HOA HOC-CONG NGHE THIfC PHAM
HIEN TRANG Si/ DUNG, RUI RO MOI TRlTCfNG CUA PIN NANG LU0NG MAT TRCfl VA DE XUAT CAC BIEN PHAP
QUAN LY, TAI CHE PHU HCfP VCfl DIEU KIEN Cf VIET NAM
(TRjNH NGOC TUAN
T6M TAT:
Bai vid't tnnh bay hien Irang tieu thu pin mat trdi va phat sinh chS't thai Iff he thdng nang Itfdng mat trdi trdn thd' gidi v^ d Viet Nam. Ben canh do, cdc phtfdng phap thu gom, Idi chd' pin ciing dtfdc trlnh bay. Ngoai ra, cdc bien phap quan ly, dinh htfdng nghien ctfu lai che' pin mat trdi cung dtfdc tac gia de xua't dd phD hdp vdi didu kidn cffa Viel Nam, nham giai quyd't cdc vS'n dd mdi trtfdng gdp phdi do rac thai cffa pin, hffdng tdi phat trien ben vffng Hnh vtfc nang Itfdng tai tao cua ntfdc nha.
Tuf khda: Pin nang Itfdng mat trdi, rui ro mdi trtfdng, quan ly, tai chd', Viel Nam, nang Itfdng Idi tao.
I. D§t va'n de
Btfc xa mat trdi la mgi dang cua nang Iffdng tai tao, cd nhieu tfu diem so vdi cac ngudn nang Itfdng khdc nhtf: an loan, hidu qua, khdng gay 6 nhiem moi trddng va cd mat d khap ndi [ I ]. VI vdy, pin quang dien - thid't bi dung de chuyen hda trtfc tie'p nang lu'dng anh sang mat trdi thanh nang Itfdng didn, dang dan trd thanh phdt minh quan trong nha't cua nen cdng nghidp nang Itfdng. Uu diem cua cdc tam pin mat trdi la hau nhtf phdt thai rat it khi CO2 - loai khi gay hidn ttfdng am ldn loan cau. Vi du, de san xua't ra I kWh didn nang nd'u ttf nang Itfdng hda thach se phat sinh khoang 400-1 OOOg CO2, con ttf pin mat trdi
\\l(ingC02 phat smh la khdng dang ke [2].
Ke tff khi dffdc phdt minh nam 1946, to'c do san xuat vd tidu tiiu pin mat trdi dang ngay cang gia tang. Tai cac nffdc phdt Irien nhff Hoa Ky, Nhat Ban vd CHLB Dffc, nhidu nha may pin mat trdi
quy mo ldn da dtfdc xay dtfng [3]. Nhu cau dien mat trdi da lang tff I GW nam 2004 ldn 57 GW nam 2015; td'cdO lang trtfdng hang nam cao hdn il nhat 20% so vdi cac ngudn nang Itfdng khdc [4].
Tinh tdi nam 2017, cong sua't cua cac dtf an nang Itfdng mat trdi loan cau da cao hdn cac ngudn nang Itfdng truyen thd'ng khac - nhtf nang Itfdng hda thach va hat nhan, dat tdi 99,2 GW [5]
Xu thd' xay dtfng va lap dat nha may pin mat trdi cd Idn lam giam chi phi san xua't dang cang khid'n nganh cdng nghiep nang Itfdng nay ihdm phdt tnen. Tai A rap Xd iii, nam 2018, viec xay dtfng nha may didn mat trdi cdng sua't 300 MW da khid'n chi phi san xuat 1 kWh dien nang chi cdn 0,0234 USD. Ngoai ra, gid thanh dien mat trdi cung giam bdi cac cdng nghd pin mat trdi dang dtfdc ddi mdi va cai tid'n. Hidn nay, Trung Qud'c dang la qud'c gia ddn dau the gidi ve san xua't pin
So 5 - T h a n g 3/2020 357
TAP GHJ CONG THtfONG
mat ti-di, chie'm 50% cdng suat. Udc linh tdi nam 2022, cong sua't didn mat trdi toan cau cd the dat tdi 1270,5 GW [6].
Tuy nhien, cung vdi stf gia tang cua viec san xuat, khi he't ban sff dung, nhtfng la'm pin mat Irdi se ird thanh chat thai lac dpng ldi mdi trffdng neu khong dffdc ihu hdi va tai che hdp ly. Mdt la'm pin mat trdi cd ihdi han sff dung khoang 25 nam, tinh Iff thdi diem dtfa vao thtfdng mai thi tdi nay nd can phai dtfdc xff ty. Vide phdn tdch, tdi chd' silicon va cdc kim loai khdc nhff chi, thid'c, cadmium trong la'm pin mat trdi la dieu can thid't de bao ve mdi trffdng. Tat nhien, de thtfc hien dtfdc thi vide phat irien cong nghe lai che'phai dtfdc dat ldn hang dau, nham giam chi phi tdi chd', lang kha nang canh tranh vdi cac ngudn nang Itfdng khac. Thdng 07/2012, Cong ddng chung chdu Au da dtfa pin mat trdi vao danh muc "Cha'l thai mdi phdl sinh ttf ihie't hi dien va dien tff", vdi muc dich quan ly vide thai bd va tdi chd'. Chinh sach cua EU khuyd'n khich vide thu gom vd'tai che'thay vi xff ly sd bd va thai bd. Vide budn ban cha'l thai iff pin mat trdi hoan toan bi cam d lat ca cac ntfdc thudc EU.
Bai vie't nhdm cung ca'p ihdng tin, cap nhat ve hidn trang san xua't, sff dung va phat sinh chd't thai ttf he thd'ng pin mat trdi tren the' gidi va d Viet Nam. Bdn canh dd, cac phtfdng phap thu gom, tai chd pin cung dtfdc trinh bay nham de xua't bidn phdp xff Iy (bad gdm chinh sach quan ly va cdng nghd tdi chd') hdp Iy nha't vdi didu kien nffdc la.
2. Tinh hinh san xuS^t, tidu thu pin mat trdi tren the gidi va Viet Nam
2.1. Thegidi:
Qua irinh nghidn cffu, phat trien va tieu ihu nang Iffdng lai lao, dac bidt la nang Itfdng mat trdi la ra't can thid't, bdi vide sff dung nang Itfdng hda thach dang gay ra cac van de mdi trffdng nghidm irong nhtf bid'n ddi kht hau va d nhidm khdng khi.
Hinh 1 cho tha'y cdng sua't lap dat cua pin mat trdi da tang nhanh chdng iff 23,0 GW nam 2009 len 207,9 GW nam 2016, CHLB Dffc dang la qudc gia cd cdng sua't lap dat Idn nha't the' gidi, mac du cdng sua't nay da giam ttf 27% nam 2011 xud'ng 20%
nam2015. Tff nam 2011 tdi nam 2015. thi trffdng Trung_ Qud'c da tang iff 4% len 22%. Nam 2013, chau Au la thi trtfdng dien mat Irdi Idn nha't nhtfng Idi 2014 cdc ntfdc chdu A da vtfdn len din dau, hidn chie'm Idi 60% cdng sua't lap dat loan cau [7].
So Itfdng cac tam pm mat hdi dtfdc lap dai trdn the' gidi hien dang tang trtfdng ra't nhanh va se tie'p
Kmh ;.- Toe do tdng tnfdng ndng lifdng mat trdi todn cdu.
240 O 200
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2009 2010 67 4
2011 89 9
2012
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2013 127 3 /
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2016
tuc gia tang vad cac nam tdi. Nam 2014, sd Itfdng cac la'm pin Silicon chie'm tdi 92%, pm CdTe 5% va 1% con lai la cdc vat lidu khac. Tff nam 2014 ldi 2030 (dtf tinh), thi trtfdng cua pin Si se giam ttf 92%
xud'ng cdn 44,8%, pin dtfdc chd' tao Itf cdc vat heu khac (dtfdc coi la the' he pin thff 3) dtfdc ky vong se chie'm tdi 44,1 % thi phan vdo nam 2030 [8].
2.2. Viit Nam:
Viet Nam dtfdc xem la qud'c gia cd tiem nang ra't ldn ve nang Itfdng mat trdi. Tiem nang ve sff dung nang Itfdng mat trdi ly thuye't dtfdc ddnh gia khoang 6,78 tneu kWh/nam (43,9 ty TOE/nam).
Tuy nhidn, vide khai thac va sff dung nguon nang Itfdng nay hien nay van cdn ban che. Cdc hoat ddng nghien ctfu va sff dung nang Iffdng mat trdi d VietNam trtfdc day tap trung vao mdt so ITnh vtfc, nhtf cung ca'p ntfdc ndng dung irong sinh hoat va phdt dien d quy md nhd: sa'y, na'u an, chtfng cat ntfdc... d quy md thff nghiem nhd, chffa ddng ke.
Nam 2014, Viet Nam mdi cd dff an didn mat trdi ldn dau tien, Nha may Quang ndng Hdi An, Cdn Dao vdi ldng dau itf 140 nghin Euro. Dtf an nay da dtfdc hoan thanh nd'i Itfdi vao Dien Itfc Cdn Dao thang 12/2014.
Nam 2016, Thu ttfdng Chinh phu da phe duyfit De an Dieu chinh Quy hoach phat tridn didn lu'c qud'c gia giai doan 2011 - 2020 cd xet den nam 2030 (cdn dtfdc gpi la Quy hoach didn VII), dieu chinh cdng sua't Idp dat didn mat trdi se Idn khoang 850 MW vao nam 2020, khoang 4.000 MW vao nam 2025 va khoang 12.000 MW dd'n nam 2030.
Dien nang san xua't ttf ngudn dien mat trdi chiem Iy trpng khoang 0,5% nam 2020, khoang 1,6% vao nam 2025 va khoang 3,3% vao nam 2030.
De tid'p mc tao dieu kidn cho stf phdl trien ndng Itfdng ldi lao trong ttfdng lai, ngay i 1/04/2017, Thu ttfdng Chinh phu da ky ban hanli Quye't dinh sd n/2017/QD-TTg vd cd che' khuyen khich phat
358 So 5-Thdng 3/2020
HOA HOG-CdNG H T H j f C PHAM
tnen cac dtf an dien mat Irdi tai Vidt Nam. Trong do, quy dinh hai cd chd' rat quan trpng la
"Net-metering" vd gid mua ddi vdi toan bp san Iffdng dien ttf cdc nha may dien mat trdi nd'i Itfdi la 9,35 Uscent/kWh (chtfa bao gdm thue gia tri gia tang). Tid'p theo, Bp trtfdng Bp Cong Thtfdng ky ban hanh Thdng ttf 16 ngay 12/9/2017 ve htfdng ddn thtfc hidn Quye't dinh sd 11 va ban hdnh mau hdp dong mua ban didn. Ddy dtfdc coi la chia khda quan trpng md cffa cho stf phdl tnen manh me didn mat Irdi trong thdi gian ldi lai Viet Nam.
Ngay sau khi Chinh phu ban hdnh Quyel dinh 11/2017/QD-TTg da cd mdt sd vtfdng mac. Ngay 08/01/2019, Thu ttfdng Chinh phu da ky ban hanh Quyet dinh sd02/2019/QD-TTg sffa ddi va bd sung mdt so' vffdng mac cua Quyd't dinh 11/2017/QD-TTg vdi ndi dung chinh la khuyd'n khich cac nha dau tff sff dung cdc ngudn nang Iffdng tai tao Ihay vi Iff dien Iffdi qud'c gia. Tinh tdi thdng 6/2019, Viet Nam da cd 85 nha may didn mat irdi dang van hanh vdi long cdng sua't dif kidn la 5384,6 MWp, cdng sua't Ihffc te la 4458,5 MW.
Ben canh cac dtf an nhd may didn mat trdi, thi trtfdng didn dp mdi d Viet Nam cung dat dtfdc nhffng bffdc tang trtfdng nhanh chdng. Theo so'lieu cua Tap doan Dien Itfc Viet Nam, tinh dd'n cud'i ihang 7/2018, da cd 748 dtf an dtfdc tnen khai ti:en ca ntfdc, vdi long cdng sual 11,55 MWp [9]. De'n hd't Ihang 11/2019, Tong cdng ty Didn Itfc midn Nam (EVNSPC) cho bid't, tdng cdng sua't didn mat tidi dp mai tren dia ban 21 linh thanh phia Nam la 161,908 kWp, dat 169% ke hoach cffa Tap doan Dien Itfc Viet Nam giao cho.
Theo nghidn cffu cua Ngdn hang Thd' gidi vd nang sua't phat dien mat trdi, d khu vtfc mien Nam (TP.HCM va cac tinh midn Nam), dien nang phat cua 1 kWp dat khoang 1,350-1,450 kWh/nam;
rieng khu vtfc Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan cd tiie dat 1,550 kWh/nam. Con cdc tinh midn Trung dat khoang 1,300 kWh/nam [10]. Gia Iri lam ldi - tinh theo gia mua dien cua van phdng ddn vi Didn Itfc, di6n mat Irdi mang lai dat tff 3,6-3,9 tneu dong/nam/kWp. Hien nay, Bd Cdng Thtfdng dang xem xet ti-inh Chinh phu sffa doi cd chd gid FIT - cd che' gia dp dung cho dien san xud't ttf cac ngudn ndng Itfdng tai Iao, ddi vdi dtf an dien mat trdi ap dvng sau thang 6/2019; cd che da'u thau rieng, hdp dong raua bdn dien cho cdc dtf an didn mat trdi.
Bong thdi, Bd cung trinh Chinh phu xem xet dieu chinh Quyd'l dinh so' 11 de giai quye't nhffng vd'n
de lien quan de'n thue' cho cac dff an dien mat trdi lap mdi.
Theo bao cdo long hdp cua EVN, tinh de'n ngay 31/12/2019, ca ntfdc da cd 377,943 MW dien mat Irdi dp mai dtfdc lap dai. Trong dd, linh theo ITnh vtfc cdng nghiep (bao gdm nong, lam, ngtf nghiep, xay dtfng va cdng nghiep) dat cdng suat 190,933 MW - ehid'm 51%, ITnh vtfc dan dung dat 123,91 MW - chie'm 33%, linh vtfc thtfdng mai kmh doanh dat 46,09 MW - chidm 12%, va ITnh vtfc hanh chinh stf nghiep dat 17 MW - ehid'm 4%. Phan chia theo cac Cdng ty phdn phd'i dien, EVNSPC dat cdng suat 189,345 MW - chiem 50%, EVNCPC dat cdng sua't 99,795 MW - chie'm 26%, EVHCMC dat 67,621 MW - chiem 18%, con lai Id EVNNPC dat 17,763 MW - chie'm 5%, va EVNHANOI dat 3,416 MW - chiem 1% (Bao cdo tdng hdp EVN ve didn mat trdi dp mai tinh den 31/12/2019).
Phan chia theo khu vtfc, mien Nam dat 189,346 MW, mien Trung dat 929,56 MW, va mien Bac dat 17,763 MW (chtfa bao gdm 3 thdnh phd' ldn. Ha Noi, Da Ndng va TP.HCM). Vdi hdn 377 MW nay, long cdng sud't didn luy ke' dd phdt len Itfdi Itf cdc he thd'ng dien mat irdi dp mai dat 99 trieu kWh.
Hinh 2: Cdng suat dien mat trdi dp mdi tinh den thdng 12/2019 theo vung (kWp)
(Nguon: Bdo cdo tdng hap EVN ve dien mgt trdi dp mdi tinh den 31/12/2019)
3. Tac ddng cua pin mat trdi tdi mdi trrf&ng Tudi tho cua pin mat trdi Itf 20-30 nam luy ihupc vao ddc linh va cdch thtfc sff dung. Sau khoang thdi gian tren, nd cIn phai dffdc thdi bd va Ihay the'. Hiep hdi Ndng Iffdng tai lao qudc le ffdc linh cud'i nam 2016, 250.000 td'n pin mat ti-di se trd thanh rac thai [11]. Nhffng la'm pin nay chffa chi, cadmium va ra't nhieu cha't ddc hai khac cd the da khong dtfdc xff ly. Thang 11/2016, Bp Mdi trtfdng Nhdt Ban dtfa ra dtf dodn tdi nam 2040, Itfdng pin mat trdi bi thai bo len ldi 800.000 ta'n va Chinh phu vin chtfa cd ke hoach cu the nao Irong viec xff ly
TAP CHi CONG THIftfNG
an toan va hieu qua. Ltfdng rac thai nay cua nam 2034 cd the gd'p tii 70-80 lan loan bd rdc thai cua ndm 2020 trd ve trtfdc.
Tai Trung Qud'c, theo thd'ng ke cua Hidp hdi Nang Itfdng tdi tao, nam 2015, ntfdc nay bdt dau xua'l hien chd't thai ttf nha may dien mat trdi do ke't thuc vdng ddi san pham. Lffdng chat thai nay bat dau gia tang vdo nam 2020 va dat tdi mffc cao nhat vao nam 2030. Do do, vide xff ly cha't thai tff nang Iffdng mat trdi se trd thanh va'n dd rd'i ca'p bach d nffdc nay trong thap ky tdi. Tuy nhidn, chffa cd ba'l ky ke hoach hay de xud't ndo dffdc dtfa ra [I].
Ttfdng Itf nhtf d Trung Qud'c, lai California - bang ddn d^u ntfdc My va the' gidi ve tidu thu pin mat trdi, cung chtfa cd ke' hoach xff 1^ mac dil da cd nhffng canh bdo cua nhffng nha hoal dpng mdi irtfdng. O chdu Au, khi ke't thuc vong ddi pin mat trdi, Chinh phu cac ntfdc da dtfa ra ydu cau vdi cac nha san xud'l va cung cd'p san pham phai thu gom va thai bd hdp ly. Mac du viec thai bd da dtfdc thtfc hien dung phdp ludt nhtfng nii rd ve mdi irtfdng vd stfc khde cdng ddng van ra'l ldn, bdi hda cha'l dpc hai nhtf chi, cadmium ttf nhffng la'm pin ndy se theo thdi gian ro ri nhidm ban ntfdc ngam.
Dac biet, trong qua irinh san xud't pin mat tidi, nha san xua'l sff dung axit HF de lam sach Id'm nen va xff ly be mat, nd'u ngtfdi lad ddng khdng dffdc Irang hi bao hd dai chua'n se khie'n cac md bi pha huy, giam canxi trong xffdng. Ngoai ra, viec thai bd hodc chdn ldp ciing khie'n md't di ngudn nguyen lieu ra'l ldn cd the tai sff dung dtfdc, tfdc tinh khoang 1 trieu ta'n Al, 0,3 trieu ta'n Si va 7,4 trieu tan thuy tmh. Cdc nha khoa hpc tfdc tinh rdng, ne'u cung mot Itfdng Ai dtfdc tai chd'tff cac la'm pin mat trdi, Itfdng khi COT thdi ra chi 4,16% so vdi sdn xua'l mdi. Ttfdng ttf vdi cac kim loai khac Irong pin mat trdi nhtf Ga, Te va Mo, vide thu gom, van chuyen va lai chd' se lam gidm dang ke Itfdng khi nhd kinh phat thai vao khi quyen nham bao vd mdi trtfdng.Ta'tnhidn, vide tai che'cac kim loai nay cd the gap khdng il khd khan bdi ham Itfdng cua chung thtfdng chi chie'm ly Id ra'l nhd trong ta'm pin mat trdi (khd'i Itfdng thtfdng nho hdn 1%).
Mdc dCi pin mat trdi da dtfdc thtfdng mai hda ttf 15 nam trtfdc nhtfng van de mdi trtfdng do nd gdy ra vdn chtfa dtfdc quan tam diing mtfc cua chinh phu cdc ntfdc. Dieu nay ddn tdi thdng tin va so'lidu ve nhffng tdc dpng va rui ro mdi trtfdng cua cdc ta'm pin nay gay ra ra'l ban che'. De cung ca'p thdng tin nham canh bao sdm nhtfng nguy cd mdi irtfdng
nay, cac nha khoa hoc tren the' gidi da tien hanh cac thi nghiem chffng minh stf ldn tai va dpc tinh ciia pin mat Irdi trong irtfdng hdp chung bi phdt tan ra mdi trtfdng sinh thai.
Ket qua thi nghiem dtfdc thd hidn d Bang 1 [12]. Trong do, nghien ctfu cua Nover vd cdng stf ve stf phat ldn cua cdc kim loai ndng nhtf Al, Cu, Ni, Pb tff Id'm pin Si tinh thd (c-Si) va Si vd dinh hinh (a-Si) trong dieu kien pH thay ddi dtfdc thtfc hidn nam 2017. Kd'l qua cho tha'y Al, Cu, Pb bi giai phdng khoi c-Si va Ni giai phdng khdi a-Si, phat lan ra mdi trtfdng khi pH <3; d pH >11 thi Al vd Pb giai phdng khoi a-Si.
Nghien ctfu khac cua Tammaro ihtfc hidn nam 2004 iren 26 la'm pin c-Si vd 8 td'm pin a-Si cung phat hien dtfdc stf phdt tan cua cac kim loai nang ra mdi Irtfdng vdi ndng dp khac nhau. Nam 2016, dng tid'p luc thtfc hidn thi nghiem phdt tan kim loai Irong pin a-Si d 3 nhdm mdu thff trong thdi gian khac nhau. Kd't qua lan Itfdt la 50%, 16,7% vd 8,3% mdu thff cd the gay dpc tdi mdi trffdng sinh Ihdi. Nam 2018, Zhi va cong sff tie'n hdnh nghien cffu dpc tinh cua pin tinh the Si-P va Si-B Idi m8i trffdng sinh Ihdi, ke't qua cho tha'y vi khuan cd die bi tidu diet Irong vdng 2h phdi nhiem, cd sff ton tai cua tinh the va Si-B Iren te' bao cua vi khuan.
Tai Viel Nam, linh tdi thdng 6/2019, da cd 85 nha may dien mat trdi dang vdn hdnh vdi long cdng sud't dff kie'n Id 5384,6 MWp va 377,943 MW didn mat Irdi dp mdi dtfdc lap dat. Dieu kien bat budc vdi cac dff dn dien mat irdi trffdc khi dffdc phe duyet phai thtfc hien danh gia lac ddng mdi trffdng (DTM). Npi dung danh gid tdc ddng mdi tiofdng, gdm: danh gia tac dpng mdi trffdng trong giai doan xdy dffng, van hanh nha mdy va ke'l thiic dtf dn. Tuy nhien, bao cao thtfdng chf tap trung vao lac dong dtf an tdi thay ddi mdi trtfdng sinh thai, sinh ke', tdc ddng cua didu kidn sinh hoat va lam viec cua cdng nhan tdi mdi trtfdng.
Ddnh gia lac dpng cua pin mat trdi hong hdc do van hanh vd he't han sff dung chtfa dtfdc thtfc hien do cac nha cung ca'p da cam ke't hd trd thu gom pin thai. Viec nay se gay ra rd't nhidu rui ro cho nha dau ttf va mdi trtfdng ne'u trong thdi gian cam kdt, nha san xua't ngffng hoat ddng hoac khdng lien lac dffdc trong khi vdng ddi cua lam pm cd the keo dai tdi 30 nam. Ngodi ra, viec nba cung cd'p thu hdi sau dd thai bd chi khie'n dffa nguon 6 nhidm ttf dia phtfdng ndy sang dia phtfdng khac. chff khdng giai quye't dtfdc triet de vd'n de. Bdi vay. ne'u khong cd
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TAP CHJ CONG THtffTNG
phu'dng an quan ly sdm, Viel Nam cd thd se phai do'i mat vdi tham hoa moi tnfdng trong chda day 20 nam ldi.
4. Cac cdng nghe tai ch&'pin mgt trdi Trong vai nam gan day, nhan thu'c difdc nhu'ng rui ro mdi tru'dng cd the xay ra, Nhat Ban, chau Au va Hoa Ky da lap irung nghien cdu va phat trien cac cdng nghe tai che pin mat trdi. Hau het cac nghien cdu deu tSp trung vao phan tach Si va chiet xuat kim loai hiem. Hien tai, cd 3 cong nghe tai che pin mat trdi la phddng phap nhiet, vat ly va hda hoc.
Hinh 3: Qud trinh tdi che pin mat trdi (13).
Thiiy tinh, nhom, thanh phan khSc
X i i l y n h i ^ t -• —
J Pm mang mong
- Phdn tdch vdt ly:
O qua trlnh nay, ta'm pin dddc thao dd khung Al, hop ddng md'i no'i mach dien va day cap. TiJfng bo phan du'dc lay mau, cat vun, ep khudn va kiem tra mdc do doc hai tdi moi tru'dng. Khung nhom cd the du'dc tdi che' lai bang phifdng phap luyen kim, Hdp dijfng moi no'i mach dien difdc kiem tra, su'a chiJa va bao du'dng nham tang dien iip dau ra cua la'm pin.
- Xu! ly nhiet vd hoa hoc:
Ra't nhieu phu'dng phap xu* ly da du'dc nghien cu'u va ap dung nham thu hoi cac vat lieu cd trong pin mat trdi. Fiandra va cong sif da dung phiTdng phap xu' ly nhiet (d'ng gia nhiel Lenton) de thu hoi tinh the Si Tam pin difdc cat ra thanh nhieu mau nho, kich thifdc 10 x 10 cm, gia nhiet len 5D0"C d
-M
mdi trifdng khi hdn hdp N2/O2 trong 24h [14].
Pagnanelli sii' dung phifdng phap nen ap life de giam do day thuy tinh xud'ng < 1 mm va nung vdi khdng khi 6 nhiet do 650''C. Ke't qua nghien cffu da thu hoi ddoc 91% ihuy tinh [15].
O nghien cu'u khac. Shin va cdng sd dau tien sff dung phu'dng phap nhiel de phan tach cac Idp cua ta'm pin Si. Sau dd dng tien hanh xff ly b^ng axit phosphoric va gia nhiel tdi 400''C trong 2 phut. Ke'l qua thu hoi dffdc nhu'ng l3'm Si mong cd cha't Iffdng iffdng difdng chffa sff dung [2].
Nghien cffu loai bo ldp EVA tren be mat la'm pin Si dffdc lien hanh bdi Doi [16].
Ong da sff dung cac loai dung mdi hffu cd khac nhau kel hdp vdi phffdng phap nen cd hoc len tS'm Si. Ke't qua cho tha'y Si sau khi thu hoi cd the tai sff Tfiisi/dung [ dung hieu qua. Ngoai ra, viec thu hoi cac kim loai khac nhu"
Cu, Tin, Cd, Te cung dffdc nghidn cffu hieu qua bdi cac tai lieu khac vdi hieu suat thu hoi dat tff 95-97%.
Viec nghien cffu tai che pm mat trdi tren the gidi hau he't mdi dang dffng d quy mo phdng thi nghiem ma chffa dffdc thifdng mai hda. Chi cd 2 cong ly cua Hoa Ky va CHLB Dffc dffa ra thff nghiem va phat trien d quy md cong nghiep. Cu the, cong ty Deutsche Solar nghien cffu tai che' pin Si linh the va cdng ty First Solar nghien cffu lai che' pin mang mong. Hai cong ty deu sff dung phffdng phap tiln xff ly cd hgc va xff ly hda hoc. Tinh ldi nam 2018, mdi chi cd lap doan xff ly nffdc thai v^ chat thdi Veolia (Phap) md nha may tai chg'pin mat trdi dIu lien d chau Au. Nha may nay se ky hdp dong vdi id chffc tai che nganh nang lifdng mat trdi PV Cycle France de tai che 1.300 tan pin mat trdi vao nam 2018 va dif kie'n tai che len ldi 4.000 tan vao nam 2022 [2].
5. D^ xua't cac bien phap quan ly va tai che pin mgt trdi of Viet Nam
To'c do tang trifdng cua nganh nang lifdng pin mat trdi d Viet Nam hien dang d mffc cao va se de'p tuc gia tang trong ihdi gian tdi, do cac chinh sach khuye'n khich dau tu" nang lifdng tai tao cua
CdTe •
362 So 5 - T h a n g 3/2020
HQA HOG-GONG NGHE T H . . .
Chinh phu. Tuy nhien, vi§c chu'a quan tam dung mffc tdi khia canh mdi trifdng cua cac ta'm pin nay cd Xhi khie'n Viet Nam gap rui ro moi trffdng trong vdng 15-20 nam ldi. Vi vay, viec lap ke hoach cu the nham quan ly va thffc hien cac nghien cffu thu gom, lai che pin hieu qu5 la v\6c lam cap bach trong bd'i canh hien nay. Bai vie't da dffa ra mot so' de xua'l sau:
- Vi6c dffa ra cac chinh sach khuyen khich dau tff vao dien mat trdi cua cac cd quan chffc nang can liep luc dffdc thffc hi6n song song vdi viec yeu cau cac nha dau tff cam ke't cd ke hoach cu the, nhSm quan ly vong ddi pin mat trdi. De han che rui ro moi tnfdng, vai tro cua nha dau tff trong viec thu gom va tai che pin can phai difdc nhan manh thay vi trach nhiem chi dat len nha cung cap thiet bi.
- Cdng tac dieu tra tac dong cua cac nha may dien mat irdi va cac cong trinh dien ap mai tren loan quo'c nen dffdc thffc hien ngay, nham sdm danh gia difdc lac dong cua cac he thd'ng pin mat trdi (bao gom ca Sc quy, ta'm pin Si gap sff cd' va hdng hdc, hda chat ve sinh tam Si ngam vao nguon mfdc,...) tdi mdi trffdng, iff dd difa ra phu'dng phap quan ly phii hdp.
- Viec nghien cffu phi/dng phap thu gom va tai che pin mat trdi nen dffdc thiTc hien vdi sff tham
gia cua cac nha nghien cffu trong va ngoai nffdc, bdi hien lai so' Iffdng cac cong trinh nghien cffu tren the' gidi trong linh vffc nay con rat han che, ke't qua nghien cffu hau nhff mdi dffng d quy mo phdng thi nghiem.
- Hdp tac quo'c te trao ddi kinh nghiem quan ly cac dff an dien mat trdi va cdng lac lai che pin ra't can thie't nham ban che rui ro mdi trffdng trong nhffng nam tdi.
6. K^'t lu^n
Nhffng nam gan day, didn mat irdi d Viel Nam da cd nhffng bffdc phai trien vffdt bac do nhu c£u dien nang va cac chinh sach thu hut dau tff cua Chinh phu. Tuy nhien, vide phat trien 6 at khi chffa cd quy hoach, hffdng dan, danh gia lac dong moi trffdng cu the, hdp ly cd the dSn ldi nhffng rui ro mdi trffdng nghiem trong trong vong 20 nam tdi.
Dd giai quye't triet de nhffng ton lai iren, cac cd quan quan ly can tie'p tuc dffa ra cac chinh sach dung dan va kip thdi nham dinh hifdng phat men ITnh vffc nang Iffdng mat irdi, Quan trpng nha't, Nha nddc va cac nha khoa hoc can nghien cffu, dau tff, ffng dung cac phffdng phap va cong nghe mdi nham giai quye't dffdc va'n de rac thai doc hai tff pin mat trdi, hifdng tdi phai trien ben vffng Enh vffc nang Iffdng tai tao d Viet Nam •
TAI u e u THAM KHAO
[1] Md. Chowdhury. K.Rahman, T. Chowdhury. N. Nuthammachot, K Techato, Md. Akhtaruzzaman. S.Tiong, K.
Sopian, N. Amin, An overview of solar photovoltaic panels' end-of-life material recycling Energy Strategy Rev 27 (2020) 100431.
[2 J J Shin. J. Park, N. Park A method lo recycle silicon wafer from end-of-life photovoltaic module and solar panels by using recycled silicon wafers, Sol. Energy Mater Sol. Cells 162 (2017) 1-6.
13]X. Chl, M. Wang. M. Reuter, E-waste collection channels and household recycling behaviors in Taizhou of China J Clean. Prod 80(2014)87-95
141 D.Luo, G. Zhang. J Zhang, T. Li, Principle and research progress on preparation solar grade (SoG) silicon by metallurgical route, Foundry TechnoL 29 (12) (2008), 1721-1726.
15] S Of G. Photovoltaic. The International Energy Agency (lEA) - Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme - 2018 Snapshot of Global Photovoltaic Markets 1-16.
16] M. Schmela. SolarPower Europe, Global Market Outlook for Solar Power (2018) 2018 - 2022.
[7]C mnneker. Global Market OullookforPhotovoltaics 2013-2017. <http://www.construction21 org/articles/Ii/
i-eport-~global-market-outlook-forphotavoltalcs-2013-2017.html>.
18j D Sica, 0. Malandrino. Lucchetd, M C Management of end-of-llfe photovoltaic panels as a step towards a circular economy, Renew Sustain. Energy Rev. 82 (2018) 2934-2945.
m Tjp loan iien luc Vm Nam. 748 du an dien mat tnt,i lip mdi da triin khm trin ca nui,c- ''<'P'J'"n.com.,n/d6/n,^!n4i-du-an-dim-mal4roi-lap-mai-da-tnen-khai.tren-ca-nuoc-l41A7-22l9Kasnx '
TAP CHJ CONG THlTdNG
[10] Tap dodn dien luc Viet Nam. Han 3.200 kWp dien mSt trdi dp mdi dd van hdnh tai tru sd cdc dien lUc:
https://evn. com.vn/d6/news/Hon-3200-kWp-dien-mat-troi-ap-mai-da-van-hanh-tai-tru-so-cac-dien-l.uc-141-17- 22369.aspx
111] W.H Huang, W.J. Shin, L. Wang, W C. Sun, M. Tao, Strategy and technology to recycle wafer-silicon solar modules. Sol. Energy 144 (2017) 22-31.
[12] E. Klugmann-Radziemska. P. Ostrowski, Chemical treatment of crystalline silicon solar cells as a method of recovering pure silicon from photovoltaic modules. Renew. Energy 35 (8) (2010) 1751-1759.
[13] J. Kwak, S. Nam, L. Kim. Y An, Potential environmental risk of solar cells: Current knowledge and future challenges. J. Hazard Mater. 392 (2020) 122297.
[14] L D'Adamo, M. Miliacca. P. Rosa, Economic feasibility for recycling of waste crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules. Int. J Photoenergy (2017) 2017-2023
[15J F. Pagnanelli. E. Moscardini, G. Granata, T.A. Atia. P. Altimari, T. Havlik. L. Toro, Physical and chemical treatment of end of life panels: an integrated automatic approach viable for different photovoltaic technologies, Waste Manag. 59 (2017) 422-431.
[16] T. Doi, I Tsuda, H. Unagida, A. Murata. K. Sakuta, K. Kurokawa, Experimental study on PV module recycling with organic solvent method. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol Cells 67 (1-4) (2001) 397-403.
Ngay nh^n bai: 17/2/2020
Ngay phan bien danh gia va su'a chu'a: 27/2/2020 Ngay chap nhan dang bai: 6/3/2020
Thong tin tdc gid:
TS. TRINH NGOC TUAN
Khoa Cong nghS nang Iffdng, Trffdng Dgi hoc Di$n Iffc
CURRENT SITUATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF USING SOLAR BATTERIES AND SOLUTIONS
TO MANAGE AND RECYCLE SOLAR CELLS WITH VIETNAM'S CONDITIONS
• Ph.D TRINH NGOC TUAN
Faculty of Energy Technology, Electric Power University ABSTRACT:
This paper presents the current slams of solar cell consumption and waste generation from solar sysiems in the world and in Vietnam. This paper also introduces methods of collecting and recycling s-olar cell. In addition, this paper proposes management measures and research orientation of solar cell in accordance with the conditions of Vietnam in order to solve the environmental problems encountered by the waste generated from solar cell toward the sustainable development of Viemam's energy sector.
Keywords: Solar cell, environmental risks, management, recycUng, Vietnam, renewable energy.
364 So 5 - T h a n g 3/2020
