NGHI6N CUU TRflO D(S
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GIAI PHAP NANG CAO HIEU QUA SU' DUNG VON DAU Tl/ TRl/C TIEP NU'OC NGOAI VAO CHUYEN DICH CO CAU KINH TE NGANH 0 HAI PHONG
TS. Dao Van Hiep Trudng dgi hpc Hdi Phong
Vdn ddu lu trim liep mrdc ngodi cd dnh huong quan Irpng doi vdi chuyin dich ca cdu kinh li ngdnh. Tuy nhien, de sir Idc dpng do gdp phdn dgt dirge ca cdu kinh li nhu mong mudn, nhdl Id trong giai dogn ldi cdu true nen kinh ic hicn nay cdn phai sudimg ddng hp nhiiu gidi phdp khdng chi thu hut ngudn vdn ndy md cdn phdi phdl huy dugc hiC'u qud su dung vdn dd nhdm dgt muc Hiiu de ra.
Tir khda: dau tu trye tilp nude ngodi, chuyen djch ca cau kinh ll
I
Tac dpng cua dau tu true tiep nude cd sy chuyin djch theo hudng tang ly trpng sdn xuat ngoai den chuyen djch eg cau kinh te cdng nghiep vd djch vy, gidm ly trpng sdn xuat ndng nganh 6" Hai Phong nghiep. Ty trpng gia tang eiia ngdnh cdng nghiep Id Tir nhirng nam 1991- 1992 nen kinh te Hdi cd sy ddng gdp khdng nhd eua cdc doanh nghiep ed Phdng bdt dau phyc hoi vd cd dau hieu khdi sdc. Ca ^ ° " ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ "8°^' ^^ 1"^ ^'^o' "^y ^^y ^^^"8 ^^cau nganh kinh tl da ed sy chuyin biln tich eye, tat ^^^^ ^^° '^°^^ '^^"S-
cd nhCmg nhdm ngdnh trong nIn kinh tl Hdi Phdng Cd the nhdn thdy viec dgt dupe tdc dp tang trudng dlu cd sy phdt triln, nhung vdi toe dp khde nhau ^ao nhu nhirng nam qua Id do nhieu nhan to, nhirng nen da lam cho ty trpng cua cdc ngdnh trong GDP ^^^ y^" '^ ^o "g"^" von dau tu tdng len. Tir 1991 cd sy thay ddi. Tinh trung binh trong thdi ky 1991-
2000, ndng nghiep tang tren 5% thap ban so vdi toe dp tang chung Id 11,6% nen ty trpng trong GDP da gidm gdn 5% trong vdng 10 nam. Nhdm ngdnh cdng nghiep ed tdc dp tang trung binh 24% mdt nam, nen ty trpng trong GDP tdng 12,4% trong vdng 10 nam.
Nhdm nganh djch vu cd tdc dp tang binh qudn 5%, nen ty trpng gidm 7,8%.
Trong nhirng nam 2000 din 2010, toe dp tdng trudng kinh te cua Thanh phd van dugc duy tri d mirc cao. Ca thdi ky 10 ndm 2000- 2010, trir ndm 2000 va nam 2009 tdc do tang trudng chung dudi mdt eon sd, cdn eae nam khac hau nhu deu dat d mire tang trudng 2 con sd (Xem bang I).
den 2000, tdng vdn ddu tu eiia nen kinh tl Hdi Phdng da thye hien Id 27.156 ty dong, trong dd von ddu lu nude ngodi Id 9.740 ty ddng chilm 35,8%;
von ODA Id 220 ty dong chilm 0,8%, edn lai 63,4%
Id vdn trong nude. Trong nhirng nam 2000- 2009, chu truong phdt trien nen kinh te nhieu thdnh phan cd tdc ddng mgnh me den nen kinh le, ngudn von doanh nghiep tu nhdn tdng len, ea cdu ngudn von ddu tu nude ngodi gidm xudng nhung van chilm
17,89%.
Diem ddng ehii y Id, trong khi vdn trong nude dugc ddu tu ddn trdi cho nhieu ngdnh ciia nIn kinh te, thi vdn ddu tu nude ngodi Igi dupe tap trung vdo mdt sd phdn ngdnh dupe coi Id trpng diem, mui nhpn ciia hai nganh cdng nghiep- xdy dyng vd djch Ca cdu ngdnh kinh te chung thdi ky 1990-2010 vy. Nhung phdn ngdnh ndy bao gdm ed nhung
Bang 1: Chi so phat trien Tdng san pham (GDP) tren dja ban Thanh pho Hai Phdng theo gia so sanh 1994 theo nganh kinh te
Tong so
Nhom nong lam nghiep, thuy san Nhom cong nghiep, xay dimg Nhom dich vu
2000 109,10
106,8 116,0 105,1
2005 112,02
103,1 112,6 113,9
2008 112,89
105,0 112,7 114,7
2009 107.57
104,6 106,2 109,3
2010 110,96
104.5 110,5 112,5
Ngudn: Nien gidm thdng ke Hdi Phdng ndm 2010
45
GHIGN CUU TRflO DOI
ngdnh truyin thong ciia Thdnh pho nhu may mac, gidy dep, bao bi... vd nhirng ngdnh mdi dugc hinh thdnh tir von dau lu nude ngoai nhu sdn xudt vgt lieu xay dyng, ca khi ngng, luycn kim... Day Id nluing ngdnh duge ddnh gid cd vai lid quyel djnh Irong viec thye hien ede chi tieu kinh tc- \d hpi ciia riidnh pho. Dong thdi. day ciing Id nhung ngdnh cd Idc di) lang trudng vupl \rg\ so vdi cdc ngdnh khdc va chilm ty trpng Idn Irong ea cau kinh te Hdi Phdng.
Sdn phdm eiia cdc ngdnh nay dang dap ung nhdm nhu cau tuong doi Idn va cd xu hudng on djnh. Ca cau von dau lu nude ngodi dd dupe thu hiit phdn theo ngdnh kinh Ic cho thdy sy dnh hudng lo Idn eiia nd din viec chuyin djch ca cau ngdnh kinh le ciia Thdnh pho trong nhirng nam qua (Xem bdng 2).
Ddc dilm noi bat trong eg cdu vdn ddu tu nude ngodi vdo Hdi Phdng Id lgp trung dau tu vdo ITnh vyc sdn xuat. Trong so 298 dy dn, hien nay ed 219 dy an thupc Imh vyc sdn xuat cdng nghiep vdi sd von ddng ky Id 53.79% so vcjn dau tu nude ngodi ddng ky vdo Thanh pho, gdp phdn thiic day tdc dp tang trudng cua ngdnh cdng nghiep, keo theo sy chuyen bien tich cyc ciia cae nganh kinh le khde trong Thdnh pho.
Cimg vdi sy tdng cudng vdn dau tu Id viec trang bj mdy mdc, thiet bj hien dgi ciia cdc dy an da tgo ra ndng sudt lao ddng cao, gdp phdn thiic ddy sdn xudt cdng nghiep Thanh phd dat tdc dp tang nhanh vd chiem ly trpng ngdy cdng cao trong GDP eiia Thdnh phd. Ddng gdp ciia khu vyc ed vdn ddu tu nude ngodi tang dan qua cdc ndm, neu nhu nam 1995 mdi
Bang 2: Vdn dau tu nude ngoai cdn hicu luc theo nganh kinh te
Tinh din 31-12-2011
sn
1
2
3
Linh \uc dau tu Cong nghiep Cong nghiep che bien Cong nghiep dien nuoc Djch vu
Thuong nghiep Khach san nha hang Van tai kho bai
Kinh doanh tai san dich vu tu van Giao due dao tao
Van hoa the thao
Yte
Cong
So du an
219 218 1 79 26 7 6 28
6 5 1 298
Von dang ky (1000 USD) 2.281.320 2.280.165
1,05 1.959.765
274.607 155.629 31.29 829.107
20.568 648.076
371
4.240.985
Ty irpng
53.79 53.76 0.03 46.21
6.47 3,67 0,73 19,55 0,48 15,28
0,03 100,00
* Nguon: Sd Ke hogch - Ddu tu Hdi Phong
dat 95,5 ty dong chilm 1,6%, thi din nam 2000 da dgt 945 ly dong chilm 11,2% vd nam 2010 chilm gan 20% GDP toan Thanh pho.
Khu vyc cd von dau lu nude ngoai da tgo ra mpt khoi lugng hang hod Idn ddp ung nhu cdu tieu dimg Irong nude, han chi viC'c phdi nhdp nhieu mat hdng tic'u dimg md cdc doanh nghiep trong nude chua sdn xual dugc hoac san xudt vdi khoi lugng it nhu xi mdng, sdt thep... dong ihdi lung budc gdp phan tdng ly trgng cdc mat hdng xuiit khdu ciia Thanh phd tgo dieu kien cho cdc ngdnh nghe khdc ehii ddng xay dyng kl hogch sdn xudt kinh doanh tren eg sd nhung ylu to dau vdo da khd on djnh tren thj trudng trong nude.
2. Tiic dpng ciia dau tu nude ngoai den chuyen djch eg cau kinh tc npi bp tirng nganh
2.1. Duu tunie&c ngodi vdi vice chtiyHn dich cff citu kinh ti ngiinh cdng nghifp vd su hinh thimh cdc ngdnh cdng nghiep mdi, cdc khu cdng nghiep ttlp trung tai Hdi Phdng
Tu trudc nliQ-ng ndm 1990, nen cdng nghiep Hdi Phdng vdn cd cdc ngdnh van tdi bien, cdng nghiep ddng vd sira chua tdu bien, ca khi, hod chat, che bien thuy sdn vat lieu xdy dyng, mdt. sd ngdnh cdng nghiep nhe va tieu thu cdng nghiep. Cdc ngdnh ndy, mgt thdi ky ddi la niem ty bdo eua cdng nghiep Hdi Phdng. Nhirng khi chuyen sang nen kinh te thj trudng, nhirng ngdnh cdng nghiep nay cung gidng nhu nhilu ngdnh kinh tc khdc lam vdo tinh trang khimg hodng nghiem trgng, vdn cho sdn xudt kinh doanh thilu. thj trirdng lieu thy sdn phdm bj thu hep thgm chi mat ban...
Tir ndm 1990 trd Igi day, \ di sy ddng gdp eua dau tu nude ngodi cdc ngdnh cdng nghiep vdn ed dd co ca hgi phyc hdi vd ngdy eang phat trien theo huong hien dgi boa \ di sy ra ddi ciia cdc lien doanh sdn xuat xi mdng, sira chira tdu bien, ca khi ndng, giay dep, may mac, bao bi... Sy hdi sinh trd Igi ciia cdc nganh nd> cd tdc dgng day chuyen den nhieu nganh nghe truyen thong khdc, hoge la tiep tyc tdn tgi, phdt hien nhung theo hudng hien dgi hod, hoac la trd thdnh nhirng nganh djch vy hoac gia cdng cho cdc nganh ke tren, gidi quyet dugc viec Idm cho hang nghin lao dgng nhan roi ciia Thanh phd. Trong dd cd lyc lugng khdng nhd lao dgng ndng nghiep chuyen sang.
Trong ITnh vyc san xuat san pham cdng nghiep chu ylu, dau tu nude ngodi da tham gia vao 10 tren 14 logi san pham. Trong dd, nhilu san pham nhu giay dep, vai, thep dng, xi mang, quan do do cac doanh nghiep cd vdn dau tu nude ngoai san xuat ra chilm ty I? san pham rat cao (Xem bang 3).
Vdi ty trpng von dau tu nude ngoai cua tirng phan
KinhtUt trien
NGHI6N CUU TRflO DOS
nganh the hien nhu tren cho thay vai trd eiia vdn dau Cym cdng nghiep sdt thep tgi khu vuc Quan tu nude ngodi cd dnh hudng khdng chi din sy phdt Toan- Vat Cdch- Hdi Phdng vdi ba nhd mdy thep trien ciia cac ngdnh dd ma cdn tac dpng rat Idn din Vinapipe, Vips, Vinausteel, vdi day chuyin sdn xudt sy chuyen dich ca cau cua todn ngdnh cdng nghiep trj gid hdng chyc trieu USD cd long cdng suat Hdi Phdng. khodng 450.000 tan/ndm, cdc nhd mdy ndy se cdn
Thdng qua boat ddng ciia cae doanh nghiep dau ^'*^P U'C md rpng quy md trong ede giai dogn sau vd tu nude ngoai, ca cau ngdnh cdng nghiep thdnh pho ^'^^ cimg vdi cdc dy an nhd mdy thep ciia hang Kyoei eung hudng tdi nang cao hieu qua kinh tl. Mpt so (^Wai Ban), Posco (Hdn Quoc) trong nhirng nam tdi ngdnh hdng mdi dupe hinh thdnh tir cdc dy dn dau se dua tdng cdng suat ciia cym cdng nghiep ndy vd tu nude ngodi da phdt triln khd nhanh, dem din khd '^h" cdng nghiep luyen kim Bde Thuy Nguyen len tir ndng tich luy cao va cd vai trd quan trpng khdng chi • '5 tdi 2 trieu tdn thep/nam. Nhu vdy khi vdnh dai doi vdi cdng nghiep thdnh pho. md edn vdi cdng cdng nghiep nay di vdo hogt dpng thi Hdi Phdng se nghiep cd nude nhu sdn xuat vat lieu xdy dyng, ^'^Vc sy trd thdnh "Thdnh pho thep" Vdi ba dy dn luyen kim. ca khi ndng. Ddng thdi. ciing Ihiie ddy ea
cau cdng nghiep chuyen djch theo hudng tdng ly trpng cua san pham dp dyng cdng nghe moi, tien lien hien dgi hod.
Mdt sy chuyen bien cd tam vdc Idn ciia ddu tu nude ngodi Id da tgo dyng mdt sd cym cdng nghiep chuyen ngdnh trudc ddy chua cd d Hdi Phdng hoac neu cd thi quy md cung nhd be, liianh inun. Dd Id sy ra ddi eua khu cdng nghiep san xudt vat lieu xdy dyng Trdng Kenh md ndng cdt Id Cdng ty Xi mdng Chinfon vdi giai dogn I, cdng sudt Id 1,4 trieu tan.
Vdn ddu tu 288,3 trieu USD vd ke hoach se md rdng dua cdng sudt la 4 trieu tdn vdi tdng sd vdn ddu tu se Id 500 trieu USD.
Bang 3: Mpt so san pham chii yeu do khu vyc dau tu nud'c ngoai san xuat
1 .Giay dep, vai loan Thanh pho Trong do dau tu nude ngoai Tyle
2. Thep ong
Trong do dau tu nuoc ngoai Tyle
3. Xi mang cac loai loan Thanh pho Trong do dau tu nude ngoai Tyle
4. Quan ao mac thudng loan Thanh pho Trong dd dau ttr nude ngoai Tyle
5. Giay dep cac loai (TT+Da) toan TP Trong dd dau tu nude ngoai Tyle
Don vi tinh 1000 ddi
%
Tan
% 1000 tan
% 1000 cai
% 1000 doi
%
2000 3.39
548
16,16 12.108 12.108 100,00 2.004
1.619 80,78 4.573 1.189 26,0 25.659
2.66 10,36
2005 1.358
787
57,95 25.506 21.916 85,92 2.553 2.128 83,35 21.457
9.293 43,3 43.307
2.77 6,39
2010 12.985
12.17 93,72 203.341
39.933 19,64
5.93 3.76 63,40 31.121 14.295 45,9 42.798
5.196 12,14
Ngudn Nien gidm thong ke Hdi Phong 2010
gas hod Idng eiia CPC (Ddi Loan), Shell (Hd Lan) vd Petronas (Malaixia) cimg vdi cdc dy dn sdn xudt ddu nhdn: Mobil (My), nhya dudng ciia CPC vd Shell sdp tdi, Hdi Phdng da vd dang hinh thdnh cym cdng nghiep dau khi dpc theo bd Sdng Cdm, khu vyc Van My Dogn Xd.
Trong dilu kien ea sd ha tang cdn rdt thap kem.
Khd nang von dau tu trong nude cdn hgn hep, thi thu hilt ddu tu nude ngodi Id gidi phdp quan trpng va hiru hieu de hinh thdnh va phdt trien cac khu cdng nghiep tap trung vdi cdc cdng trinh cd ket cdu hg tang hodn bdo va ddng bd. Dien hinh la khu cdng nghiep Nomura Hdi Phdng, vdi sd vdn ddu tu la 137 trieu USD da xay dyng dugc he thdng ca sd hg tdng vdo logi hien dgi nhat trong ea nude. Vdi quy md dy an, khu cdng nghiep ndy cd the thu hut 140 nhd mdy cdng nghiep vdo hogt ddng. Cdc khu cdng nghiep tdng hgp Dinh Vu, Yen Vu, khu thuang mgi ty do va du Ijch qudc te Cat Ba Id cac dy an dau tu cd quy md Idn nham khai thdc nhirng tiem nang the mgnh eua Thanh phd, ed tam anh hudng ddi vdi sy phdt trien kinh te- xa hgi khdng chi ciia Hdi Phdng, ma vdi ca nude ddng thdi day nhanh viec hinh thanh cdc khu, cym dan cu va qua trinh dd thj hod d Hdi Phdng.
Cung bang nhieu dy dn dau tu qude te, ma trong cau thanh tdng sdn phdm cdng nghiep cua Thdnh phd thi ty trgng hdng xuat khau hdng nam dugc nang len ddng ke nhu giay dep, may mac, bao bi PP, sat thep... gdp phdn lam thay ddi ca cau sdn xuat cdng nghiep theo hudng tang ty trgng hang xuat khau, dong thdi gdp phan tich cyc vao viec md rpng thj trudng lieu thy tdi cac nude nhu: My, Ha Lan, Nam Phi, Ue... Dac biet cd nhieu dy an da cd nguon hdng xuat khau vdi ty 1? xuat khau cao hon quy djnh ctia giay phep dau tu: Sanmiguel, Hanvi- co... Nhieu dy an cd mat hang xuat khau mdi nhu: Robot, cap dien, thiet bj ap lye. Diln hinh
47
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/v / /?
GHI€N CUU TRflO DOI
trong sd cdc doanh nghiep U'^Y I'l ^^^y dep Kainan, Gian V, thuy tinh Sanmiguel, cdp dien LG cdp,...
Tgo nen sy da dgng \ c chinig logi trong cir cdu sdn xual hdng xuat khdu ciia cdng nghiep Tlidnh pho.
2.2. Ddu tie nude ngodi vdi cff cuu ngdnh djch vu Hdi Phdng
Tir Ipi the \i tri dja ly md nhicni ndm qua Hdi Phdng tap trung ddu tu phdt trien ngdnh djch vy vdn tdi kho bdi, do dd ly trpng cii;i ngdnh ndy co xu hudng tdng nhieu nluit trong ca cdu ngdnh djch vy cua Thanh pho. Ben canh dd, Ihuc djch vu nhdp khdu, djch \ii sira chira phuang lien giao thdng vd cdc hogt dpng thuang mai eung chiem ly trpng ddng ke \d cd dieu kien phdt Iriln nhanh. Tuy vdy, ngdnh djch \ ll Hdi Phdng cdc ndm qua chua ddp ung dupe nhirng vcu cdu eiia kinh le mtV, chua phdl huy dupe nhirng ticMU ndng the mgnh eua Thdnh pho bic'ii. Ca sd ha tang kinh le - ky thugt de thu hiit khdch du Ijch rat yeu kem, gdn nhu may chue ndm qua chua dupe ddu tu, cdi tgo ndng cdp, khdng tgo dupe sy hdp ddn vdi khdng chi khdch nude ngodi md vdi ngay ed khdch trong nude. Tgi Hdi Phdng ed khdng it khdch sgn vd cdc co sd kinh doanh djch vu du Ijch, nhung ed the ndi chua cd khdch san ndo dgt lieu chudn qudc te ve trang thiet bj, cdng trinh phy trp vd ve chat lupng djch vu.
NhQ-ng nam gdn day cimg vdi sy phdt trien eua nen kinh te Hdi Phdng, ngdnh du Ijch dich vy Hdi Phdng bdt ddu khdi sac vd trd nen sdi ddng ban lir khi cd hogt ddng ddu lu nude ngodi, Idm sdng day nhieu tiem ndng ty nhien md gdn nhu bj lang quen.
Vdi 3 dy an dau tu nude ngodi trong ngdnh du Ijcb- khdeh sgn vdi so vdn dang ky tren 48,8 trieu USD, chiem 33% vdn dau lu nude ngodi dang ky vdo ngdnh djch vy, mac dii iricn khai cdn cham, nhung vdn hira hen mdt sy chuyen bien ve chat ciia ngdnh ndy, dd Id sy ra ddi ciia cdc khdch san 3 hoac 4 sao nhu Khdch sgn Ldng qudc tc Hudng Duang, Khdch sgn Harbour View ehde chdn sii Idm thay ddi cung cdch hogt dpng cua ngdnh du Ijch djch vy vd se gdp phdn thu hilt them khdch du Ijch trong vd ngodi nude den Hdi Phdng, ddng thai gdp phan Idm khang trang bd mat dd thj cua Thdnh pho md may chyc nam qua hdu nhu khdng cd gi doi mdi.
Cdc dy an lien doanh vdi eae ngdnh nghi truyen thdng nhu van tai bien, van tai d td, van tdi contai- ner, cdc dy an sira chira tau biln, cho thue thilt hi xay dyng da vd dang triln khai tgi Hdi Phdng da gdp phan md rdng quy md ngdnh nghi theo hudng cdng nghiep hoa, tgo dieu kien nang cao uy tin va chat lugng eua cac hogt ddng kinh doanh djch vy tai Hai Phong. Bang 10 dy an dau tu vao cac nganh nghe kl
tren vdi so von ddng ky tren 65,8 trieu USD, chicm 45,9% von ddng ky loan ngdnh djch vy vd 7 dy an dau tu cho hogt dgng vgn tdi bin bai- ngdnh mui nhgn Irong Ihih vyc djch vy vdi sd vdn dang ky tren 32,4 trieu USD, chicm 21% da cd vai trd rat Idn Irong viec duy tri toe dp tang trudng eua khu vyc ndy, dong thdi dam bdo ly trong ddng gdp tdi 50%
trong ea cdu GDP ngdnh djch vy. Tuy nhien ngdnh djch vy I Idi Phdng nhirng nam qua ciing gidng nhu ciia cd nude cd tdc dp tang trirdng chain, nhieu ITnh vyc cd xu hudng gidm vc ly trpng nhu tdi chinh, lien le, bdo hic-m mac dii khdi lirpng djch vy cd tdng. Do dd Idm cho qud trinh chuyen dich cacau ngdnh dich vy chung Igi, chua tuang xung vdi tiem ndng, the mgnh ve du Ijch djch vy ciia Thdnh phd. Vdi cacau dd neu, djch vy Hdi Phdng mac dii chiem ly trong cao nhal trong ca cdu ngdnh kinh te Hdi Phdng, nhung chua Id ngdnh phdt trien, ca cdu cdn Igc hau vd chua phii hpp vdi ddi hdi phdt tricMi kinh te trong kinh ti; thj trudng, hieu qud kinh tc, xd hpi true liep vd gidn tiep ciia ngdnh djch vu van cdn rdt han die.
3. Nhung giai phap nang cao hieu qua su dung von dau tu nude ngoai vao vice chuyen djch cu cau kinh te nganh d' Hai Phdng
3.1. Xdy dung danh muc thu hut vdn ddu tu phdi gun vdi viec thuc hien cff cdu kinh tii ngiinh
Mye lieu thu hut vdn dau lu nude ngodi Id nham tranh thu ngudn vdn, cdng nghe \d kinh nghiem qudn ly de phdt trien nen kinh tc. Song trong qua trinh dd cung can ddc biet chii y den yeu cdu thay ddi ca cdu kinh te cho phii hpp v di tiem ndng cung nhu Igi the so sanh eiia Thdnh phd.
Kinh nghiem cua nhieu nude, nhat Id ede nude co nen kinh le Igc hgu, chgm phdt trien cho thay sau mgt thai gian thu hiit vdn dau tu nude ngoai, van de bat hgp ly trong eg cau kinh te cang trd nen tram trgng rat khd khdc phyc. Day Id bdi hgc can sdm nhgn thirc de hgn ehl nhirng tdn tgi cd the xdy ra.
Do dd, khi xay dyng ca cau kinh te nganh, ben cgnh viec xdc djnh ro ngdnh nghe, cdc yeu cau ve mdi trudng, gia ddt, hien trgng ha tang ea sd tirng khu vyc, can khan truo-ng xay dyng cac quy hoach ngdnh kinh te ky thugt, trong dd xdc djnh rd nhu cdu \dn dau tu cua tirng ITnh vyc trong nude va nude ngoai, du kiln quy md, cdng suat, ddi tac, dia diem, lien dp thirc hien, trinh dp cdng nghe, thi trudng tieu thy cua tirng du an de dam bdo diing phuong hudng dieu chinh ea cau kinh te nang cao hieu qua dau tu. Lam tdt cac yeu cau tren se gop phan nang cao chat lugng quy hoach, dy bao chuan xdc nhu cau thj trudng lam ca sd cho viec xay dung danh myc thu hut dau tu nude ngoai thdi ky 2011
NGHI6N CUU TRflO D «
•
2015 ddi vdi tirng nganh cy thi.
Day CO the dugc coi la ca sd quan trgng dl xdy dyng chien luge thu hiit von dau tu nude ngodi gdp phan thye hien chiln luge ca cau kinh tl ngdnh.
trong dd huong tap trung dau tu phdt trien nhirng ngdnh trgng diem, miii nhgn nhdm tgo Ihl chuyin djch ca cau virng chae theo hudng cdng nghiep WivA, hien dgi hda.
3.2. Phdt huy vai tro cua khu cdng nghiep tfip trung doi vdi viec chuyen dich cff cuu kinh ti
Kinh nghiem qudc le trong nhieu thgp nien gan day cho thdy. vice xdy dyng khu ehl xuat, khu cdng nghiep Id mgt trong nhirng gidi phdp hiTu hicu dc cdc nude dang phdt trien dat dugc toe dd tdng trudng eao vd cdi thien nhanh chdng ea cau kinh ll eua minh cho phii hpp vdi sy phdt triln ciia phdn cdng lao ddng qudc te.
Ddi vdi Hai Phdng. viec thu hiit cdc dy dn dau tu nude ngodi hinh thanh khu cdng nghiep tap Irung se ed tdc ddng Idn den v iec thu hut vdn dau tu, bdi ddy Id dja bdn thuan Ipi cho cdc nhd ddu tu nude ngodi tien hdnh sdn xudt kinh doanh, ed dieu kien thugn Ipi de thdnh lap doanh nghiep 100% vdn nude ngodi, chuyen giao cdng nghe- ky thuat lien tiln, thiie ddy xudt khau tdng thu ngogi te tren ca sd tap trung phdt trien cdc nganh sdn xudt hdng hod vd djch vu cho xudt khau, tiep thu trinh dp quan ly lien lien, tao them nhieu viec lam, nang cao tay nghe ciia lao ddng vd tang sire cgnh tranh cua mdt sd sdn phdm cdng nghiep tren thj trudng cdc nude trong khu vyc vd the gidi. Ddng thdi tgo nen sy chuyen bien trong ea cau kinh te theo hudng cdng nghiep hod, ty trpng cdc ngdnh cdng nghiep, djch vy se gia tang, dien tich cho sdn xudt ndng nghiep thu hep lai (nhdt Id nhirng viing sdn xudt khd khdn, nang suat ndng nghiep thdp). Sy ra ddi ciia khu cdng nghiep se tgo ra dugc sd lugng viec Idm vd gid tri hang hod xudt khdu ma hdng nghin hecta ddt neu de diing cho sdn xudt ndng nghiep eung chua the dgt dugc. Tuy nhien, viec ra ddi va phdt trien cdc khu cdng nghiep phdi luan thu quy hogch khoa hgc, chdng tu tudng "hinh thuc",
"phong trao" trong phdt trien khu cdng nghiep.
De phat huy dugc nhirng Igi the vd ndng cao hieu qud khu cdng nghiep, mdt trong nhirng bien phdp quan trgng thue day chuyen djch eg cau kinh te nganh va phat triln nganh trpng diem, mui nhpn, can tap trung giai quyet cac van de sau:
- Can cd quy hoach tdng the ve viec hinh thdnh va phdt trien khu cdng nghiep d Thanh phd. Chii y logi hinh quy md eua khu cdng nghiep, bdi vi, neu khu cdng nghiep cd quy md qua Idn se de xdy ra linh trang khdng tuang irng vdi kha nang thu hut ddi tdc
nude ngodi, gay ir dpng von dau lu (vl phia Thdnh phd, trudc het Id von dat).
Ddng thdi vdi vice hinh thdnh cdc khu cdng nghiep can xdc djnh rd nhirng ngdnh nghi, sdn phdm mui nhpn cd vai trd quan trpng ddi vdi qud Irinh chuyen djch ca cau kinh te Hdi Phdng Idm ca sd cho viec xdy dyng danh mye ihu Iiiil cdc dy an ddu tu nude ngodi cd trpng diem. Doi vdi Hdi Phdng, dd Id cdc ngdnh cdng nghiep ehl bien thuy sdn, cdng nghiep ea khi ndng, hod chat, giay dep.
Ca scV hg lang ciia khu cdng nghiep vd hdng rdo ngodi ede khu dd phdi dupe xdy dyng ddng bd vd di trudc mpt budc, ddp img dupe nhung dieu kien dd mdi cd sue hdp ddn ddi vdi cdc nhd ddu lu.
Trong dieu kien Thdnh phd cdn hgn che vl von xdy dyng hg tdng, thi vice khuyen khich vd phdt trien hinh thue hgp tdc lien doanh vdi cdc lap dodn, cdc cdng ty nude ngodi trong viec xdy dyng vd kinh doanh ca sd hg tdng khu cdng nghiep Id rdt cdn thilt.
De ddm bdo hieu qud cua hinh thuc ndy, cdn bdo ddm Igi ich cho cdc nhd ddu tu xdy dyng vd kinh doanh ha tang. Hg phdi sdm thu hdi dugc vdn vd phdi ed Igi nhuan tuong xung trong ITnh vyc ddu tu ndy. Do dd, can phdi cd nhQ-ng chinh sdch uu dai, chdng hgn gid thue ddt phdi bdo ddm hdp dan vd cd tinh canh tranh vdi ede nude trong khu vyc nhdm myc lieu thu hut tdi da cdc cdng ty dau tu Idp ddy dien lieh khu cdng nghiep, phdi tgo ra co che cgnh tranh binh dang, minh bgch.
Lya ehgn can than ddi tdc ddu tu xdy dyng khu cdng nghiep, trdnh trudng hgp ky hgp ddng vdi nhung ddi tdc khdng du tiem lyc tdi chinh hoac ddi tdc ky hgp ddng vdi y dd de bdn lai hgp ddng cho nha dau tu khdc. Uu lien cdc ddi tdc cd tiem lye ldi chinh, cd cdng nghe ngudn nhdt Id cdc cdng ly da qudc gia cua Tdy Au, Bde My, Nhat Bdn. Ben canh dd, can luu y cae nhd ddu tu nude ngodi quan tam hinh thirc khu cdng nghiep bdi vi khu cdng nghiep dugc lieu thy sdn phdm tgi thj trudng ndi dja. Do dd de khuyen khich hp quan tdm den hinh thire khu cdng nghiep, cdn sdm bd sung nhung uu dai dae biet, ed the cao hon mirc uu dai hien hdnh. Viec uu tien, uu dai ndy cho bat ky ddi tdc ndo ddp ung dupe cdc myc lieu, dieu kien do thdnh phd dua ra.
- De lang sire hdp ddn ban nua ddi vdi cdc nhd dau tu nude ngodi, can xac djnh cdc loai gia dien, nude vd cdc dich vy khdc sao cho ddu tu cua hp cd Ipi hon so vdi cdc nude Idng gieng, ehii trpng cdi thien mdi trudng kinh doanh, ca sd hg tdng thuong mgi...
Thye hien ea che qudn ly Nhd nude vd djch vy md cira tai khu cdng nghiep ve viec giao quyen cho Ban quan ly khu cdng nghiep gidi quyet nhung van
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GHI6N CUU TRflO DOI
de thupc chirc ndng qudn ly Nhd nude theo quy chi*
da ban hdnh eiia Chinh plui vc- khu cong nghiep tgp trung.
Trudc nhung van dc birc .\iic, khd khdn Irong hogt dpng thu hiit dau tu vdo cdc khu cdng nghiep hien nav, Nhd nude can sdm cd Lugt vc khu cdng nghiep, trong dd quy djnh id chirc ndng, nhiem vy, quyen hgn vd trdch nhiem eiia Ban qudn ly khu cdng nghiep, mdi quan he giiia Ban qudn ly vdi cdc Bp chirc ndng, cdc tinh, hinh thdi Id chirc vd ca che hogt dpng cua Ban qudn ly. Ban hdnh sdch hudng ddn ddu tu vdo khu cdng nghiep tai Viel Nam, trong dd neu rd cdc chinh sdch tbii tyc ihyc hien ddu lu. gidi thicu nhung thdng lin kinh te ca bdn ve cdc cdng trinh hg lang da xdy dyng gid thuc ddt, gid thuc hg tdng, cdc uu dai. Chu dpng xiic lien vgn dpng ddu tu vdo khu cdng nghiep d mpt so khu vyc quan trpng nhu Tdv Au, My. Nhgt, Singapore.
De phdt huy dupe vai trd eiia khu cdng nghiep trong vice thye hien cdc myc lieu kinh te- xd hpi, trong dd cd chuyen djch ea cdu kinh te ciia Thanh phd, cdn nhanh chdng hodn thien quy hogch vd phdt trien cdc loai hinh doanh nghiep bao gdm ed doanh nghiep ed vdn ddu tu nude ngoai va doanh nghiep trong nude hogt dpng trong khu cdng nghiep. Cdc doanh nghiep nay cd the phdt trien tir don le den qudn the, tir dan ngdnh den da ngdnh linh hogt giira cdc doanh nghiep trong nude va doanh nghiep nude ngodi, giura doanh nghiep dau tu nude ngodi trong nude vd doanh nghiep che xuat, giu'a sdn xuat va thuang mgi, da dgng hod cdc loai khu cdng nghiep nhu khu cdng nghiep tap trung, khu cdng nghe ky thuat cao, khu thuang mgi ty do, khu kho ngogi quan, khu kho mau dich ty do... Trudc mdt, trong mdt vai nam tdi can nd lyc phdn dau thu hut cae dy an lap day 70% dien tich ede khu cdng nghiep da dupe djnh hinh, bao gom:
+ Cym cdng nghiep Vat Cdch- Qudn Toan vdi ndng cdt la khu cdng nghiep Nomura Hdi Phdng vd cdc khu cdng nghiep luyen kim, ea khi dpc theo qudc Ip 5 va tai Vat Cach.
+ Cym cdng nghiep Bde Thuy Nguyen: Ciing vdi viec tiep tyc phdt trien Nha may xi mang Chinfon Hai Phdng (giai dogn I) va md rpng cho giai dogn 2 (4 trieu tan/ndm) phdt huy Igi thi vl dilu kien ty nhien day mgnh thu hut dau tu vao eae nganh pha da tau eu, luyen thep, san xuat thep hinh, thep tdm, cac dy an ve cdng nghiep hod chat.
Tao nhu-ng dieu kien thuan Igi dl triln khai nhanh chdng cac dy an:
+ Xay dyng khu kinh tl tong hgp Dinh VQ (bao gom khu cdng nghiep tdng hgp, cang nude sau, khu
thuang mgi vd khu dd thj mdi).
+ Khu cdng nghiep dudng 14 (Dd San- Hdi Phdng).
Viec xay dyng vd sdm dua vdo hogt dgng cac khu cdng nghiep, kliu kinh te long hgp ke tren khdng chi tdc dgng din toe dg tdng trirdng ciia nganh cdng nghiep, md cdn gdp phan dnh hudng khdng nhd din sy phdl trien ciia cdc ngdnh djch vy va ndng nghiep theo dd la viec thuc day nhanh sy chuyen djch caeau kinh tc cac nganh ndy theo dimg hudng hien dai hda.
3.3 Xdc djnh ty le von trong nude vdi von nude ngodi trong tieng giai doan phdl trien, phii hffp vdi ki hopch phut trien chung cua Thdnh pho vd quy hoach phdt trien cua tieng ngdnh
Vdi nhung ndng lyc tilt kiem va ddu tu qudc noi nhu hien nay, thi Hdi Phdng rat khd dgt dugc tdc dp tdng trudng nhu mong mudn, do do ddi hdi phdi lang khd ndng huy dgng vdn nude ngodi. Chi cd nhu vay mdi cd the gdp phan thye hien muc lieu de ra.
Tuy nhitMi, trong tinh hinh dd viec sir dyng tdi da nang lye von nude ngoai dugc thu hiit de thoa man nhu cau ddu tu va tang trudng md khdng tinh den khd ndng ddi irng ciia vdn trong nude cd the dan den sy sai lech trong myc tieu chuyen djch ca cdu kinh te. Nhu vdy, khdng nen ehgy theo thdnh tich, Igi ich tang trudng eao trong ngdn ban bang cdch bd qua Igi ich ddi hgn. Can phdi xem xet tuang quan giua hai logi ngudn vdn dau tu ndy trong v iee thye hien cdc myc lieu tang trudng v d chuyen djch ea cdu kinh te ngdnh d tirng thdi ky, ban che d muc thdp nhat nhu-ng tdc dgng khdng mong mudn ciia ede nguon vdn dd.
Xet trong dai hgn, ngudn vdn trong nude luon ddng vai trd quyet djnh tang trudng. Ngudn von trong nude, mgt mdt dugc dimg de khai thac moi khd ndng tiem tang hien dang cd d khdp ede dja ban eiia Thdnh phd tgo ra sy phat trien chung, mat khac de sir dyng ngudn vdn ben ngoai cd hieu qud thi can ngudn vdn ddi irng trong nude nhu chudn bj mat bdng, lam cac cdng trinh ke can...
Ngudn vdn ben ngoai bao gdm ehu yeu hai nguon tir dau tu trye tilp nude ngoai va ODA se cd tac ddng rat Idn din thye hien chien luge cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa tao ra nhirng san pham mdi va cdng nghe cao, dap iirng nhu cau thi trudng trong nude va the gidi. Ngudn von ben ngoai trong quy md ea cau vdn cua Hai Phdng thdi ky 2011- 2015 can dap Orng khoang 60.000- 66.000 ty dong, chiem ti le 30% tong von dau tu phat trien; von ODA 20.000- 22.000 ty dong, chilm 10%; cdn lai la von dau tu trye tiep nude ngoai 40.000- 44.000 ty dong, chilm 20%.
Nguon von ODA dat dugc se cd tdc dgng khdng ehi den viec nang cdp va cdi thien ca sd hg tang kinh te- xa hdi cua Thdnh phd ma cdn gdp phan tgo dilu kien thu hut vd hdp thy mdt each cd hieu qud nguon von ddu tu nude ngodi. Ngugc Igi, nguon von dau tu nude ngoai dugc thu hut vd sir dyng cd hieu qud se gdp phan tgo ngudn thu nhdp dl tra ng cdc mdn vay ODA. Trong nguon von nude ngodi, ty trgng dau lu trye tiep nude ngodi ngdy eang ed xu hudng tdng Icn do ede nude tiep nhdn dau tu da nhdn Ihirc dugc vai trd quan trgng ciia loai vdn ndy doi vdi sy tdng trudng kinh te vd dac biet lir sau khimg hodng ldi chinh, viec chu trgng thu hut nguon v dn dau lu nude ngodi cdng trd nen cdp thilt. Xu hudng chung ndy cung can dugc Thdnh pho xem xet dl cd djnh hudng thu hilt, sir dyng cd hieu qua nguon v(>n nude ngodi.
Tuong quan giQ-a von nude ngodi vd von trong nude cung can ed mgt ty le thich hgp, tuy nhien dl ed mdt ty le dupe coi Id hpp ly, chinh xdc d thdi ky dau ciia nen kinh tl dang ddi mdi, thi hodn todn khdng don gidn, nhung ed Ihl coi nhjp dp tdng von dau tu nude ngodi vdo Hdi Phdng vd ngudn von doi irng trong nude thdi gian qua Id ca sd dl dua ra ty le vdn trong nude va vdn nude ngoai duge coi Id hgp ly. Sy mdt can ddi giu-a cae ngudn vdn Id nguyen nhdn quan trgng lam giam ddng dau tu nude ngodi duge thu hut. Bdi le khi ngudn lye trong nude khdng duge huy ddng vd khai thdc cd hieu qud, thi chua the tgo ra sire hap ddn va tang Idng tin eua cdc nhd ddu tu nude ngodi den ddu tu. Khi mirc ty le chung da dugc xdc dinh can thiet lap cdc ty le eu the tuy theo timg ngdnh va mire do ky thugt ma vdn nude ngodi ddu tu vao Hdi Phdng trong tirng giai doan cy the, trong dd ddc biet ehu y uu lien nhQ-ng ngdnh ed tiem nang the mgnh trong nen kinh te, md d Hdi Phdng dd Id hai ngdnh cdng nghiep vd du Ijch djch vy. Neu nhu d giai dogn dau, khi ma nhu cdu vdn nghieng ve ddu tu cho he thdng ea sd hg tang va xay dyng ca sd vat chat ban dau thi ty le hai loai vdn ed the tuong duang.
Tir nam 2011 trd di, khi boat ddng ddu tu nude
NGHieN CUU TRflO D ^ ^
ngodi da chuyin sang mgt giai doan mdi dya tren nhung bude phdt triln mdi ciia nIn kinh tl, liic dd cdc dy dn dau tu se nghieng vl cdc ngdnh cdng nghiep trgng dilm, mui nhgn ciia Thanh pho nhu cdc ngdnh cdng nghiep che tgo, ehl biln cd hdm lugng von vd ky thual cao thi ty le ndy can tdng len ddi vdi vdn trong nude. Vl mgl djnh hudng phdt Iricn cluing la van ddm bdo duge yeu cau phdt huy cao nhal ngudn "ngi lyc" vd tranh thu nguon "ngogi lyc" ldi mirc toi da can thiet. Cd hai ylu to ndy phdi duge kel hpp su dyng trong mpt quy hogch thong nhal, khdng tgo ra sy doi lap giua hai yeu to. Kinh Ic cd vdn dau tu nude ngodi phdi dupe coi Id mdt bd phan ciia nen kinh tl Thdnh pho. Do dd, can ed quy hogch ehi tiet, ey thi vl hgp tdc vd dau lu cd vl khdng gian vd ngdnh nghi tren ea sd vd trong khudn khd quy hogch kinh tl- xa hdi long thi eiia Thdnh phd. Dieu ndy eung ddi hdi cdc cap, cdc ngdnh, cdc dja phuang vd cdc dan vj ea sd phdi chii ddng xdy dyng quy hogch, ke hogch vd lap dy dn keu ggi dau lu nude ngodi cua ngdnh minh, dja phuang minh tren ea sd da xdc djnh duge khdu ndo, ngdnh ndo sir dyng vdn nude ngodi thi ed hieu qua, khdu ndo, ngdnh ndo thi dimg vdn trong nude.
Thye lien gan 25 ndm hogt ddng thu hut vd sir dyng vdn dau tu trye tiep nude ngodi, Hdi Phdng da dgt duge nhQ-ng thdnh cdng nhdt djnh. Von dau tu nude ngodi gdp phan bd sung vdo ngudn vdn dau tu trong nude cdn han hep, gdp phdn thuc day kinh tl Hdi Phdng tang trudng vd chuyen djch ca cdu kinh te ngdnh theo hudng cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda.
Khi khang djnh dugc vai trd dd, Hdi Phdng can ed nhQ-ng giai phap tiep tyc ddi mdi trong thu hut vdn ddu tu trye tiep nude ngoai, khdng thu hut FDI bdng mgi gid, ma thu hut kem theo cdc dieu kien. Ddng thdi ndng eao hieu qud sir dyng logi vdn ndy vdo viec thye hien ede myc tieu kinh te- xa hdi, trong dd ed myc tieu ddy nhanh ban nira qud trinh chuyen djch ea cau kinh te ngdnh phii hgp vdi quy trinh tdi cau true nen kinh te Hdi Phdng trong thdi gian tdi.n Tai lieu tham khao:
1. PGS.TS Dan Dure Hiep (2010), Kinh li Hdi Phong 25 ndm doi mdi vd phdt triin (1986 - 2010), Nxb Chinh trj Quoc gia. Ha Noi.
2. Cue Thing ke thdnh phd Hdi Phdng, Nien gidm thing ke thdnh pho Hdi Phong 2000 -2010, Nxb Thing ke. Ha Noi.
3. Sd KI hoach - Ddu tu Hdi Phdng (2008), Bdo cdo tdng kit 20 ndm hogt dgng ddu tu nude ngodi tgi thdnh phd Hdi Phdng.
4. Sd KI hoach - Ddu tu Hdi Phdng, Bdo cdo tdng hgp tinh hinh ddu tu true tiip nuac ngodi cdc nam 2008, 2009, 2010. 2011.
5. Thanh uy Hdi Phdng (2010), Vdn kien Dgi hgi dgi hiiu Ddng bg thdnh phd Hdi Phdng Idn thuXIV,
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