NHiN RA THE G i d l Q
Tuong lai dim hat nhdn 6 An Do:
DONG TINH HAY....?
Thiet hgi gdy ra bdi cdc vu nem dd vdo nhd ddn trong Idng Nate, gdn Jaitapur trong cdc cugc bieu tinh bao
lUc chong Igi ke hoach nhd mdy dien hat nhdn d day.
(Anh: Punit Paranjpe, AFP/Getty Images)
J
aitapur dupe chpn lam dja phuong thi diem trong cdng cude phuc hUng nang lupng nguyen t d ciia An Dp vdn dUpe de ra sau mpt hiep Ude nham cham diit sp lac hau ve edng nghe ciia dat nPde khat nang lUpng nay. Chinh quyen eiia tdng thdng My George W. Bush da tap trung no Ipe ngoai giao de md dudng cho An Op mua cdng nghe hat nhan dan sp va uranium tU cac nude phuong Tay dii qudc gia nay da tU chdi ky Hiep Ude Khdng phd bien Hat nhan. NhUng tien trinh trien khai dp an hpp tae hat nhan dan sp eiia An Op dang gap phai mpt rao can Idn la sp thieu Idng tin va ehdng ddi tU cdng ehiing.Theo A. Gopalakhrishnan, eUu ehil tjch Uy ban Dien Nguyen t d An Dp, "My mudn phd bien dien hat nhan d An Dp chi don gian la vl hp mudn thiet lap mdt thj trUdng epe Idn cho eae cdng ty nang lupng eiia minh chd khdng phai de lam tU thien eho nhieu trieu ngUdi An dang thieu dien" nhan djnh dd khdng phai chi nhdng cUu quan chde ehinh phii nhU Gopalakhrishnan ma ca ngU dan, ndng dan va nhieu ngan thudng dan khac cung dang quyet tam can trd chuong trinh phat t r i l n dien hat
nhan d An Dp - dieu nay dupe the hien qua nhdng cupc bieu tinh da bat dau mang tinh bao Ipc d Jaitapur.
Nhdng cuoc bieu tinh trd thanh bao lUc
Dp an dien hat nhan tri gia 9,3 ty USD d Jaitapur, each thii do tai chinh Mumbai khoang 400km ve phia Nam, ed the trd thanh ept mdc khdng ehi eiia An Do ma cdn ciia ca the gidi. Vdi 6 Id phan Ung, moi Id cd cdng sua't 1.650 megawatt, nd se san xuat lupng dien nhieu hon 25% so vdi nha may dien nguyen t d Idn nha't dang hoat dpng hien nay - do la nha may Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nam tren bd bien phia Tay Nhat Ban. Dien se dPpe cung cap khdng ehi eho cpng ddng ndng nghiep lan can ma cho toan bang Maharashtra, bang phat trien edng nghiep manh nha't An Dp.
Trd treu la, mac dii Hoa Ky md dudng eho nhdng no Ipc hpp tac qudc te can thiet de xay nha may nhUng dp an lai diing cdng nghe ciia Phap.
Day la mot trong nhdng dp an dau tien ma edng ty AREVA (ddng tru sdtai Paris) ed ke hoach gidi thieu the he Id phan Ung dieu ap mdi ciia hp, mang ten Evolutionary Power Reactors (ERR). Budng ehUa va he thdng lam mat ddc lap dp phdng dupe xem la bUde tien quan trong ve an toan, theo mdt bao eao tU vai nam trUde ciia Lien minh NhUng nha khoa hpc quan tam (Union of Concerned Scientists - to chUe khoa hpe phi Ipi nhuan hang dau ve an toan mdi trudng, ddng tai My), nhUng cac nha quan sat An Dp van td ra quan ngai.
Hp lay trudng hpp mdt dp an ERR khac tai Phan Lan noi phat sinh van de ehi phi vUpt qua ke hoach cimg nhUng tdn tai khae, de chat van viee dUa thiet k l ehUa dupe kilm ehdng nay vao sddung.
Nha may rdng khoang 162 hecta, nam tren mdt cao nguyen gida hai con kenh ma ven bd la rUng dUdc.
Phia Ddng la rang nui Sahyadri, vdn dupe coi la mdt trong nhdng diem ndng ve da dang sinh vat ciia the gidi.
Vdi ngudi dan dja phuong thi van de la nha may - vdi dien tich rdng va lam thay ddi he sinh thai, nhat la viee thai nude ndng - se gay anh hUdng ra sao den he thiiy sinh va den cude sdng eiia chinh hp. Da cd nhdng bao cao ve viec ndng dan van tiep tue hai xoai va trdng lua gao tren khu vpc da thu hoi eho dp an. Sp ehdng ddi lan rdng sau sp kien Fukushima, cac nha hoat dpng mdi trUdng tU khap noi tren da't nudc An Dp ehi ra rang vimg duyen hai nude nay nam d mUc thU ba tren thang do nam dp ve nguy eo dja chan. Mdt ngu dan thiet mang trong cupc xd xat gida ngUdi bieu tinh vdi canh sat hdi thang TU, nhieu ngUdi khac bj thuong.
"Chinh phii An Dp tham ehi chang them can nhac rang nhdng riii ro khi xay dpng mpt nha may dien nguyen t d nhu d Jaitapur Idn hon rat nhieu so vdi Ipi ich nd dem lai," nhan djnh tU nha hoat ddng ehdng dien nguyen t d Priful Bidwai den tU Delhi.
"Fukushima la hdi ket ciia dien hat nhan d nhieu qudc gia tren the gidi, nhUng d An Dp thi mpi chuyen mdi ehi bat dau."
Tang ngudn cung cap nang luong sach
Ly do de An Do mudn md rdng dien nguyen td rat don gian. Trong khi nen kinh te nude nay tang trudng vdi tde dp trung binh 9%/nam thi 56% sd gia dinh d ndng thdn An Op - tUc khoang 400 trieu ngUdi - hoan toan khdng ed dien. Ngay ca nhdng thanh phd Idn nhat, phat trien nhat cung thieu dien va phai trang bi may phat chay xang cd Idn de de phdng.
Vdi mdc tieu thu dien binh quan dau ngUdi dupe dp kien se tang gap ddi vao nam 2020, Chinh phii ndi rang dien hat nhan - cd the cung cap mdt lupng dien Idn ma khdng thai ra khi carbon - la can thiet.
Dien A Dai song 41
S NHIN RA THE Gidl
"Nang lupng hat nhan la con dudng re nhat va sach nhat d l k i t ndi cac thanh phd An Dp vao ludi dien,"
khing djnh tU Jairaim Ramesh, epu bd trudng Bd Mdi trUdng An Op.Thpc ra. An Op bat dau chuong trinh dien hat nhan tU thap nien 1950, nhUng rdi hp bj cam mua ban cdng nghe va nguyen lieu cho dien nguyen t d trong sudt gan 30 nam. An Dp chfnh thde bj cam van vl vu t h d vu khf hat nhan nam 1974 la vl hp da t d chdi ky Hiep Ude Khdng Pho b i l n Vu khi Hat nhan.
Do vay, eae Id phdn Ung ehi ddng gdp 3% sdn lupng dien d An Op. NhUng An Op hy vpng d i n nam 2050, hp se nang ty le nay len 25%.
Chinh quyln Bush tim each giup An Dp gianh quyen t i l p can eac cdng nghe ed t h i giai q u y l t phan nao tinh trang t h i l u dien thdng qua mdt hiep Ude hpp tac ve hat nhan dan sU."Mdt trong nhdng Ipi ich ciia hiep djnh hat nhan la nd cd t h i giiip An Dp san xua't dien hat nhan hieu qua hon,"
theo Idi Anja Manuel, mdt luan sU lam viee vdi chinh quyln Bush trong qua trinh dam phan viee hpp tae va dat sp thdng qua tU qudc hdi. NhUng eae dao luat v l trach nhiem do Qudc hdi An Op ban hanh trUde t h I m cude thda thudn da ngan cae edng ty ciia My khai thac thj trUdng giau ed nay.
Cac edng ty nang lupng hat nhan cua Phap va Nga, do thudc sd hdu ciia Nha nPdc mdt phan hay toan bp nen cd mdt sp bdo lanh eao hon v l trach nhiem, vl vay ed Ipi the hPn eae edng ty IVly trong viec hpp tae lam an vdi An Dp.
Trong chuyen thdm cudi thang 7 vUa qua, ba Clinton khuyen An Dp sda ddi luat trach nhiem eiia hp cho phu hpp vdi eac quy t i e qudc t l b i n g each cam k i t vdi Co quan Nang lupng Nguyen t d Qudc t l mdt khudn khd phap ly mdi. NhPng van d l trdeh nhiem eiia eac cdng ty^ tU nhan lai la mdt van d l ehinh trj d An Dp tU sau vu tai nan cdng nghiep tham khde nhat t h i gidi d Bhopal nam 1984. Hang sdn xuat hda chat Union Carbide ciia My da khdng phdi chju trach nhiem gl nhilu vl ludt phdp Idng leo lue ay.
Nhac lai rui ro, t i m kiem cac gidi phap thay the
Nhdng ng^Udi phdn ddi dien nguyen t d d An Op cung lo lang v l ljch sd cdng nghe hat nhan ciia ehinh nUde hp, trong dd ed vu tai
nan nghiem trpng hdi thang Ba nam 1993 d nha may Narora tren bd sdng Ganges - khi dd, ngpn Ida bung len sau khi mdt cdnh quat gay rdi khdi tua-bin hoi nUde dang quay vdi tde dp eao. Tai nan dd lam eho nha may bj mat d'\in, va cung gidng nhU d Fukushima, khiln Id phan Ung qud ndng (do he thdng lam mat ngdng hoat ddng) va cdc thanh nhien lieu suyt bj ndng chay trudc khi ed dien trd lai, theo Idi dng Gopalakhrishnan, ngUdi cho rang tai nan tren "hoan toan cd t h i tranh dupe".
Ong cung eho rang vu tda nha be tdng bao bpc Id phdn dng cua nha mdy Kaiga d gan sdng Kali dd sap hdi nam 1994 la do Tap doan Nang lupng Hat nhan An Op (NPCIL) da khao sat dja hinh va giam sat chat Ippng qua kem. Viec quan ly xdy dpng nha may Jaitapur va mpi nha may dien nguyen t d khac tai An Dp deu do tap doan nay t i l n hanh. Gopalakhrishnan lap luan rang, ehua tdng ed cude thanh tra dang tin cay nao ve dp an toan eiia 20 nha may dien hat nhan dang hoat ddng tai An Dp va dng cung e h i gieu cac nhan xet ngan gpn ma NPCIL dua sau tham hpa Fukushima.
Ronen Sen, Dai sd An Op tai My trong thdi gian dien ra dam phan, khdng ddng tinh vdi Gopalkhrishnan va ung hd cac dp an dien nguyen t d ciia An Op. NhUng dng ndi rang dien hat nhan ehi la mdt phan cua gidi phap va nude dng phai giam dan sp le thude vao nang lupng hda thach ddng thdi da dang hda ngudn cung nang lupng, bao gdm ea viee dau tU eho nang lupng tdi sinh.
NhUng theo Avinash Patkar gidm ddc phat t r i l n b i n vdng eiia tap doan Tata Group, cdng ty tU nhan Idn nhat An Op - nang lUpng tdi sinh dang phdi canh tranh vdi than, vdn ed Ipi t h i la dau tP ban dau it ma Ipi nhuan cao. Qng nay cho b i i t , than cung cap hon 50% nang lUpng eho Tata nhung hp cung ed k l hoaeh nang ty le nang lupng tai sinh len 25% vao cudi thap ky nay. Cung theo dng, d l ndng lUpng tdi sinh trd nen hieu qua thi Chinh phii An Dp phdi tap trung vao viec phdn tan ngudn cap dien. Thay vl dpa vao mdt ludi dien khdng Id, theo dng, thi may chuc nghin lang mac ehUa cd dien d An Dp phai t p xdy dpng he thdng cap dien cho rieng minh. "Chung tdi
can eae doanh nghiep manh dan xay dung he thdng cap dien cho cdc lang, cd the la dien nhien lieu sinh hpe, nang lUpng mat trdi, dien gid, hoac thuy dien," Patkar ndi.
Gopalakhrishnan cho ring, Chfnh phu cung can phdi tap trung vao viec thu hdi lupng dien bj mat do truyen tdi kem va do nan an c i p dien, tong cdng Ude tinh len tdi 30% tong lupng dien. Nan an c i p dien d An Dp dugc cho la tdi te hon bat ky noi nao khae tren t h i gidi. Bidwai, mdt nha hoat ddng ehdng dien nguyen t d ndi ring, tinh cap t h i l t cua dien hat nhan se gidm di n l u Chfnh phu no Ipe gidm dp Ipe len ludi dien bang each khuyin khfch sd dung nang lupng tai sinh d quy md tU nhd tdi Idn va tang hieu qud sddung.
Ong Ramesh, Bd trUdng Ndi eac An Dp cung ddng tinh vdi Bidwai khi cho rang, k i l m soat tieu thu la mdt phan eiia gidi phap. "Vi dan sd se cdn tang nen chiing ta phai tim dupe sU can b i n g gida nhu cau nang lupng va Ippng dien sdn xua't dupe," dng ndi.
"Mdt md hinh sd dung dien mdi se phdt t r i l n t d An Op." NhUng khd khan se rat Idn, nhat la n l u An Dp mudn k i l m e h i khf nha kinh. Lupng phat thai carbon eiia nUde nay d trong nhdm thap nhat t h i gidi, chi 1,2 tan moi ngUdi, so vdi mUe trung binh t h i gidi la 5 tan va cua My la tdi 19 tan.
Tuy nhien, dan sd ddng ddng nghTa vdi viee An Op la mdt trong nhdng nUde ddng gdp nhilu khi thdi nhat ra mdi trUdng, va van de se edn tram trpng hon khi nUde nay vUpt qua Trung Qudc d l trd thanh nUde ddng dan nhat vao nam 2025. Chfnh phii An Op da Pde tfnh rang, khi nha kinh eiia hp se tdng gap ba lan trong vdng 20 nam. Vdi muc tieu kep la vUa gia tang ngudn cung cap dien va gid mdc phat thdi thap, Chfnh phii An Op khang djnh rang hp can cac nha may dien nguyen t d nhU d Jaitapur. "Chung tdi dang kham pha nang lupng tdi sinh,"
dng Ramesh ndi, "nhUng dien hat nhan van la phan chinh trong gidi phap, trd khi cd mdt chuyin b i l n Idn trong ndng lupng mat trdi hoac nang lupng gid".
Hong Hanh (Ngudn: news, nationalgeographiceom)
