DOI PHO VOI NHLTNG TRC DONG XR HOI CUR QUR TRlNH TRI CO CA'u DORNH NGHlfP - THLTC T I I N € U
TS. Tran Thj Phuong Hoa Vien Nghien ctiu Chdu Au
H i e n nay van de tai co cau, hay cu the hon, tai co cau doanh nghiep dang la diem nhan qu;n trpng trong chinh sach cung nhu thuc tien o EU. De chuan hi eho ke hoach tai CO cau trong giai doan keo dai hai muoi nam (2001-2021), EU da tiln hanh mpt chiln dich bao gom nhieu goi hoat dpng, trong do phai ke toi hoat dpng on dinh xa hgi do nhiing hau qua ciia tai ca eau. Mgt trong nhiing hau qua xa hpi nghiem trpng ma tai co cau gay ra la nan that nghiep. Bai hgc lich sir cho thay, lan song thit nghiep khong the kiem che chinh la trieu chimg dau tien ciia cupc dai suy thoai 1929-1933. Trong mpt chuoi tae dpng qua lai, tai lugt minh, nan that nghiep keo theo nhiing hau qua xa hpi nang ne nhat.
De doi pho voi hieu iing day chuyen, EU da xay dung mpt ehien lugc dai han lien quan tai nhiing hau qua mang tinh xa hgi do tai co cau gay ra, trong do duong dau voi nan that nghiep la muc tieu hang dau.
I. Xay dung cong cu to chirc va tai chinh giam sat qua trinh tai co- cau
Tai ea cau khong phai ia thye lien moi me o chau Au. Cac nha hoach dinh ehinh sach ciing nhu cac doanh nghiep 6 chau lue nay luon chuan bi lam thiie cho nhiing thay
doi theo chu ky. Ngay tir nam 2001, EU thiet lap Trung tam Giam sat Chau Au ve thay doi (European Monitoring Centre on Change- EMCC), la mpt co quan nghien ciiu va thong tin nham giiip nguoi dan trong EU biet each dy bao va kiem soat dugc nhirng thay doi dien ra trong mgi ITnh vyc ciia nen kinh te.
Trung tam nay dugc dat tai Dublin va boat dgng tir ngan saeh ciia Nghi vien Chau Au, Hgi dong Chau Au va cac doi tac xa hpi khac. EMCC co trach nhiem theo doi nhiing bien dgng kinh te - xa hgi co the dan den nhirng thay doi trong kinh te chau Au, dac biet chii trpng toi nhiing hau qua tir sy thay doi cong nghe, to chiic lao dpng, mo hinh san xuat va kinh doanh, phap ly, thyc tien lam viec, thi truang lao dpng. Nhimg ITnh vyc ma EMCC quan tam la: I) Tai co cau va canh tranh; 2) Viec lam; 3) Ky nang va trinh do; 4) To chiic va quan ly cong viec; 5) Trach nhiem xa hpi ciia doanh nghiep. Nam 2002, ca che Giam sat Tai ca cau (European Restructuring Monitor-ERM) dugc thiel lap trong khuon kho EMCC nham muc tieu giam thieu cac tac dpng xa hpi ciia tai co cau doanh nghiep. Thiet ehe nay eo chiic nang giam sat hoat dpng tai eo eau eiia 27 nuoc thanh vien EU va Nauy, chii trpng den tac
22 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N"7 (154).2013
dpng cua tai eo cau doi vai thi trucmg viec lam. Cac san pham eua ERM la cung cap danh muc cac cong ty trai qua tai cau tnic , tir cac so lieu do, ERM lap bao cao hang quy dua ra nhiing khuynh huang tai cau triic ehii dao. Nhung bao cao nay dugc cong bo tren ERM quarterly. San pham quan trgng nhat cua ERM la mpt ca so dii lieu ve ve cac cong cu ho trg tai co cau (restructuring support instruments), cho den nay da cap nhat duge gan 400 cong cu da dugc iing dung trong thyc tien tai co cau doanh nghiep tai cac quoc gia thanh vien EU. Ngoai ra, ERM con CO bao cao hang nam trinh len Uy ban Chau Au, danh gia ve cac hoat dgng tai co ciu cung nhu tinh hieu qua ciia eac ehinh sach da de ra lien quan den hoat dgng nay.
Khiing hoang loan cau vai nhCrng tae dgng khiing khiep ciia no lam d i y nhanh bien doi, eiing nhu gia tang cae tac dpng tieu cue ciia tai co cau. Nam 2008, khi khiing hoang kinh te va tai chinh bat dau le buoc chan than chet cua no tren loan the giai, cae nha lap chinh sach ciia EU da lap tiic canh bao ve nguy ca true tiep ciia no, trong do nguy CO tram trpng nhat va d l lai hau qua sau rgng nhat la tac dgng den thj truong viec lam. Cuoi nam 2008, Uy ban Chau Au ra thong cao bao ehi rang Bao cao Tai co ciu ciia nam nay se nhan manh den thay d l i dien mao viec lam. Thong bao neu ro: "Bdo cdo Tdi ca cdu 2008 cua chdu Au gidi thi$u
nhirng chiin luac, chinh sdch vd hdnh dong cua EU nhdm du bdo ve thay ddi vd ddi pho vdi nhieng tdc dgng tieu cue cua tdi ca cdu, tuc la khi cdc cong ty, cdc ngdnh cong nghiip vd khu vuc kinh ti duac to chuc lgt.
Ddy la bdo cdo ddu tien trong logt bdo cdo dinh ky nhdm phdn tich qud trinh tdi ca cdu vd tdc dgng cua no ddi vdi viec ldm " . IJy ban Chau Au da thiet lap mpt mang luai xa hgi de trao doi thong tin giiip cac to chiic xa hpi, chinh quyen cac cap, cac khu vyc giam sat CO hieu qua va dy bao dugc nhiing thay doi, cu the la:
- To ehiic "dien dan tai eo c i u " nhim thiic day doi thoai xa hgi va tang cucmg trach nhiem xa hpi eiia doanh nghiep va trao dli thong tin giiia cac d l i tugng;
- Ban hanh mpt bg cong eu nhim thu thap, trao doi, pho bien thong tin va mang luai nhiing doi tugng bj anh huong;
- Giam sat nhiing bg phan kinh te va khu vyc bj anh hucmg va tinh trang viec lam a d o ;
- Pho bien kit qua giam sat, phan tich, dac biet thong qua cac semina 6 cac quic gia thanh vien.
Trong loi giai thieu v l cac ehinh sach ho trg giam thieu tae dpng tieu cue eua tai co cau, EU n h i n manh: "Tdi ca cdu- bao gdm td chuc Igi doanh nghiip, ddng cua, sdp
' Cac cong ty tai cau tnic cung cdp sl heu cho ERM ve ten cong ty, lo^i hinh tai cau tnic, quic gia.
Restructuring in Europe 2008: Anticipating employment change, European Commission, Press Release, Brussels, 16/12/2008 MEMO/08/793.
^di pJt» oM niiu'ng. Ide ttdiiq.... 23
nhdp, thu hep, outsourcing, chuyin cho...
Id hoat dgng kinh ti cdn thiet nhung hdu qud cda nd co thi ldm ton thuang tdi rdt nhiiu ngudi. EU hien dang tim cdch gidm thiiu nhieng Idc dong tieu cue cua tdi ca cdu vd giup ngudi lao dgng phuc hoi cugc sdng dua vdo nhieng ca hoi md EU co khd ndng dua ra"^. Nhiing bien phap ma EU dua ra thupc ba giai doan (phase) sau: 1) Dy bao: Tang cuong kha iiang dy bao nham giiip ngucri lao dgng, cac cong ty, cac viing cong nghiep chuan hi san sang eho thay doi; 2) Chuin bi:
Dau tu vao nguon lyc con nguoi va vat chat (dac biet thong qua giao due va dao tao); 3) Quan tri: De xuat nhimg giai phap nhim giam thieu chi phi xa hpi. Khuyin khich nguoi lao dpng dua thong tin va tu van.
Uy ban Chau Au neu muc tieu ciia nhiing ho trp nay: "Tdi ca cdu gdy kho khdn cho rdt nhiiu doi luang, ddc biit la ngudi lao dong vd cdc khu vuc kinh te... Nhieng ddi tugng iham gia vdo ldi ca cdu dugc tgo dieu kiin tim hem cdc gidi phdp nhdm ddm bdo nidi lien kit vd nguon lire irong cdc giai doan cua qud trinh. luc die bdo cho tdi kiem sodl thay doi De tdng cudng ca hoi cho cdc cong nhdn bi thdt nghiip, cdc cong ty, cdc khu vuc kinh ti bi dnh hudng do qud trinh tdi ca cdu. cdn nhanh chong thuc hiin ki hogch
. Restructuring, xem:
I http://ec.europa.eu/50ciaL/main isp?calld^782&lanprd
ung pho duac diiu phdi bdi nhieng dgi ddc nhiem "^
Trong qua trinh tai co cau doanh nghiep sau khiing hoang, EU da dua ra mgt goi cac bien phap nham doi pho voi nhiing hieu img xa hgi ciia qua trinh nay, bao gom: 1) Ho trg ve kinh nghiem; 2) H6 trg v l giai phap; 3) Ho trg nguon tai ehinh.
De tien hanh eac trg giiip khac phue hau qua tai eo cau, EU da thiet lap mpt so cong cu tai chinh sau:
Quy Chau Au eho Toan cau hoa (European Globalisation Adjustment Fund- EGF) vcri nguon tai chinh moi nam 500 tneu EUR. EGF giiip nguoi lao dgng tim kiem dupc viec lam moi va hgc hoi ky nang moi khi bi that nghiep, khi roi vao hoan canli:
Cong ty hi dong cira hoac phai di dcri khoi EU do mo hinh thuang mai toan ciu thay doi; Do khiing hoang kinh t l va tai chinh loan eau. EGF trg giup nguoi lao dpng trong qua trinh tim viec (cap kinh phi di chuyin, luu trii); tu van vice lam; dao tao va dao tao lai tay nghe; co van. Khac vai quy xa hpi cung cap nguon lyc cho nguai lao dpng thucmg xuyen, lau dai, EGF chi eip ho trp mpt lin, trong nhung dilu kien cin thilt.
- Quy Xa hpi Chau Au (European Social Fund-ESF) - day la mot quy lan voi ngan sach 76 ti EUR eho giai doan 2007-2013.
Muc lieu quan trpng ciia Quy la ho trg viec Checklist on restructuring process. European Commission, 2009, tr 3.
24 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (154).2013
lam, cap kinh phi de nguoi Iao dgng nang cao ky nang trinh dp. Hien nay Quy dang cap kinh phi cho cac chuang trinh do EU va chinh phil cac nuoc de ra nham cai thien va tao viec lam mai.
Chuong trinh Tien bg (Progress Program) - day la chuang trinh nham cung cap cac cong cu tai chinh trong nam ITnh vye: viec lam, phat trien xa hpi dong deu va bao trg xa hgi, cai thien dieu kien lam viee, chong phan biet doi xii, binh dang giai. Hien nay Chuang trinh Tien bp dang cap kinh phi cho cac hoat dpng tai co cau. Mpt so dy an tham gia nhu: "Lao dpng co tuoi a nhimg doanh nghiep tai co cau: stress va tinh trang sire khoe" (kinh phi hon 100 ngan EUR);
"Tai CO cau doanh nghiep va dieu kien lam viec: giam sat viec hien dai hoa hanh chinh eong" (kinh phi gan 200 ngan EUR); "Cac hgi thao danh cho Cong doan - cap do dai dien cong ty - ve cac chien lugc iing pho voi tac dpng xa hgi do khiing hoang trong nganh 6l6" (kinh phi hon 200 ngan EUR); "Goi cong cu cho tai ca cau: tim hieu nhiing doi mai qua khii va hien tai de dy bao ve eac qua trinh tai co cau" (kinh phi hon 200 ngan EUR).
- Tin dung nho (Microfinance). Quy tin dung nho mai dugc thiet lap nam 2010 voi von vay duoi 25 ngan EUR danh cho viec khoi nghiep hoac phat trien doanh nghiep nho hoac tu doanh, Cae ca nhan ngucri lao dpng, cac to chiic/doanh nghiep, cac khu vyc
kinh tl trong EU diu co thl nop don xin cap kinh phi ho trg tuy tirng trucmg hgp cu the.
2. Thuc tien cac giai phap
2.1. Ca che gidm sdt tdi ca cdu chau Au
Theo bao cao cua ERM, ke tir nam 2001 tai nay (4/2012) co 14.229 doanh nghiep a 27 quoc gia EU va Nauy da tien hanh tai ca ciu^. Cac hinh thiic tai ca cau gom co: pha san, dong cua, mo rgng kinh doanh, tai co cau ngi bg, sap nhap, chuyen doi nganh nghe, outsourcing, chuyen doanh nghiep ra nuae ngoai (offshoring). Trong do, hoat dgng mo rgng kinh doanh, sap nhap tao viec lam moi, trong khi tat ca cac hoat dpng tai co cau khac deu gay tinh trang that nghiep. Cho den thang 4 nam 2012, cac to chiic va quy ciia EU da dua ra 394 giai phap cu the luong ling vai timg truang hgp tai ca cau^. Dual day la mgt so giai phap:
- Phase Du bao (Anticipation). CJ phase nay, cac goi giai phap dua ra chii ylu dua vao cong bo thong tin ve thi truang lao dpng (EU da thiet lap trang mang cung cip thong tin viec Iam, tuyen dung va duge cap nhat lien tuc), lap diln dan trao dli kinh nghiem dao tao nang cao tay nghi va kinh nghiem tim viec, khong chi giai han trong mpt khu
http://www.eurofound.europa.eii/emcc/erm/index.phB
?template^searchractsheets
•^Xem:
http,//www.eurofound.europa.eu/emcc/erm/supporlins truments/
''Doi filid vd'i nhu'ng Ide itong...
IS
vyc, mpt quoc gia ma tren loan chau Au (social dialogue, territorial coordination), tao dieu kien cho nguai lao dgng nghi phep de tham gia vao dao tao nang cao tay nghe (truac khi tai co cau), huang dan ve each xin tai trg va cung cap dia chi cac quy ho trp cho nguoi lao dpng, ho trg eho cac doanh nghiep vira va nho tim ca hpi thu hut eae nha dau tu.
- Phase Quan tri (management). O phase nay, nguai Iao dpng dugc ho trg de co nang luc ty tim viec, ty tao ra viec Iam. Mpt so giai phap da duge ap dung la' dao tao de ngucri Iao dpng co the tham gia tu van cho nhiing nguoi lao dpng khac, ho trg tryc tiep cho nguoi lao dpng tang Ihu nhap, ho trg cho nhiing doanh nghiep moi khoi nghiep, ho trg chuyen doi nganh nghe, khuyen khich nguai lao dgng/ doanh nghiep/khu vyc dua ra sang kien tao vice lam, giam sal tinh trang that nghiep (tu van cho doanh nghiep ve dam phan vai ngucri bi sa thai), viec lam linh boat.
2.2. Trien khai chinh sdch flexicurity Mgi trong nhirng dinh huong hien nay o EU la ap dung chien lupc viec Iam linh boat nhung CO bao dam (flexicurity) . Chien lugc nay dugc Hgi dong Chau Au thong qua tir nam 2007 va hien dang tro thanh mot Iy thuyet moi ve viee lam dugc quan tam.
Chinh vi day la mpt ly thuyet moi nen hieu
qua eita no van dang tiep tue dugc theo doi.
Ngay 20 thang 3 nam 2012, Uy ban Chau Au da ra thong tin ve phan hoi ciia cac hgc gia va to chiic xa hpi ve tinh irng dung ciia ly thuyet nay trong khiing hoang. Thong bao viet: "Mac du vdn nhdn dugc sir ung hg Irong giai doan khung hodng, cdc hgc gid vd doi tdc xd hgi da bdy to thdi do nghi ngd dot vdi quan diem vi flexicurity. Do la do biin phdp ndy vdn chi mang tinh chuyin ddi chu chua phdi Id mgt chinh sdch co thi dp dung cho thi Irudng viic ldm hien dang phdi ddu Iranh vdt thiec trang nhu cdu viic Idm dang suy yiu. Tuy nhien, trong qud trinh suy thodi, mot so quoc gia thdnh viin EU nhu Diec vd Phdp da thcinh cong kht khac phuc dugc cdc hdu qud lieu cue cua suy thodi nhd thuc hiin flexicurity thdng qua ki hogch viec ldm ngdn han vd tdng cudng viec ldm linh hoat kit hgp dam bdo xd hgi"^ Cung co quan nay da nhan manh trong mgt van ban khac, sau khi thuc hien nhirng dieu tra ve hieu qua cua chien lupc viee lam linh hoat:
"Cdn phdi thdy rdng flexicurity la mgt cdch tlip cdn ndng dong... Chiin luac ndy da dugc diiu chinh lgi sau nhiing thu nghiim trong giai dogn suy thodi vd cd the con tiep tuc phdi dieu chinh trong tuang lai. phu thuoc vdo su phdt trien cua kinh ti chdu
Ve chinh sach Flexicurity, xem: Tran Thi Phuong Hoa (2011), Cdi each an sinh xa hgi a chdu Au sau khung hoang kinh te loan cdu, Nghien cim Chau Au, sfl 9/2011, tr. 14-23
Flexicurity - theory or practice (2012), European Foundation for the improvement of Living and Working Conditions,
26
NGHIEN CUU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (1541.2013Au""^ Trong khuon kho cua quy Cai thien dieu kien Song va Lam viee (Eurofound), mgt nhom cae nha nghien ciiu da tim hieu each thiie thyc hien flexicurity 6 cac nuoc va khu vyc chau Au, dac biet trong thoi ky khung hoang va hau khung hoang.
Flexicurity la sy ket hgp ciia Flexible (linh hoai) vai Security (Dam bao). Theo nghTa linh hoat, thyc tien eho thay eo chi phi lao dpng linh hoat (trg cap viee lam hoac h6 trg chi phi'dao tao), dac biet pho biln o cac nuac Dong Au. Ngoai ra con co linh hoat ben ngoai (sap xep cho nhan vien viec lam cho khac - outplacement, hoac ho trg kinh phi de nhan vien mat viec co the tim viec noi khac). Theo nghia bao dam, dam bao thu nhap dugc coi la pho bien nhit 6 cac nuoc Bae Au va chau Au luc dia, tilp theo din dam bao viec lam (a cac nuac chau Au luc dia va Anh). Nghien cuu cho thiy cac hoat dpng Iinh hoat va bao dam da dugc tiln hanh song song'°, trong do co tao vice lam mcri hoac duy tri viec Iam hien eo, chuyen dli cong viec. Hon 90% truang hgp flexicurity dugc nghien ciru cho thay co sy phli hop nham dat nhieu muc dich, ching han kit hgp hpe tap thuang xuyen, nang cao tay nghi kit hgp vai dam bao cae dieu khoan cong viec linh boat han va dang tin cay, tao viec lam
Foundation Findings - Flexicurity: perspectives and practice (2012), European Foundation for the improvement of Livmg and Working Conditions.
The second phase of flexicurity: an analysis of practices and policies in the Member Stales (2012), European Foundation for the improvement of Living and Working Conditions, p.3.
tot han, chuyen doi nghe nghiep hoac binh dang ve co hgi viec lam''. Phan lan cac bien phap deu nham vao doi tugng la nha tuyen dung, ben canh do cung co nhieu bien phap danh cho nguoi lao dgng, nguai that nghiep hoac nhiing nguai a ngoai le ciia thi trucmg lao dpng. Hau het cac trucmg hop dugc nghien ciru deu dugc khoi xuong boi cac co quan hanh chinh cap trung uong hoac dja phuang. Ngoai ra, cac to chiic xa hpi ciing dong vai tro quan trpng trong qua trinh dieu phoi, thye hien, cap kinh phi, danh gia hoat dpng.
Nhom nghien ciiu da chi ra mpt so mo hinh flexicurity o cac khu vuc khae nhau cua chau Au nhu sau:
- He thong Bae Au (Nordic system) co dac dilm la tinh an loan cao, miic dp linh hoat a tam trung binh din cao, mirc thue tir trung binh den cao. Mo hinh nay co nhiing hinh thiic to chiic viec lam ngi bp hit siic linh hoat va mirc do linh hoat ben ngoai khiem tin hom, trong do cac chinh sach hpc tap thucmg xuyen, dao tao nghi, chi phi R&D cao dong vai tro quan trgng, bao gim ca chi phi Ion cho bg phan lap chinh sach.
- He thong Anglo-Saxon co dac dilm c6 tinh linh hoat rat cao (luat bao hp viec lam kha long leo), dong thai tinh an toan kha thap (ehi phi cho chinh sach thi truang lao dpng tir trung binh din thip) va mirc thul thip. Dieu nay dan din tinh linh hoat ben
^i\i pJio vdi nltn'ng Ide itdng.,. 11
ngoai cao va phan khiic lao dpng thap, dao tao nghe 6 miic dp trung binh, ehi phi cho lap chinh sach thap va ti le ngheo van 6f miic cao. Chi phi ngan sach cong kha thap.
- He thong chau Au lue dja co tinh Hnh hoat o miic trung binh den thap, tinh bao dam nam o mirc lir trung binh den cao, thue tir trung binh den cao. Ti le viec lam tam thoi va ban thai gian 6 miic trung binh. Chi phi cho cac chinh sach viec lam dung thii hai sau cac nuac Bae Au va tong chi phi bao trg xa hpi cao nhat.
- He thong Dia Trung Hai la su ket hgp linh hoat thap (thap nhal a chau Au), tinh bao dam nam a miic trung binh den thap va mo hinh thue khong ro rang. Chi phi eho bao trg xa hgi va viec lam nam a miic trung binh so vcri chau Au, hoat dgng hgc tap thuang xuyen kha thap. Tuy nhien, ti le viec lam tam thoi 6 khu vyc nay lai cao nhat.
- Dong Au (bao gom ca Y) dugc coi la kem bao dam, tinh linh boat o miic thap den Irung binh, thue o mirc trung binh. Tuy nhien o nhiing nuoc nay ti le viec lam tam thcri va ban thoi gian thap. Tong chi phi bao trg xa hgi va cac chinh saeh thi trucmg lao dpng tich cyc a mirc thap. Tinh linh hoat thap, hoat dpng hgc tap thuang xuy8n khong pho bien''-
M3c dii la mgt chinh saeh mcri dugc trien khai, flexicurity da tao hieu qua, dac
biet trong thai ky suy thoai, dong thoi vai toe do tai CO eau doanh nghiep dien ra nhanh hem va rgng hon. Hgi dong Chau Au da phe chuan eac ehucmg trinh lien quan den flexicurity va khuyen nghi cac quoc gia thanh vien thuc hien nhiing bien phap sau:
- Duy tri viec lam, han che lao dgng thira bang each tao gio lam linh boat, tam thcri dieu chinh thoi gian lam viec va cac hinh thiic khac cua linh hoat npi bp;
- Tao moi trucmg doanh nghiep tot hem thong qua thi truong vice lam, noi yeu to linh hoat va bao dam dugc can bang; de ra he thong phiie lgi mai; giam chi phi hanh chinh, cai thien dieu hanh, giam chi phi hanh chinh;
- Tang cuong cac bien phap kich thich thong qua chinh sach h i trg thu nhap cho nhirng doi tugng chiu tac dpng tryc tiep ciia suy thoai dong thoi h6 trg hp tim kilm viec lam moi;
- Tang cucmg dau tu nguon nhan lyc thong qua tai dao tao, nang cao tay nghe, ky nang;
- Cai thien hieu qua ciia djch vu vice lam eong cgng nhu eae dich vu tu v i n chuyen doi nghe, xac dinh nhu ciu trinh dp va ky nang, gioi thieu v i | c lam, tu vin va dao tao, hgp tac giiia cae trung tam dich vu viec lam...
- Duy tri quan tam d i n vin d l gioi trong thi trucmg viee lam;
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NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (154).2013- Khuyin khich tu do di chuyen lao dpng Irong thi truong chung chau Au theo tinh than cac hiep uoc da de ra
2.3. Trdch nhiim xd hpi cua doanh nghiip
Trach nhiem xa hgi ciia doanh nghilp (Corporate Social Responsibility-CSR) duge Uy ban Chau Au dinh nghTa "/d mgt quan diem trong do cdc doanh nghiip quan tdm din cdc vdn di xd hgi vd mdi trudng trong hogt dgng kinh doanh vd trong lucmg tdc cua hg vdi cdc doi tdc tren ca sd tu nguyen"
Thong qua CRS, cac doanh nghiep co the dong gop vao cac mye tieu phat trien ben vung va nen kinh te thi truang eanh tranh cao. Ve mat chinh sach, CRS nhan manh den muc tieu eua Chien luge Europe 2020 ve phat trien thong minh, ben vung va binh dang voi muc tieu 75% nguai trong dp tuoi tir 20 den 64 co viec lam. Ung xir co trach nhiem cua doanh nghiep dac biet quan trpng khi khu vuc tu nhan eung cap cac dich vu cong. Nham giam thieu nhiing hau qua xa hgi ciia khiing hoang kinh te, dac biet la tinh trang mat viec, la mgt trach nhiem xa hgi ciia doanh nghiep. CRS da thiet ke mpt bg cac chuan mye nho do xay dung mpt xa hgi lien ket va huong toi mpt nen kinh te bin vung.
" The second phase of flexicurity, nt, tr.18-19.
'* Xem: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, European Commission COM (2011) 681, tr 3
Trong boi eanh khiing hoang co co quay lai, Hgi ding Chau Au va Nghi vien Chau Au keu gpi Uy ban Chau Au tiep luc phat triln chinh sach CRS. Trong Chien luac Europe 2020, Uy ban da cam ket day manh trach nhiem xa hgi ciia doanh nghiep. Trong thong eao 2010 ve ehinh sach cang nghiep, Uy ban cQng da de cap den van de nay Trong Hiep uoc ve Thi truang chung, Uy ban Chau Au thong bao co the thong qua chucmg trinh CRS moi vao cuoi nam 2011.
Khung hoang kinh te va nhiing hau qua xa hpi cua no da pha vo niem tin nguoi tieu dimg va mire do tin nhiem doi vai doanh nghiep. Do do, du luan xa hgi hien dang theo doi ung xir xa hgi va dao dire ciia doanh nghiep. CRS ehinh la each de xay dung lai niem tin xa hpi doi vai doanh nghiep. Theo bao cao ciia Uy ban Chau Au, eho den nay, CRS da thu dugc nhirng ket qua sau:
- So lugng cac doanh nghiep EU da ky chap nhan muoi nguyen tie CRS cua Cong uoc Toan ciu Lien hgp quic (UN Global Compacts) tang tir 600 nam 2006 len han 1.900 nam 2011;
- So cac to chiic eo trang web dang ky theo Mo hinh Quan ly va Kilm toan moi trucmg (Envirorunental Management and Audit Scheme-EMAS) tang tir 3.300 nam 2006 len hon 4.600 nam 2011;
- So cac cong ty EU ky hiep uoc ve eong ty xuyen quic gia voi cac to chirc cong nhan ehau Au de cap den nhiing vin dl nhu
'Diii piid tM'i nhd'ng Ide itvng.,.
29
;huan muc lao dgng, tang tir 76 nam 2006 en 140 nam 2011.
3. Thvc trang viec lam hien nay a EU Theo bao cao quy 1 nam 2012 ciia EU ve tinh hinh viec lam va xa hpi, thi truang viec lam a khu vuc nay da co lai vao cuoi nam 2011 va tiep tue co dau hieu tieu cue trong quy 1 nam 2012, theo do ti le that nghiep len miic 10,1% vao thang gieng. Dac biet, ti le that nghiep trong thanh nien (15-24 tuoi) len miic cao ky lyc (22,4% a EU, gan 50% o Tay Ban Nha va Hy Lap)'^. Con so nay chiing t6 rat nhieu thanh nien hge xong ma khong the xin dugc viec lam. Trong ba thang til 1/12/2011 din 29/2/2012, ERM ghi nhan co 284 doanh nghiep tai ca cau, trong do so viee lam bi mat cao hon so viec lam mai dugc tao ra vai ti le 81/145 va 65/527, trong do s6 viec lam bj mat chii yeu 6 hai nuae Hungary va Diic, tap trung vao nganh che tao'^ Trong ba thang, cae nganh bi mat viec nhilu nhit la che tao (39/190), hanh chinh cong (10/125), van tai (9/632) va moi gioi tai chinh (6/816). Trong do, nguyen nhan tuyen bo pha san gay mat viec nhieu nhat (truang hgp hang SAAB Automobile 6 Thuy Dien phai sa thai 3.600 cong nhan).
Ngoai ra con co nguyen nhan chuyen nha may ra nuac ngoai va thu hep san xuat trong iiuoc nhu hang Nokia ciia Phan Lan da ma hem nha may o Trung Quoc, An Dp, Han
^uoc, Viet Nam, khien cho eac nha may cua
Nokia a Phan Lan, Hungary giam 3.000 cong nhan'^ Trong thang 2 va 3, ti le that nghiep van a miic cao 6 hau het cae nuae thanh vien EU, dac biet trong ITnh vyc xay dyng. Nhung viee lam co nguy co hi anh huong nhat la giam doc dieu hanh trong ITnh vyc dich vu, ban le, boat dpng tai ehinh, xay dyng. Trong khi do, nganh eong nghiep dugc coi la CO trien vpng ve viec lam
Ket lu^n
Tai CO cau va tac dpng cua no toi thi trucmg viec lam la diem nhan trong chinh sach cua EU. Ke tir nam 2001, EU da thiet lap CO quan theo doi va giam sat thuc tien tai CO cau a 27 quoc gia EU. Nam 2008, khi khung hoang kinh te tai chinh lan den khu vyc nay, EU eang ehii trpng han tai tac dpng xa hpi tieu cue ciia qua trinh tai co eau von dugc day manh hem do khiing hoang. Song song vcri viec ban hanh cae chinh sach ho trp cai thien thi truang viec lam, nang cao nang lyc cua ngucri lao dpng trong viee trang bi ky nang va kien thiic can thilt dl duy tri va tim kiem viec lam moi, EU da thanh lap cac quy ho trg de giup doanh nghiep, nguai lao dgng chil dgng giai quylt viec lam. Hien nay, mac du thi trucmg viee lam 6 EU vin dang trong tinh trang suy thoai, nguoi lao dgng da dugc chuan bj san sang tam thiic duang dau voi kho khan va timg buoc tim ra cac giai phap de thao go, thong qua sy ho trg cua cac mang luoi chinh thirc va phi chinh thiic.
? EU Employment and Social Situation, I Quarterly
^eview (2012), European Commission, tr.5.
' Nt, tr. 6.
" N t , tr. 44.
'"Nt.
