Many people have contributed to the preparation of this and other books in the series, as well as to the slow maturation of the project itself. He is a recipient of the Nikkei Award for Outstanding Book Publishing and the Ohira Masayoshi Memorial Award.
Emerging States and Economies in Asia
A Historical and Comparative Perspective
Asia in the Long Nineteenth Century
In subsequent years, especially under King Chulalongkorn, whose reign (r coincided with that of the Meiji Emperor, r), the dynastic state in Siam carried out its own internal pacification and embarked on modern state-building, following the example of neighboring colonial states of British Malaya, Dutch East Indies and British India (Anderson 2014) Japanese victories and occupation of Southeast Asia in the early days of the war destroyed the myth of white supremacy.
Asia Under the US Hegemony
However, in the early years of the Cold War, China had to be contained, and the US This explains why many states in the region engage in a delicate balancing act, which is in line with the US.
Challenges Ahead
In the first ten-year period from 1996 to 2005, countries such as the United States, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, France, Germany, and Italy experienced an increase in GDP per capita from 100 to 111–128. Japan's GDP per capita rose from 100 to 106 over the same period, the worst result among all OECD countries.
The Shape of This Book
The twentieth-century system of Pax Americana, the liberal-democratic state, "the self-regulating market without the gold standard," and the market economy formed the basis for the modernization assumption that economic development will ultimately lead to political modernization (i.e., democratization) because people who have achieved the life of plenty would choose freedom. Government resource allocation – the issue of how and how much a government can allocate its resources to which sectors and for what purposes – is intensely political at all times and everywhere.
Order and Change in World Politics: The Financial Crisis and the Breakdown of the US-China Grand Deal. Katzenstein (Ed.), Sinicization and the rise of China: Civilizing processes beyond East and West (pp. 120–149).
Globalization and the Emerging State
Past Advance and Future Challenges
Introduction
This section will argue that, ultimately, the prospects of new states depend to a large extent on the coordination capacity of their public institutions. This section will also point out that the five factors that can influence such coordination in the new emerging states should also be among the priority areas of scholarship for future emerging-state studies.
Which Countries Are the Emerging States?
These three countries and the United States are clear historical cases of developing countries. In this sense, Japan was the only clear case of the developing state vis-à-vis the United States.
Globalization and Its Anticipated Impacts on the Emerging States
- Anticipated Impacts of Globalization
- Two Aspects of Globalization and the Emerging States
The above-mentioned aspects of globalization are expected to affect emerging countries differently than “advanced” countries and less developed countries. "Advanced" countries are not without trade disputes or financial crises, as demonstrated by the trade friction between Japan and the United States in the 1980s and 1990s, the Lehman Brothers shock and the European debt crisis in the 2000s.
Actual Impacts of Globalization on the Emerging States
- Globalization and Economic Growth
- Social Policy and Income Distribution
- Globalization and Political Transformation
Global rules enforced by the WTO and other arrangements neither improve nor limit the economic performance of the emerging states. In three of the seven Latin American countries (Argentina, Colombia and Venezuela), income distribution worsened between the first period and the third period.
Institutions and Economic and Social Performance
- Political Regime as a Macro-Political Institution
- Bureaucracy as a Micro-Level Institution
The nature of the political regime does not appear to be related to the economic performance of emerging countries. Table 2.7 shows the nature of the political regime and the "Weberianness" of the bureaucracy in these countries in the late 1990s.
Future of the Emerging States .1 Modes of Global Integration
- Coordination Capability for Technological Upgrading and Inclusive Growth
In the final analysis, all types of emerging countries will need to pay more attention to improving the technological capabilities of their companies and workforces. Second, the implications of growing middle-class conservatism for “embedded autonomy” must be considered.
Concluding Remarks
Regarding the future of the new states, this chapter presented five factors that may affect their ability to coordinate. However, a deeper and broader study of the bureaucracy and other institutions is needed, as it is beyond the scope of this chapter.
GDP Growth Rate and GDP Per Capita
This chapter shows that macro-institutions such as political regimes are not related to the economic and social performance of developing states, and therefore it focused on bureaucracy as an example of micro-level institutions. This chapter concludes by claiming that the five factors mentioned above will undoubtedly influence the future trajectories of developing states; as such, they should certainly count as major topics related to state studies.
Institutional and Economic Globalization and GDP Growth Rate (Annual Average)
Washington, D.C.: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank. 2009).The Politics of Uneven Development: Thailand's Economic Growth in Comparative Perspective. 2013).The Politics of Uncertainty: Sustaining and Subverting Electoral Authoritarianism. 2013). Hierarchical Capitalism in Latin America: Business, Labor and the Challenges of Equitable Development.
The Asian Path of Economic
Development: Intra-regional Trade, Industrialization and the Developmental
Intra-Asian Trade as a Key Agent of Regional Industrialization
In the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century, regional integration took place under the influence of the West, leading to the growth of intra-regional trade and labour-intensive industrialization. In the third part, I discuss the post-war dynamics of intra-Asian trade and industrialization, with an emphasis on the mobilization of labor and capital.
Pre-industrial Roots and Trade Integration
Full industrialization, with a rapid rise in living standards, followed in the second half of the twentieth century. The development path of countries on the Western Pacific Rim has at least in part become resource-intensive and growth-driven.
State Formation in Agrarian and Maritime Asia
Labor-intensive industrialization involved the improvement of the quality of labor and livelihood, expressed in the Human Development Index, while capital- and resource-intensive industrialization was accompanied by the improved access to global resources. Composition of commodities traded in the Atlantic or East Asia was not as extensive as that of the Indian Ocean (Chaudhuri1990; . Riello and Roy2009).
The Emergence of an Asian International Division of Labour
She competed with India in the cotton yarn market in central China in the 1890s. The traditional complex of goods shared in the region (rice, sugar, tea, silk and cotton) remained important, but intra-Asian trade and labour-intensive industrialization gave rise to a modern Asian international culture of consumption.
The Post-war Industrialization and the Developmental State
- Open Regionalism Under the Developmental State
- Labour-Intensive Industrialization
- Capital- and Resource-Intensive Industrialization and the Improvements of Physical Infrastructure
In communist China (during the Mao period), human development indicators (such as education and health) improved faster than in more democratic India, but the country also struggled to develop competitive heavy industry (initially also influenced by the Soviet experience). in the absence of technological transfers from more developed countries, especially from the West. To some extent, Japan's rapid industrial improvement along the lines of labor-intensive industrialization was complementary to more capital- and resource-intensive industries, especially in the US.
Dealing with Local Resource Constraints
In fact, securing all essential resources for production and livelihood has been a dual goal of local community welfare for most of human history. Historians of the colonial era have discussed the more stagnant trends that divide these two periods, relating famines, epidemics, disasters and wars to colonialism and/or failure to secure resources for the local population.
Concluding Remarks
Sato (Eds.), Kankoku, Dagiti Mekanismo ti Panagkallugong ti Taiwan (pp. 65–86). Ontai Paradaimu o Koete [Ti tropikal a humospera iti sangalubongan a pakasaritaan: iti labes ti kalalainganna a paradigma] (pp. 164–179).
Financing Colonial State Building
A Comparative Study of the 19th Century Singapore and Hong Kong
- Introduction
- Singapore .1 Population
- Revenue 2
- Policing “Secret Societies”
- Hong Kong .1 Population
- Revenue
- Policing Colonial Hong Kong
- Comparison
- Concluding Remarks
Why did the colonial government outlaw secret societies in Hong Kong at the very early stage of colonial state building. And that was why the illegalization of secret societies was carried out in 1845, the very early stage of the colonial rule in Hong Kong.
China’s Emerging State in Historical Perspective
Bin Wong
- Clarifying Problems, Formulating an Approach
- Problems and Persistence of Chinese Empire—Legacies for the Present
- From Empire to 20th-Century State—Power and Wealth, Party and State
- China and Other World Regions, Globalization and Global Hegemonies
He viewed his successes (and failures) no differently than the successes of the dynasty itself. This led to the subtraction of the private class and the construction of the public class of personnel, which in the second half of the sixties of the 20th century became.
A History of the Indian Economy in Asian and Global Contexts,
- Introduction
- The Era of Opium and Indigo, 1810s–1850s
- The Era of Classic Colonialism, 1850s to 1920s
- The Era of Depression and War, the 1930s and 1940s
- The Era of State-Led National Development, 1940s to 1990s
- India in the Era of “the Rise of Asia”
The decade of the 1810s was a watershed in which Indian handicrafts lost their ability to compete in the global market. The economic downturns of the 1870s and 1890s revealed the vulnerabilities of the Indian agricultural economy.
Middle-Income Trap in Emerging States
Introduction
To understand why it is so difficult to avoid the trap, and to explore a way to make it easier, this chapter develops a framework that incorporates both economic and political views of the economic growth of emerging states. Innovations and foreign trade and investment are said to boost industrial development, which in turn contributes to economic growth.
How Difficult Is It to Avoid the Middle-Income Trap?
One is that real GDP data is available from the Penn World Table 9.0 (Feenstra et al.2015). The other is that the countries appear in Tables 1A and 1B of Felipe et al. 2012) so that their income classification can be compared to ours.
A Conceptual Framework
Households mainly contribute to economic growth through the accumulation of human capital, most of which is accounted for by investing in the education of children. Instability can reduce the state's ability to collect taxes and effectively implement policy, thereby hindering human capital accumulation and industrial development.
Education
- Educational Catch-up and Economic Catch-up
- The Quality of Education
- Educational Reform
- Education and Income Inequality
The coefficient on the educational attainment index would be highly significant if the cognitive ability index were not included in the regression. Dex-axis measures the cognitive ability index in the top panel or the education level index in the bottom panel.
Industrial Development and Upgrading .1 Drivers and Obstacles
- Insufficient Responses to Higher Wage Rates
- The Role of Government in Industrial Upgrading
Column (3) of Table 7.4 shows the result of a growth regression that includes the national average of the governance score. Fourth, the government can in principle be directly involved in research and development activities, rather than supporting the efforts of the private sector.
Emerging States with Large Population and Territory
- Similarities and Dissimilarities in Development Paths
- Differences in Behavior
Industrial clusters continued to grow in size and number in other parts of the territory in the 1990s and 1920s. If huge investments flow into the host economy, the latter will increase in the short term.
Conclusion
What is the middle-income trap, why do countries fall into it, and how can we avoid it?Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies. China's looming human capital crisis: Upper secondary education attainment rates and the middle-income trap. Chinese Quarterly.
