n phap nam 2013) d Viet Nam, nhan dan con thong qua cac to' chdc chinh t r i - x a h d i do nhan dan lap ra Q NHAN IVC KHOA H9C1IA HQI
de kie'm soat quyen lUc nha nudc. Sau kid ban h a n h Hien phap nam 2013, thi thf phap ly n h a n dan kiem scat quyen luc nhi nudc da va dang dUdc nghien ciJu hoJo thien thdng qua viec soan thao cac djo luat CO ban, nhU: Luat Mat tran T^ quj, Viet Nam, Lu&t Tie'p can thdng tin, Luit TrUng cau y dan, Luat Bieu tinh...
- Kiem soat ciia cac chii the ben troM bd may nha nUdc:
The' che kid'm soat quyen lUc giiia cac ca quan trong bo may nha nudc chii ySu the hien trong Hie'n phap va cac luSt vl t^
chflc va hoat dong cua cac co quan trong bo may n h a nUdc, nhU Lu&t Td' chiic Qu&
hoi, Luat To' chflc Chinh phii, Luat TS chflc To& an n h a n dan, Luat Td chiic chlnh quyln dia phUdng... v& co noi duag chu ye'u la cac quy dinh ve dia vi phap ly, vai trd, chflc nSng, quyen v& trach nhi$m cua cac cd quan, cac trinh tU, thu tjc trnng thUc hien nhiem vu cua mdi cd quan hen quan de'n cd che' kie'm soat quyln lilc nha nudc. Cd sd hie'n dinh cua thi che kiem soat giiia cac cd quan trong bd m&y nha nudc la Dieu 2 va cac dieu ve to' chfc bo may nha nUdc nSm trong cac chUdng V, VI, Vil, VIII cua Hien phap 2013. Trong dd cd the chia ra:
(1) The c h i kiem soat quyen lUc giiia cac cd quan nha nudc trong viec thUc hi^n cac quyen l&p phap, h a n h phap, tU phap.
D&y la su kilm soat theo true ngang 3 cfp trung Udng, la noi dung die trUng cfa quan tam nha't trong kiem soat quyln li^
nha nudc; bdi vi, chi cd d c&'p trung Udng, nha't la ddi vdi md hinh nha nUdc ddn nhtt nhu Viet Nam, thi quyln luc nh& nUdc m«
cd day du 3 bp ph&n la: l»p ph&p, htah lil1-BII
NGUYEN LONG HAI phap, tfl phap, cd day du quyen ban hanh
vd thflc thi phap luat tren pham vi ea nfldc.
(2) The che Idem soat quyen luc nha nfldc cua cd quan nhd nude d trung Udng vdi ed quan nha nude 5 dia phfldng (tap trung 5 mdi quan he gifla Qudc hdi, Chinh phfl, Uy ban thudng vu Qudc hgi vdi Hgi ddng nhan ddn, uy ban n h a n dan cap tmh); gifla cac cd quan chinh quyen dia phfldng ca'p tren vdi chinh quyen dia phfldng ca'p dfldi trong he thd'ng hdnh ehfnh; va gifla cac cd quan trong cung eglp chinh quy^n dia phfldng vdi nhau (giam sdt cfla Hgi ddng nhan dan vdi uy ban nhan ddn cung ca'p).
(3) The che' kiem soat quyen Iflc nha nfldc thdng qua cd che" bao vg Hig'n phap theo quy dinh tai Dieu 119, Hien phap 2013. Khoan 1, Dieu 119 da khang dinh Hien phdp la luat cd ban cua nude Cong hoa xa hdi chu nghia Viet Nam, cd hieu lUc phap ly cao nha't. Mgi van ban phap ludt khac phai phfl hdp vdi High phap.
Mgi hanh vi vi pham Hie'n phdp deu bi xfl ly. Cac cd quan cua Nha nUdc va toan t h i Nhan dan cd trach nhiem bao ve Hie'n phap. Cd chg' bao vg Hie'n phdp do luat dinh. Nhu vay, Dieu 119 cua Hig'n phap md ra kha nang de quy dinh bang luat nhflng cd chg' bao ve Hien phap ma cd che' nay cd thg dUdc thflc hien bdi cac cd quan nha nfldc hoac bdi nhan dan, bang each thig't lap them cac cd quan bao hig'n d mflc do phu hdp vdi Hie'n phap hoac quy djnh them quyen dan chu tnic tie'p cho nhan dan thdng qua luat trUng cau y dan. Cd chg' ndy cd the xfl ly cac van ban vi hien hoac ca cac hanh vi vi hie'n cua td chflc, cd nhan. Ne'u nhfl coi Hie'n phap la ban van
stf 11-2015
han che quyen Iflc nha nude thi the chg' bao ve Hie'n phap cung chinh la mgt phan cua the che kilm soat quyen Iflc nha nfldc, la nhflng quy dinh de -viec han che' quyen lue nha nude dUdc bao dam thUc hien.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Trinh Thi Xuyen (2008), Kiim sodt quyin lUc nhd niidc - Mpt so vdn di ly luan vd thiic tiin d Viet Nam hien nay, Nxb.
Chinh tri qud'e gia, Hd Ngi.
2. Hien phap nfldc Cong hod xa hgi chu nghia Viet Nam nam 2013.
3. Dfldng Thi Thanh Mai (2011), The chexd hpi trong phdt trien xd hpi vd qudn ly phdt trien xd hgi d nudc ta hiin nay, Bao cao td'ng hdp ket qua De tdi khoa hoc thudc Chfldng trinh khoa hoc - cdng nghg eCp nha nfldc KX02/06-10.
4. Nguyen Minh Doan, Vu Thu Hanh (2014), "Cac yeu to' cd'u thanh cua cd chg' kiem soat quyen luc nha nfldc". Tap chi Nhd nUdc ud phdp luat, so' 7.
5. Tran Nggc Dfldng (2015), Cfl sd ly ludn ud thUc tiin x&y dUng ca chd kiem sodt quyin lUc nhd nUdc trong viec thiic hien cdc quyin lap phdp, hdnh phdp, tii phdp d nudc ta, Bao cao ke't qua nghign cflu De tai cap bg. Van phdng Quo'c hdi da nghiem thu.
6. Nguyin Ddng Dung, Biii Nggc Sdn (2004), The che chinh tri, Nxb. Ly luan chinh tri, Ha Ngi.
7. Vo Khanh Vinh (2014), "Ve gia tri hoc phap luat". Tap chi Nhdn lUc khoa hpc xdhpi, so'7 (14).
8. Nguyen Hflu Khien (2014), 'Trat tfl dan chu vd xa hgi dan sfl dfldi gdc nhin triet hoc xa hdi". Tap chi Nhan lUc khoa hpc xd hpi, so'8 (15).
NHANLUI: KHOA HQC XAHdr i g
