S O S A N H T R A C H N H I E M D A N S U T R O N G H O P D O N G V A T R A C H N H I E M D A N S l f N G O A I H O P D ^ N G
C h e djnh trach nhiem dan sir (TNDS) ludn la mot che djnh ldn dugc sir quan tam eua cac nha lam luat. cac luat gia trong mdi thdi ky phat trien cua xa hoi. Dua vao tinh chat va nguon gdc cua nghTa vu dugc tao lap ma cac vi pham trach nhiem dugc phan thanh TNDS do vi pham nghTa vu phat sinh tu eae cam ket. thoa thuan (TNDS trong hgp ddng - TNDS do vi pham hgp ddng) va TNDS do vi pham eac nghTa vu phap ly do phap luat quy dinh chung (TNDS ngoai hgp ddng). Nhung khdng phai trong giai doan lich su nao hay phap luat nude nao cung cd su phan djnh rd rang hai loai TNDS nay. Vdi mong mudn mang den mot cai nhin toan dien hon ve TNDS. bai viet nay phan tich. so sanh nhung diem tuong ddng va khac biet cung nhu phan biet hai loai TNDS.
1. Khai niem va dac diem cua trach nhiem dan sy
Theo Tu dien Tieng Viet, trach nhiem ed the duge hieu theo hai nghTa: Mot la
"phdn viec dime giao cho hogc coi nhu dugc giao cho, phai hao dam lain Iron, neu ket qua khong lot thi phai ganh chiu phdn hau qua", hai la "su rang huge ddi vdi ldi ndi.
hdnh vi cua minh. hao dam dung dan, neu sai trdi thi phai ganh chiu phdn hau qua"1. Theo hai each djnh nghTa nhu tren thi trach nhiem ed nhieu diem tuang ddng vdi nghTa vu. nhung no cung ham chua mot diem khac biet quan trong. do la yeu to ""hau qua"'. Vdi trach nhiem phap ly, tuc trach nhiem da dugc dieu chinh va bao ve boi eac quy pham phap luat do Nha nude ban hanh. cac "hau qua" nay se lit "hau qua bat lgi'" dugc ap dat
Luat sir. Cong t_\ Luat Baker&McKenzie.
1 Trung lam Tir dien hoe - Vien Ngon ngir hoc (2003). TCr dien Tieng Viet nam 2003. Nxb. Da~NSng.
Tran Viet Anh len nhung ngudi phai chiu trach nhiem phap
ly . Trach nhiem phap ly ludn la mot che djnh quan trong ddi vdi moi he thdng luat. vi nd chinh la bao dam cho sir tuan thu phap luat cua cac thanh vien trong xa hoi. Trach nhiem phap ly xuat hien khi cd sy vi pham phap luat. la hau qua cua hanh vi vi pham va the hien sy ran de eua Nha nude ddi vdi nhung hanh vi vi pham.
Theo Giao trinh ly luan Nha nude va phap luat. trudng Dai hoc Luat Ha Ndi".
trach nhiem phap ly duoc hieu la: Trdch nhiem phdp ly id hdu qua hat loi (su trirng phgt) ddi vdi chii the vi phgm phdp ludt. the hien a mdi quan he dgc biet giua Nhd nude vdi cdc chu the vi phgm phdp ludt, dugc cdc quy phgm phdp ludi xdc lap vd dieu chinh, trong dd chu the vi pham phdp ludt phai chiu nhung hdu qua hat lai, nhung bien phdp cudng che duac quy dinh a che tdi cdc quy phgm phdp ludi.
Nhin vao khai niem tren cd the thay.
trach nhiem phap ly cd eae dac diem co ban sau:
Dau tien. nhu da trinh bay. yeu td quan trong nhat cua trach nhiem phap ly la "hau qua bat lgi"" hay noi each khac la che tai.
Thai do cua Nha nude doi vdi eac hanh vi vi pham phap luat dugc the hien qua viec ap dung cac che tai va cac che tai nav- dugc dam bao thue bien bang bd may cudng che ctia Nha nude.
Dac diem thu hai la tinh den bu. bai muc ch'ch eua trach nhiem phap ly khdng chi lit trung tri hanh vi vi pham ma ben canh do con la sir khdi phuc lai tinh trang tuang dug vdi phan hau qua ma ngudi vi pham da gay ra do khdng thyc hien nghTa vu cua minh.
2 Trudng Dai hoc Luat Ha Ndi (2006). Giao trinh K luan Nha nude va phap luat. Nxb. Tir phap.
SO SANH TRACH NHIEM.
Dac diem ve hinh thdc cua trach nhiem phap ly the hien trach nhiem phap ly chi ton tai khi dugc quy dinh trong cac van ban phap luat do co quan co tham quyen cua Nha nude ban hanh. tuc chi Nha nude co quyen xac dinh hanh vi nao la vi pham phap luat va cac che tai tuong ung vdi moi vi pham do.
Theo Tic dien giai thich thudt ngu ludt hoc cua Trudng Dai hoc Luat Ha Noi, thi
"TNDS la trach nhiem phap ly mang tinh tai san dugc ap dung ddi vdi ngudi vi pham phap luat dan sir nham bii dap ve tdn that vat chat, tinh than cho ngudi bi thiet hai""'. Neu hieu theo nghTa nay. TNDS la loai trach nhiem phap ly dugc dat ra khi va chi khi cd sir vi pham phap luat dan sir.
Con trong sd chuyen de ve Bo luat Dan su (BLDS) Viet Nam nam 2005. Tap chi Dan chu va phap luat cua Bd Tu phap lai dua ra mot each dinh nghTa khac ve TNDS trong phan thuat ngir phap luat dan su:
TNDS (theo nghTa rang) Id cdc hien phdp cd tinh cudng che duqc cip dung nhdm khdi phuc lai linh trqng han cldu cua mat quyen
ddn sic hi vi pham. TNDS (theo nghTa hep) let cdc hien phdp cd tinh cudng che dp dung doi vdi ngudi cd hdnh vi vi pham phdp ludt gdy va thiet hai cho ngucri khdc. ngucri gdy ra thiet hai phai chiu trdch nhiem khdc phuc nhung hdu qud xdu xay ra hdng tdi san cua minh (Irong do cd hdi thudng thiet hqi trong hqp ddng hogc ngodi hqp ddng) .
Cd the thay, du dinh nghTa bang each nay hay each khac. TNDS van dugc hieu la mot loai trach nhiem phap ly. Vi vay. nd mang nhirng dac tinh chung eua trach nhiem phap ly nhu ludn di kem vdi che tai, phai dirge Nhii nude quy dinh trong cac vim ban phap luat. ngoai ra vdi tu each la mot TNDS.
3 Tradng Dai hoc Luat Hii Noi (1999), Tir dien giai thich thuat ngQ- luat hoc Luat Dan sir, Luat Hon nhan va Gia dinh. Luat Td tung Dan sir, Nxb. Cong an nhan dan. tr. 42.
4 Bp Tu phap, sd chuyen de ve Bo luat Dan sir Viet Nam nam 2005, Tap chi Dan chu va phap luat. tr. 24.
duong nhien no phai mang nhung dac trung rieng eua ITnh vuc dan su:
- Can cir phat sinh TNDS phai la hanh vi vi pham phap luat dan sir. cu the hon la viec khong thuc hien. thirc hien khdng diing hoae thirc hien khdng day du nghTa vu cua ngudi cd nghTa vu dan su;
- TNDS ludn ed tinh tai san. tire la phai lien quan true tiep den tai san. vi lgi ich eua cac ben trong quan he nghTa vu dan sir hudng den bao gid cung mang tinh tai san.
Vi vay. TNDS chinh la trach nhiem bii dap cho ben bi vi pham nghTa vu mot lgi ich vat chat nhat dinh;
- Chii the chiu TNDS ngoai ngudi vi pham nghTa vu cdn co the la nhung chii the khac nhu: Phap nhan. co quan, td chirc, ngudi dai dien theo phap luat cho ngudi chua thanh nien...;
- Hau qua bat lgi ma ngudi vi pham nghTa vu phai ganh chiu cd the lit viec phai thirc hien nghTa vu, thuc hien dimg va thue hien dii nghTa vu va neu co thiet hai thuc tc tu vi pham do thi se phat sinh them trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai.
2. Trach nhiem dan sy trong hop dong va trach nhiem dan sy ngoai hop ddng
Trong phap luat cd Viet Nam. hoae tham chi trong phap luat mot sd nude deu khdng thay sy phan biet rd rang giira TNDS do vi pham hgp ddng va TNDS ngoai hgp dong (vi pham nghTa vu chung).
Neu nhin vao phap luat cac nude khac.
cd the thay mot vai qudc gia khdng cd sy phan bidt rach rdi ve TNDS trong hgp dong hay ngoai hop ddng. Nhu trong phap luat dan sy cua Nhat Ban. TNDS trong hgp ddng khdng duoc quy dinh cu the mii phap luat chi ehia ra hai trudng hgp chiu trach nhiem la tritch nhiem do khdng thirc hien nghTa vu va trach nhiem do vi pham nghTa v y . Cdn trong BLDS cua Phap thi chi cd quy dinh ve Vien Nghien ciru Kiioa hpc phap ly, "Binh luan khoa hpc Bp luat Dan su Nhat Ban". Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia, 1995.
NHA NUOC VA PHAI' I.UAT SO 4/2011
bdi thudng thiet hai do khdng thuc hien nghTa vu. theo do. ngudi co nghTa vu phai bdi thudng thiet hai neu khdng (hue hien hoae cham thuc hien nghTa vu. tru phi chung minh dirge rang vice khong thue hien nghTa vu hoae cham thuc hien nghTa vu la do mot nguyen nhan khach quan khong thuoc trach nhiem eua minh ma khdng do ac y1.
6 cac bo luat ed nhu Quoc trieu I linh luat. che dinh TNDS da duge hinh thanh, nhung qua nhting quy dinh cu the cd the thay
TNDS dugc ap dung chung trong trudng hop vi pham nghTa vu trong khe udc hoae vi pham eac nghTa vu khac ngoai khe udc. Cac quy dinh nay cd lien quan den nhung yeu to eua TNDS nhu hanh vi vi pham. loi nhirng lai khong cd sir tach biet giua trach nhiem trong hay ngoai khe udc. vi du nhu: Dieu 455 Qudc trieu Hinh luat quy dinh cam khdng dugc chiia chap quan trom cudp ma ngudi chu trang trai lai chiia chap, thi ngoai viec bi phat 500 quan tien va tjch thu ea trang trai. ngudi do con phai bdi thudng ea tang vat neu ed:
hay Dieu 111 Hoang Viet luat le quy dinh ngudi giii kho thu thue luong mil khdng diing bang dim eua quan thi bi phat. sd luong du iiy duoc tra ve cho chu. quan lai biet mil khdng td cao thi ddng tdi vdi ngudi giu kho, khdng biet thi khdng cd toi (the hien dau hieu ldi)...'. Qua cac vi du tren. ed the nhan ra cac nha lam luiit thdi ky phong kien cimg chu trong phan biet ldi ed y vii vd y trong viec gay thiet hai de an dinh mirc bdi thudng. luy khdng phim djnh nghTa vu theo khd udc hay ngoai khe udc.
Den thdi ky dat nude la bi thue dim Phap do ho. TNDS cimg dugc Bo Dim luat Biic Ky va 1 loang Viet Trung Ky ho luat quy dinh. va da dugc tach bach ra khoi trach nhiem hinh sir. nhung TNDS van chi duoc tiep cim mot each chung. khai quat. chua ' TK1 luiit Dau su Phap.
Vien Nghien cuu Khoa hoc phap ly. "Mot so van de ve phap luat dan sir Vict Nam tu the ky XV den thoi Phap thuoc". Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia. 2008.
dugc phim dinh thanh TODS do vi pham nghTa vu trong hay ngoai khe uoc hop ddng.
Dieu nay the hidn qua quy dinh sau cua hai Bo luat: Ngudi nao lam bat cir viec gi gin thiet hai cho ngudi khac do ldi eua minh deu phai bdi thudng thiet hai (Dieu 712 Bp Dan luat Bae Ky va Didu 761 Hoang Viet Trung Ky hp luat).
Phap luiit dim su cua nude ta sau khi giai phdng dat nude, gianh doc lap. vdi xu hudng phap luat xii hpi chu nghia dii cd sir phan biet ranh mach giira TNDS trong hop ddng va ngoai hop ddng. Trudc tien. hai loai TNDS nay deu mang tinh chat cua TNDS la:
- Can cir phat sinh trach nhiem la hanh vi vi pham phap luiil dan sit va chi ap dung vdi ngudi thuc hien hanh \ i vi pham do:
- Tinh chat eua che tiii lit hiiu qua phap ly bat Igi mang tinh liii san danh cho ngudi thirc hien hanh vi vi pham;
- La mot bien phap cudng che mang tinh chat phap ly. do do dugc dam bao thi hanh boi phap luiit va bp may cudng che cua eo' quan nhit nude ed tham quyen.
Ben canh nhirng diem chung co ban do.
TNDS do \ i pham hgp dong va TNDS ngoai hgp dong eon ed nhiing diem khac nhau nhu sau:
- Ve ngudn gdc phat sinh:
Trong BLDS hien hanh. quy dinh ve 'TNDS do vi pham hop ddng dugc xay dung nen boi eae quy pham dieu chinh che djnh hgp dong. Noi each khac, quy dinh ve
TNDS trong hop dong cd the coi Iii mdt phan ciia che djnh hop dong trong phap luat dan sir. Theo do. 'TNDS do vi pham hop dong chi ton tai khi mpt hop ddng tdn tai, trach nhiem nay chi phat sinh khi xuat hien sir vi pham mot hay nhieu nghTa vu duoc quy djnh trong hop cldng. Trong khi do.
'TNDS ngoai hgp ddng la cac loai 'TNDS phat sinh ben ngoai. khong phu thupc vao hgp dong. mil chi cim ton tai mot hanh vi vi pham phap luat dim sir. eo y hay vd y. gay thiet hai cho ngudi khac va hanh vi nay ciing
SO SANH TRACH NHIEU.
khong lien quan don bat cu mot hop ddng nao cd the cd giua ngudi gay thiet hai va ngu'di bi thiet hai.
- Ve can cu xac dinh trach nhidm:
Thiet hai. bao gdm thiet hai ve vat chat va tinh than, khong chi la nen lang co ban ma con la dieu kien bat budc cua trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai ngoai hop ddng;
trong khi dd thiet hai khdng phai la dieu kien bat buoc trong viec xac dinh TNDS trong hop ddng. boi chi can co hanh vi vi pham nghTa vu da ed the phat sinh TNDS va khi xet den van de thiet hai trong hop ddng. chi xet den nhung ton that ve mat vat chat. Ndi ro hon. ben vi pham van phai chiu trach nhiem du da co hay chua ed thiet hai xay ra khi ben kia bi vi pham hop ddng. Ben canh do. khi xem xet den hanh vi vi pham. thi ddi vdi TNDS trong hop ddng. hanh vi nav la hanh vi \ i pham nhung cam ket cu the.
nhirng nghTa vu mil hai ben tir ning buoc nhau trong hop dong. tire Iii hanh vi nay chua chac da v: pham eae quy dinh phap luat cluing mit chi vi pham "phap luat" thiet lap giira nhirng ngudi tham gia giao ket hop ddng: con ddi vdi TNDS ngoiti hop ddng.
hanh vi nay Iii hanh vi vi pham nhirng quy dinh cua phap luiit ndi chung. nhirng quy pham do Nha nude ban hanh dan den thiet hai. vi vay do ed the lit hanh vi vi pham nhimg quy dinh eua phap luat chuyen nganh khac nhu hinh sir. hanh ehinh. kinh te...
Ddi vdi TNDS trong hop ddng. khi hop ddng duoc giao ket. cac ben ed nghTa vu thuc hien dimg nhirng cam ket da thoa thuan trong hop ddng. Neu mot ben khdng thuc hien. thuc hien khdng dimg. khdng day dii Iii vi pham hop ddng. I lai ben ed the dir lieu va thoa thuan trudc ve nhirng trudng hop thiet hai do vi pham hop ddng va each thirc chiu trach nhiem nhu bdi thudng thiet hai hay phat vi pham. Trong khi dd, ddi vdi trach nhiem boi thudng thiet hai ngoiti hop ddng.
can cir xac dinh trach nhiem lit hanh vi vi pham phap luat gay thiet hai va ldi.
- Ve phuo'ng thirc thue hien trach nhiem:
Doi vdi TNDS do vi pham hop ddng.
cite ben ed the thoa thuan mire bdi thudng hay phat vi pham ke tu khi giao ket hop ddng (the hien ban chat thoa thuan cua hop ddng). Doi vdi TNDS ngoai hop ddng thi ben gay thiet hai phai boi thudng toan bo va kip thdi. ca thiet hai true tiep va thiet hai gian tiep. dieu quan trong Iii cac ben trong quan he TNDS khdng biet nhau va khong biet trudc v iec se xay ra de lam phat sinh quan he TNDS. do do khdng the thda thuan trudc biit cir mot vice gi. Vice thue hien nghTa vu bdi thudng thiet hai ngoai hop ddng thudng se lam cham dirt nghia vu. Cac ben co the thoa thuan ve mire boi thudng.
hinh thirc bdi thudng bang tien. bang hien vat hoae thuc hien mot cong viec. phuong thirc bdi thudng mot lan hoae nhieu lan. trir trudng hop phap luiit ed quy djnh khac.
- Yen to ldi:
TNDS trong hop ddng phat sinh do ldi co > hoae vd y cua ngudi khdng thue hien hoae thuc hien khdng diing hop ddng. tru trudng hop co thoa thuan khac hoiie phap luiit co quy djnh khac: con trong 'TNDS ngoiti hop ddng. vice phan biet ldi cd y va vo y cimg co y nghia nhung ben canh do thi ngudi co hanh vi \ i pham ed the chiu triich nhiem ngay ca khi khdng ed ldi trong trudng hop phap luat ed quy dinh. nhu khoan 2 Dieu 604 BLDS nam 2005: "Trong trudng hop phap luat quy dinh ngudi giiy thiet hai phai bdi thudng ea trong trudng hop khdng cd ldi thi ap dimg quy dinh dd".
- Ve thdi diem xac dinh trach nhiem:
Mot trong nhirng noi dung quan trong de co the xiic dinh duoc dimg mire bdi thudng thiet hai eua ben vi pham la xac dinh thdi diem chiu TNDS. TNDS se phin sinh tai thdi diem xay ra thiet hai hay tai thai diem quyen va lgi ich hop phap eua eae ben bi vi pham.
(Xem tiep trang 50)
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT SO 4/2011
mot van ban co the hien thoa thuan trong tai.
Vai huang hieu thong thoang diem d Dieu 16 nhu kien nghi. chiing ta cung se lam cho phap luat cua Viet Nam theo xu huong hien dai trong viec quy dinh ve hinh thiic cua thoa thuan trong tai.
Neu co duoc cac quy djnh neu tren hay theo huong hieu thong thoang diem d Dieu 16 Luat Trong tai thuang mai nam 2010.
thiet nghT. phap luat nuac ta se tung buoc
phu hop vai xu huang hien dai trong viec quy dinh ve hinh thuc va trinh tir ky ket thoa thuan trong tai. Didu dd se tac ddng tich cue den mdi truang kinh doanh dac biet la trong ITnh vuc thuang mai qudc te, tao dieu kien thuan loi cho viec thi hanh phan.quyet cua trong tai nude ngoai a Viet Nam va trong chung muc nao do se tao dieu kien cho cac phan quyet cua trong tai Viet Nam duoc cdng nhan. thi hanh d nude ngoai.
(Tiep theo trang 37- Nhiing van cte ddt ra...) nhan Idn lam cho hoat ddng nav- khdng phat trien va cd nhieu van de vudng mac nhu hien nay. Trach nhiem trong giai thich phap luat khdng han chi theo hudng la nhung hau qua bat lai ma chii the giai thich phap luat neu cd hanh vi vi pham khi giai thich se phai
ganh chiu, ma nen tiep can rong hon. nd cdn phai gdm ca trach nhiem ddi vdi the che giai thich phap luat. ca trach nhiem ddi vdi viec thieu mot moi trudng thuan loi cho hoat dong nay.
(Tiep theo trang 41 - So sdnh trdch nhiem ddn sir ...)
dieu nay tuy thudc vao tinh chdt cua TNDS.
Ddi vdi TNDS trong hap ddng, thdi diem TNDS phat sinh ke tu thai diem hap ddng cd hieu lire va cd ben vi pham nghTa vu hop ddng: cdn vdi TNDS ngoai hop ddng. TNDS phat sinh ke tu thai diem xay ra hanh vi gay thiet hai.
- Ve tinh lien ddi trong chiu TNDS:
Vdi TNDS do vi pham hop ddng. trudng hap nhieu ngudi ciing gay thiet hai thi ho lien ddi chiu trach nhiem neu khi giao ket hop ddng ho cd thda thuan trudc ve van de chiu trach nhiem lien ddi. Cdn vdi TNDS ngoai hap ddng. trong trudng hap nhieu ngudi ciing gay thiet hai thi hp deu phai chiu trach nhiem lien ddi theo cac quy dinh cu the cua phap luat dan su.
