TE.UCSNG DAI H O C D O N G T H A P Tap chi Khoa hgc so 27 (08-2017)
VAN DE HOC PHI TRINH DO CAO D A N G NGHE dNirOfCTA HIEN NAY
• Phan Anh Tuan''' Tom tk
Gid thdnh va ndng luc chi trd la hai thuoc tinh ca bdn cdu thanh tieu chudn hoc phi cua mgt trinh do ddo tgo. Tuy vgy. gid thanh hoc phi trinh do cao dang nghi a Viet Nam nhiing ndm gdn day thdp vd tdng tru&ng chdm nhimg vuat qud khd ndng chi trd cita nguai hgc, dgc biet Id doi vai nhimg sinh viin CO hodn cdnh hnh te kho khdn. Tren ca saphdn tich thong ke thuc trgng vdn de hgc phi trinh do cao ddng nghe 2010 - 2015, hdi bdo phdt hien tinh mdu thudn noi tgi cUng nhu cdc hgn che trong vdn de hgc phi trinh do cao ddng nghe a nuac ta hien nay Id do tdc dgng tntc tiep tie su gia long qua mire cua chi so CPI, tang trudng GDP binh qudn ddu nguai cham va su hd tra tdi chinh hgc tap cua chinh phu CO hgn Trencasado, bai bdo de xudt mgt so kien nghi va gidi phdp phit hap, gop phdn hoan thien vdn de hgc phi trinh do cao ddng nghe a nuac ta hien nay.
Tit khoa. Hoc phi, gid thdnh, kha ndng chi trd, sinh vien. cao ddng nghe.
1. Dal van de cau thuc te nhung vugt kha nang chi tra ciia nguoi Hoc phi day nghe noi chung, cao dang nghe hpc, d|c biet la doi voi nguoi hpc co hoan c^nh (CDN) noi rieng la vSn de nong thu hut sir quan tam kinh te gia dinh kho khan. Van de nay duong nhien cua xa hpi trong dieu kien nuoc ta dang mo rong
quy mo dao tao CDN de xay dung nguon nhan luc ky thuit thyrc hanh b^c cao phuc vu phat tnen kinh te - xa hpi. Tren thuc te, de xay dung tieu chuan hgc phi CDN vira phu hop voi hao phi dao tao, vira phu hop vol kha nang chi tra cua nguoi hpc la mot van de nan giai doi hoi c6 cac giai phap va doi sach hpp H Nhung nam qua, hpc phi trinh dp CDN da gia tang cung voi tang truong GDP binh quan dau nguoi nhimg thuc chat tieu chu&i hpc phi CDN o nuoc ta hien nay vin con thap so vdi yeu cau thuc te. Nam hpc 2013 - 2014 tieu chuan hoc phi trinh do CDN nuoc ta dao dong tir 2,6 trieu - 4,9 trieu/
nam hpc/ sinh vien (SV) "So voi tieu chuan tiiu hpc phi tai mot so co so dao tao CDN nuoc ngoai cung
CO quan he mat thiet voi dien bien tang truong thu nhap binh quan dau nguoi va gia tang chi so CPI nhijng nam gan day Tren co so phan tich thong k§
thuc trang van de hoc phi CDN nuoc ta giai dogn 2010 - 2015, bai bao chi ra tinh mau thuan npi tai ciing nhu nhiing h^n ch6 trong van de hoc phi CDN.
Tir do de xuat mpt so giai phap phu hop de hoan thien van de hpc phi CDN hien nay
2. Thuc trang van de hoc phi trinh do CBN tf nmrc ta hi^n nay
2.1. Bien doi trong tang tnrong djnh mux thu hoc phi
Tir Nghi dinh 49/2010/ND-CPve quy djnh miic tran hoc phi doi voi trinh dp CDN tir nam hpc 2010 - 2011 den nam hpc 2014 - 2015 cho kynhuHocvi^nKy thuat day nghe Vu Han (17,2 thay dinh miic tran thu hpc phi trinh do CDN tri^u dong/nam/ SV); Hpc vien Ky thuat day nghe doi voi cac nganh nghe dao tao da tang qua cac Nam Kinh (14,3 trieu dong/SV/nam)" [1], khong nam hpc,
kho nhgn ra tieu chuan hpc phi CDN 6 nucrc ta co su chenh lech kha Ion trong khi hao phi dao tao CDN ve CO ban lanhu nhau. Mac dil hpc phi trinh do CDN 6 nuoc ta hien nay con thap so voi yeu
Bang 1. Dinh mirc tran hoc phi trinh dto CfiN vi chi so gia t3ng CPI 2010 - 2014
o Nghien ciru smh, Vien Nghien ciiu Kinh t l Giao due va Quan ly, Tnroug Dai hoc Khoa hpc Ky thuat Bac Kinh, thanh pho Bfic Kmh. Tnmg Quoc.
tiim Cao nhat (dong/thdng/St 'i Tang so vm nSm tnicrc (%) Thap nhat (ctdng/thang/S\'}
Tang so vdi nSm tnnic CM so gia tang CPI so vol nam tnidic (%)
2010 410.000
220,000
11,75 2011 440 000
7,31 230 000
4,5 18,13
2012 460 000
4,5 250.000
8,7 6,81
2013 490.000
6,5 260.000
4,0 6,04
2014 520.000
6,1 280.000
7,7 4,09 Sgudn - Xghi dinh sd 49/2010/ND-CP vd Tong ciic Thong kS.
TRUCtNG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chi Khoa hpc so 27 (08-2017)
Nam hpc 2014 - 2015, dinh muc tran hpc phi CDN dao dpng tir 280.000 dong/thang/SV den 520.000 dong/thang/SV So voi nam hpc 2010-2011, dinh mirc tran hoc phi trinh dp CDN cao nhat va thap nhat da tang tit 60.000 dong/thang/SV den 110.000 dong/thang/SV Dong thoi, dinh mirc tran hpc phi hang nam tang khong toi 10% so voi nam truoc. Dieu nay phan anh tang truong trong dinh mirc tran hoc phi trinh dp CDN ch&m va chua tuong xiing voi yeu cau th\rc te.
Thienhdt, giai doan2010- 2014, tang truong GDP CO ehieu huong di xuong nhung chi so l&m phat CPI gia tang dSn toi gia ca leo thang va duong nhien chi phi dau tu trong dao tao nghe ciing phai gia tang tuong ung.
Thir hai, mpt trong nhimg dac thii dao tao trinh dp CDN la dao t ^ nguon lao dpng ley thu|t thuc hanh bac cao dap ung yeu cau cua doanh nghiep.
Do do, trucmg hpc phai dau tu trang thiet bi dao tao nghe tien tien hien dgi. Dong thoi, nguoi hpc nghe trai qua 70% tong so thoi gian hpc tap tgi cac xuong thuc hanh nghe va thuc tap san xuat, hao phi ve ngiofen li^u thuc hanh, di?n nuoc, hao mon may moc, , la kh6ng nho va can phai co nguon kinh phi dau tu thich hpp
Thir ba, trong thoi dai kinh te thi truong, cac doanh nghi?p van dyng nhung thanh tim khoa hpc ky thu^t de tang nang suat san xuat. Nguoi lao dong CO trinh do chuyen mon ky thuat, lanh nghe van hanh day chuyen san xuat hien dai ciing dupe tra muc luong tuong xiing. Tir do lam phat sinh nhu cau tang luong tir dot ngfi giao vien, nhihig nguoi lam cong tac dao tao va g i ^ g day trong linh vuc dao tgo trinh dp CDN. Tir nhimg nguyen nhan khach quan noi tren, dac bi^t la nguyen nhan thir nhat va thir hai co the thay dinh mirc tran hpc phi trinh dp CDN o nuoc ta nhimg nam gan day tang truong cham va thap so voi yeu cau thyc te.
2.2. Kha nang chi tra cua ngiroi hoc Kha nang chi tra ciia nguoi hoc la mot trong nhimg nhan to quan trpng danh gia tinh hpp li, bat hpp li trong xay dung tieu chuan hpc phi ciia mpt he thong dao tgo.
Bang 2. GDP binh quSn dau ngaiti va muv tran hoc phi trinh do CBN 2010 - 2014 NJm
GDP binh quan dau ugain (tri^u dong/nSm/
nguoi) Djnh muc tran hoc phi (tn^u dong/
namhoc/SV) Dinh muc tran hoc phl/GDP binh quSn d^u nguoi (%)
2010
21.66
2,2 - 4,1
10,2 -18,9 2011
26,22
2,3 - 4,4
8,8 -16,8 2012
36,84
2,5 - 4,6
6,8 - 12,5 2013
41,23
2,6 - 4,9
6,3 - 11,9 2014
43,04
2,8-5,2
6,5-12,1
NguSn. Nghi dinh sd 49'2010/ND-CP vd Tdng cifc Thdng M.
Dinh miic tran hoc phi trinh dp CDN da gia tang Cling voi tang trudng GDP binh quan dau ngucri (xem bang 2) Dong thoi, dinh mirc tran hoc phi hang nam chiem chiem 6,3% -18,9% GDPbinh quan dau nguoi Tuy nhien, do chi so gia tang CPI din toi chi phi hpc tap trinh dp CDN vin con cao so vdi kh& nang chi tra cua nguoi hpc. Dgc biet, doi vol cac ho cgn ngheo, ho ngheo theo Quyet dinh 09/2011 /QD-TTg cua Thu tuong Chinh phii. Khdo sat ve mirc sinh hoat phi cua Trung tam Ho ttp SV Dai hpc Van Lang cho thay, nam 2013 sinh hogt phi SV theo hpc tgi thanh pho Ho Chi Minh dao dpng til 19,55 tn^u den 26,76 trieu/SV/nam hpc. Nhu vay, tong sinh boat phi va hoc phi binh quan cua mpt SV hpc CDN tai thanh pho Ho Chi Minh nam 2013 la 26,905 trieu/SV/nam hpc, chiem 65,26%
GDP binh quan dau nguoi nam 2013, dong thoi vuot qua kha nang chi tra ciia nguoi hpc tiiupc ho cgn ngheo, ho ngheo theo quy ^nh (cao gap 4,98 lan thu nhap binh quan ciia hp ngheo theo qi^ dinh).
Tong chi phi hpc tap tuong doi cao din toi mpt bo phan SV co hoan canh kinh te kho khan phai lam them ngoai gio hoc de trang trai chi phi hpc t^
hogc khong co kha nang chi tra du chi phi hoc t^, phM thoi hoc giiia chimg Dieu nay da anh hudng khong nho den hieu qui dao tao ciing nhu hieu qua dau tu tir nguoi hpc nghe va gia dinh.
2.3. Che do tin dijing SV, h9c sinh Che dp tin'dung SV, hpc sinh la mot trong nhung chii truong h6 trp hpc tap doi voi SV, hpc sinh CO hoan canh kho khan dang theo hoc tgi cac truong dai hpc, cao d&ig va trung cap cua Chinh phu thong qua Ngan hang Chinh sach Xa hpi, Tu
TRUCJNG DAI HOC D 6 N G THAP Tap chf Khoa hpc so 27 (08-2017)
khi ban hanh quyet dinh tin dung SV, hpc sinh (27/09/2007) den nay, Chinh phu da ba lan dieu chinh dinh mirc vay von. Tuy vay, dinh miic vay von SV, hoc sinh hien tgi van con thap so voi toe do gia tang chi so CPI Cu the nam 2014, dinh muc tin dung SV, hpc sinh la 1.100.000 dong/SV/thang, tang 100.000 dong so voi nam 2010, trong khi do, neu xay dung dinh miic vay von dua tren chi so gia tang Igm phat tii nam 2010 dki nam 2014, dinh miic vay von phii hpp van cao hon v6i dinh mite vay von theo quy dinh. Dong thoi, xet 6 goc dp tong chi phi hpc tap (hoc phi va sinh hoat phi) hang nam, dinh mirc vay von cung chi dap iing chua toi 50% tong chi phi hpc tgp. Dieu nay cho thay che do ho tro tai chinh cua Chinh phii doi voi SV CO hoan canh kho khan trong do co SV CDN van con co ban. Tinh co han trong che dp ho trp tai chinh hpc tgp d6i voi SV c6 hoan canh kinh te kho khan trong do c6 SV CDN c6 the dan toi nhiing doi tupng nay de rai vao riii ro trong dau tu hpc CDN nhu nii ro ki vpng hieu qua dau tu dgt dupe, rui ro benh tgt om dau, rid ro lira chpn nghe dao tao...
do thieu chi phi hoc tap.
2.4. "Khoang trong" trong thu hoc phi Dinh miic thu hoc phi thap dan tdi hi^n tupng mpt bp phan ca nhan dong tien xet tuyen hoc CDN va dong hpc phi CDN nhung thuc chat kh6ng tham gia khoa hpc ma de xin giay tam hoan nghia vu quan su Ben canh do, mpt so SV o tinh, gia dinh CO dieu kien, chi phi hoc tap dupe gia dinh chuyen qua th^ ngan hang nhung do y tfiiic hoc tgp kem, do tac dpng tieu cue tir moi truong xung quanh da khong dong cac khodn phi hpc tgp theo quy dinh, sir dung chi phi hpc tap vao cae boat dpng vui choi giai tri hoac dau tu vao ITnh vuc khac Nhimg hien tuong nay tuy khong nhieu nhung da tac dpng true tiep den tiiai dp, tam ly hpe tap eua nhung S V khac. Dgc biet la nhiing S V co hoan canh kho khan dang sir dung nguon von vay tir ngan hang de dau tu hpe nghe.
3. Mot so kien nghi va giai phap De xay dung tieu chuan hpe phi vira phii hpp voi hao phi dao tgo vira phii hpp voi khd nang ehi tra, nguoi hpc can co tong the cac giai phap va doi sach phu hpp. Dua tren nhiing van de ton tgi cua hoc phi CDN nhimg nam gan day, bai bao de xuat mpt so giai phap sau
3.1. Tang dinh mirc hoc phi trinh do CDN Trong di§u kien tieu ehuan hpc phi CDN 6 nuoc ta hien nay con thap va ehua phii hop vcri gia thanh dao tgo CDN hay noi each khac la chua phil hpp vol hao phi trong dao tao CDN, tang dinh mirc hpc phi trinh dp CDN la mpt van de tat yeu.
De thyrc hien Ip trinh tang dinh mite hpc phi CDN phil hpp va khoa hoc, nha nuoc nen mo rpng che dp tu chu doi voi eac truong CDN, dae bi?t la tir chil ve tai chinh. Thong qua mo rpng che do tu ehu, edc truong se chii dpng xay dung tieu chuan hpc phi CDN phu hop voi hao phi dao tao thuc te va nang luc chi tra 6 nhimg vimg kinh te, nhiing dja phuong khac nhau Vi?c tang dinh muc hoc phi va giao quyen tu chii doi voi cac truang CDN trong xay dung tieu chuan hpc phi se khong chi giup cac trucmg CDN nang cao nang lire cgnh tranh dao tao, nang cao chat lupng dao tao ma con hgn che dupe van de "khoang trong" trong thu hpc phi hien nay.
3.2. Doi moi va hoan thien che do tin dung SV, hgc sinh
Viec tang tieu chuan hpc piii CDN phii hpp voi gia thanh dao tao va hao phi dao tgo duong nhien se tao ra ap luc kinh te khong nho doi voi SV CDN CO hoan canh kinh te kho khan. Do vgy, trong thoi gian toi Ngan hang Chinh sach xa hpi e ^ tiep tue tang mirc vay von doi vm cac SV co hoan canh kho khan. Mite vay von phdi dam bao toi thieu kha nang chi tra eua nguoi hpe trong qua trinh dao tao Qua do, han che rih ro trong dau tu hoc CDN doi voi nguoi hoc. Ben canh do, nhiing nam gan day, ti le SV ra truong tim kiem viec lam phu hpp kho, that nghidp gia tang. Vi vay, Ngan hang Chinh sach xa hpi nen keo dai co che tra no, gia ban np doi voi SV CDN. Viec keo dai thai gian tra np va gia ban no se gop phan gidm bot ap luc tra no doi voi SV CO hoan canh kinh te kho khan, dong thai giam bdt nii ro trong thu hoi von vay cho ngan hang.
3.3. Van dong xa hoi ho tra tai chinh doi voi SV hoc nghe kho khan
Viec ban hanh va thuc hien che dp tin dung SV, hoe sinh tir 2007 den nay da phan anh su quan tam va d0ng vien ciia Ddng va Nha nuoc doi voi S V co hoan canh kho khan dang theo hoc tai cae truong dai hoc, eao ding. Tuy nhien, thuc te cho thay, ngan saeh ho trp vay von hpc t^ cua Nha nuoe thong qua Ngan hang Chinh sach xa hpi ciing eo gidi han
TRU(3NG DAI H O C P O N G T H A P Tap chi Khoa hoc so 27 (08-2017) nh4t ^nh va khong the dap img va giai quyet nhu - Chinh sach ho trp tai chinh cua Chinh phu eau vay von cho tat ca cae doi tupng S V kho khan doi voi S V hpc nghe thong qua che do tin dyng SV trong do CO SV CDN Vi vay, nha trucmg can ehu hpc sinh con co hgn. Dieu nay co tiie tgo ra nii ro dpng keu gpi cac doanh nghipp, chinh quyen dia trong dau tu hpc CDN doi vdi nguoi hpc co hoan phuong, cac manh thudng quan, cac to chiic doan canh kinh te kho khan.
tiie xa hpi ho tro mpt phan chi phi hpe tgp doi vdi - "Khoang trong" trong thu hpe phi da tac SV hpe nghe co hoan canh kho khan thong qua c ^ ddng den thai dp, tam ly hpc tap SV hpc nghe, du cac hpc bong khi^en hpc dinh ky Dieu nay vira tac dong cua ehiing la khdng dang ke.
the hi^n sir quan tam h6 tro eiia xa hpi vita giam Dudi goc nhin ca nhan, tac gid de xuat ba giai bdt ap luc ve mat kinh te doi vdi SV hpe nghe eo p h ^ nham hoan thien van de hoe phi trinh dp CDN hoan cdnh kho khan. Qua do an tam hpc tap, thuan 6 nude ta hipn nay bao gom day manh kinh phi dau lpi tot nghiep. tu tir ngan sach nha nude; nang cao heu ehuan tiiu
4. Ket luan hpe phi va dinh miic tin dung SV, hpc sirtii va keu Tren co sd phan tich thuc trang van de hpe goi luc lupng xa hpi tham gia hS trp tai chinh doi phi trinh dp CDN d nude ta hien nay, co the nit ra vdi SV hoc nghe co hoan canh khd khan, mpt so ket luan sau: Mac dii phan tich van de hpc phi CDN trong
- Tieu chuan thu hpe phi tang trudng ehgm va phgm vi bai bao nay ehua thirc sp day dii va bao t h ^ so vdi yeu cau thuc te quat dong thdi nhimg gidi phap dua ra con phii - Tang tmdng tieu chuan thu hoc phi phu hop thuoc vao su tang trudng kinh te va gia tang lam vdi tang trudng GDP nhung do chi so CPI gia tang phat trong thdi gian tdi nhung bdi bao se eo tac dung ddn tdi ehi phi hpe tap vupt qua kha nang ehi tra nhat djnh dot vdi hoan thien van de hpc phi CDN./.
ciia ngudi hoc co hoan canh khd khan.
Tai li^u tbam khao
[1]. Cao Shu-Jiang (2014). "Some issues on tuiUon of Chinese Higher Education", yowr«a/o/C/i;«offig/ie?
Education Research, (5), p. 44-48.
[2]. Chinh phii (2010), N^hi dinh 49/2010/ND-CP ngay 14/5/2010 ciia Chinh phii vi miin, gidmhgcphi, hd trg chi phi hoc tap vd ca che thu, sir dung hgc phi ddi vai ca so gido due thudc hi thdng gido due qude ddn lit ndm hoc 2010 - 2011 din ndm hgc 2014 - 2015.
\3\ Thii tirdtig Chinh phu (2007), QuySt dinh so 157/2OO7/Q0-TTG ngay 27/9/2007 ciia Thii tirong Chinh phil ve tin dung ddi v&i hoc smh, SV
[4]. Thu tudng Chinh phu (2011), QuySt dinh s6 09/2011/QD-TTg ngay 30/01/2011 cua Thii tucmg Chinh pitiivi viec ban hdnh chudn hg nghio, hd can nghio dp dunggiai dogn 2011 -2015.
[5] Thii tudng Chinh phii (2013), Quyk dmh s6 1196/QD-TTg ngay 19/7/2013 ciia Thu tudng Chinhphu vi dieu chinh mdc cho vay ddi vai hgc smh. SV.
[6]. T6ng ciicTh6ng ke, Tdng trudng GDP hinh qudn ddu ngudi vd chi sd gia ldng CPI 2010 - 2014, www.gso.gov.vn
[7] Wu Yi-ying (2008), Introduction to Higher Education Economic, Guang Dong Higher Education Pubhshing House, China.
CURRENT TUITION OF HIGHER VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN VIET NAM Summary
Cost and solvency are two basic attributes to constitute tuition standards of a training program. However, the tuition of higher vocational educafton in Vietnam in recent years is low with slow growth, but exceeds students solvency, especially for those of low mcome families. On statistically analyzing 2010-2015 year's tuition of higher vocational education, this article identifies its intemal conttadictions and limitations, which are directiy impacted by die excessive increase in CPI, but a slow one in GDP per capita and student loan programs limited. Thereby, tiie article suggests a number of suitable recommendations and solubons Hopefully, these soluttons are practically useful to perfect the tuibon issue in question
Keywords: Tuition, cost, solvency, student loan program, higher vocational education.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 17/10/2016; Ngdy nhdn lgi: 29/12/2016; Ngdy duyet ddng: 25/7/2017.
