NGHliN cau-TRAOodi
CACYEUTO ANH HI/6NG DEN CHAT LirONG DAU Tl/
VA DINH Hl/dNG THU HUT NGUON VON FDI TAI VIET NAM
ThS. PH^M THI NGQC ANH*
Qui trinh tbubutvdn diu tutrtfctigpnudcngoii (FDD chiu inh budng da rit nhigu y6i td. Tuynbign, cdng ed mgt sd ygu tded thg coi li quan trgng dgi vdi tdt ddc nudc vid nbOng pai do^ khic nhau, dd li sudn dinh chlnh tij, de chinh sich phit trign kinh td, hg tiidngluitphip vddiu tu, tiinh ddphit trign kmh tg, quymd thi ttudng'... Ildcdc bing cbOng tbifctgcd thg nhin thiy, FDI via dtic dgng tidi cue, via dtic dgng tidu cue ddi vdi bin nhin diu tu tiong quin If vi si dung ddng vdn dd.
H
ign nay, hoat dfing ngufin vfin FDI dd ttd nen phd Men ttgn thg gidi vd Vigt Nam. Chat lugng FDI ngodi vigc phii thufic vdo chinh dfing vfin cda nhd diu tu cdn phu thude rat nhigu vdo ede nudc tidp nhdn ddu tu quin ly vi sd dung ddng vffn dd nhu thg nao. Van dg dffi vdi bat ky nudc nhgn ddu to ndo cung phdi tim mpi cdch dg tffi da mgt tich ctrc vd ban chd tffi tMgu mat tigu cue cda ngudn vffn diu to dg phuc vu cho muc tieu phit tridn cda dit nudc.1. Cic ygu tff inh hudng dgn chit Iupng tiiu hdt FDI
IWdt la, su ffn dinh ehinh tii l i yeu tff diu Ugn md cac nhd diu tu nudc ngoii phii xem xet tmdc khi quygt dinh dau to vdo mdt nudc ndo dd. Ndu chinh tii dn dinh se khuygn khich FDI va ngupc lai. Sir bat fin ve chinh tei gay la nhigu rdi in cho cdc nhd ddu to nudc ngodi, nhu vigc phdt
sinh thgm nMgu chi phi do phdi thay ddi muc tigu kinh doanh khi cd dfi vd chinh tri, ty lg hodn vffn khfing chic chdn, vigc cung ttng hdng hda, dich vu vd nhin Itic bj phd vd...
Van dg ddt la vdi nudc nhdn dau to la phdi td chdc vd qudn ly thg ndo dd huong hp vdo sdn choi cda minh. Chi cd co che, chlnh sdch phu hpp mdi thuc hign dugc dieu ndy. ciiang ban, chinh sdch diu tu khuygn khich dupc cic doanh nghiep co trinh dfi cfing nghe cao chuydn giao cong nghg, ban chd nhiing cdng nghg lac hdu;
ciiinh sdch quy hoach vd thu hut ddu tu hop ly, tao dugc su phdt trien cdn bdng giua cic vimg midn, chuydn dich co cdu kinh tg hign dai; chinh sdch tm ddi dau tu;
chinh sdch qudn ly ddu tu... Nhuvay, co
* Ban Quan Iy cdc khu cdng nghifp tinh Hal Dinmg
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TAP CHl Q U A N LY N H A NUdc - Sd 242 (3/2016)N G H I E N c a u - T R A O o d i
ngMa gfim ca nhflng chinh sdch didu chmh trac tigp den FDI vd nhdng chinh sdch mang tinh gidn tigp. Cdc dnanh nghigp (DN) nudc ngodi lufin mong mufin lign kdt vdi cdc DN ttong nude dd tdng ty lg ndi dia hda sdn pham, chuydn giao cong nghg cfing nhu phdt tiign ngdnh cflng nghigp, toy nMen, cdc DN ttong nuflc khflng ddp tmg dugc, buflc cdc DN FDI phii nhdp khau Iinh kien tu nudc ngoai vd tdc dgng lan tda dgn dat nudc gidm di. Didu nay cd nguygn nhdn tfl chinh sach phit tridn cac ngdnh cflng nghigp phii tip tiong nuflc.
Cdc chinh sdch kinhte cd dnhhudngldn tdi FDI, nhit Id cdc chinh sdch kinh tg trac tiep Ugn quan ddn ddu to, nhu cdc quy dinh vg chuygn Igi nhudn, cMnh sdch thuong mai... Cdc chinh sdch ndy cd dnh hudng Idn tdi khd ndng nhgp khau cdc tMdt hi mdy mdc, nguyen heu sdn xuit, do dd, ttd thdnh mfii quan tdm cua tdt cd cdc ngdnh, ddc bigt Id ngdnh xuat khau thudng muon cd cM pM san xuit thap dg tdng tinh canh tianh.
Ngodi cdc quy dinh vd quydn sd hflu niroc ngodi, thud, chuygn loi nhudn va cdc ydu ciu ve boat dgng cic cMnh sich khuygn khich du i n FDI cung Id cdc chinh sdch quan ttpng tdc dfing manh ddn cdc quygt dinh cda nha dau to. Hg thfing phdp Mat ddu to bao gfim Mat vd cdc vdn ban piidp ly khdc quy dinh dfii vdi boat dfing FDI.
Hal Ii, khd ndng doi tmg cda DN tiong nudc. Cdc DN tiong nudc cd ttd thdnh ddi tdc vdi DN FDI vd kgt ndi chufii gid tii nhdm ndng cao kha ndng sdn xuit vd timh do cfing nghe cda DN tiong nudc hay khfing hodn todn phu thuflc vdo khd ndng cda nhflng DN ndy. Ndu cdc DN tiong nudc cd khd ndng tidp nhin edng nghg chuyen giao, cfi khi ning cung cdp nhung sdn phdm dap flng dupc nhu cau cda cde DN FDI thi du dn FDI dd se phdt huy duge
nhigu mat tich ciie. Mflt each dffi nghich lai, ngu DN ttong nudc hay nhdng lao dpng trong nudc khdng dd kha ndng tigp nhdn cdng nghe mdi td ben ngodi thi dd nhd ddu tu cd mang cdng nghg hien dai ddn cflng khdng dem lai kdt qud.
Ba la, ket cdu ha tang cd hap din de thu hdt diu to va gidp cac nha dau tu phdt huy thg manh hay khdng; ngudn nhdn lire cd dap ling dugc kha ndng ndm bat cdng nghg Men dai to cic cdng ty xuygn qudc gia khfing? Do dfi, dd FDI phit huy hieu qud, ndn kinh tg phdi cd kha ndng hip thu vfin tuong dng vdi tiem ndng nen kinh te.
Nhiing khd khdn ttong co chd, chlnh sich dua dlt i n sdm vio boat ddng hay khd khin ttong vigc gidi phdng mat bdng cfi tdc dfing manh dgn kha ndng tiidn khai ddu to, cd thg lam chim tign do, giy ldng phi vd gidm higu qua dau tu.
Bdn li, khd ning canh ttanh eua ngn kinh tg tiong nudc. Didu ndy dnh hudng dgn chit lugng FDI dudi khia canh do i p liic canh tranh khidn DN FDI phdi nang tiinh dfi qudn ly, cfing nghe cao dd dting vflng tign thi tiuong. Cdc DN FDI cflng phdi chd y dgn ddo tao lao ddng cd trinh dfi tign tign dd didu hdnh boat dfing sdn xudt - kinh doanh.
Nim la, sue mua cda thi teudng teong nudc. Ddy id Mc hdt khd manh dffi vdi cdc nhd ddu tu. Hoat dflng diu ta ngoai viec hudng ddn xuat khau cdn phdt tiign d thi tradng tiong nudc. Khi sdc mua cda thi tradng tiong nudc Idn, se hap ddn cdc nhd ddu tu nudc ngodi, ddc bigt id nhdng nhd ddu ta Idn.
Sau Ii, muc Ugu cda cac nhd ddu tu.
Dfii vdi moi nhd dau tu, hp dgu cd chign luge cda minh. Nhd dau tu kM quygt dinh dau tu dg khai thde tdi nguygn, phdt trien
TAP CHf Q U A N LY N H A NadC - sd 242 (3/2016)
NGHIEN cau-TRAO o d i
thi tradng hay phdt trien san pham deu cd tdc dfing nhit dinh ddn chit iupng diu tu d nudc tigp nhdn. Ngu nhd diu tu tap trang khai thdc lao dfing le, kem chat Iupng cua nudc nhdn dau tu thi du an dd, ngodi kha ndng gidi quydt dupe nhiing vigc ldm gidn dpn, khd cd ddng gdp vg mat tidn bd cdng nghg vd gii tri gia tdng Idn.
Bay la, ndng lire thuc su cda nhd diu tu.
Nhflng nhd ddu tu cd quy md boat ddng Idn, cd tiem luc vdn Idn vd cdng nghe tign tidn sg khde lat nMgu so vdi cdc nhd diu tu nhd lg cd vg chien luge ddu tu vd ngdnh nghg sin xudt - kinh doanh. Nhimg nhd diu tu Idn lit chd tigng dgn uy tin vi thuang higu cda hp. Chinh vi vdy, kM tign hdnh hgat dfing ddu tu, nhd ddu tu khdo sdt idt ky noi nhdn ddu tu. Thfing thudng nhting DN ndy cd su gin kgt vdi cic don vi sin xuat - kinh doanh tai ncri khac cda nhd ddu tu, tao thdnh mgt chudi cd su Udn kgt chat chg vdi nhau. Viec thu hut dupc nhigu nhd ddu tu gidp khd ndng tham gia chudi gid tii tpan can eua cdc DN nudc sd t?ii se de ddng ban vd khd ndng md igng thi tmdng qudc te cdng Idn hon. Ddi vdi nhflng nhd diu tu nay, hp se xiy dung nhung kg beach dau tu ddi ban. Hon nua, nhiing nhd ddu to cd tidm ndng se giup cho qud trinh trign khai dii an thuan Igi hon, tidnh vigc keo ddi thdi gian ldng phi tiong qud tiinh thigt lap sdn xuat - kmh doanh.
2. Tinh hinh tiiu hdt ngufin vfin FDI d Vigt Nam thdi gian qua
0 Viet Nam, ben canh ngufin vfin tiong nuflrc dfing vai tifi quygt dinh, vfin dau tu nudc ngodi Id mfit ttong nhflng ngufin vfin quan trgng Tiong ngufin vfin nudc ngodi, FDI dupc coi Id ngufin vdn thich hpp ddi voi nudc ta. FDI vdo Vigt Nam dugc ddnh gid Id khu vuc khdng nhflng cd ddng gdp
Idn vg vffn, tdng tnidng GDP, xudt khau ma cdn dang t^o la hang ttigu vigc ldm cho ngudi lao dpng. Theo Cue Dau tu nudc ngodi (Bfi Kg hoach vd Ddu tu), tuih chung ca ndm 2015, tfing vfin ddng ky cdp mdi va tdng tiigm hon 22,7 ty USD, tdng 12,5% so vdi ndm 2014'. Sfi du an vd vfin ddng ky FDI vio Vigt Nam khfing ngflng tdng qua cdc ndm, die bigt la tfl ndm 2007 den nay Hiu hgt cdc dia phuong deu cd dir dn FDI, nMdu tinh, thdnii phfi cfi vfin FDI tten 1 tJ USD. Vdn FDI dd tiiuc day ca edu kmh te chuydn dich theo hudng gidm ty tigng GDP vd lao dpng ttong ndng nghiep, tSng ty trpng cdng nghigp, dich vu. Ddn cudi nam 2013, khu vuc cd vffn ddu tu nudc ngodi dd t?o vigc ldm cho 3,2 ttigu lao dpng (gdp 8,8 Idn nam 2000). Do ddc tiid cua FDI tap trang nhidu d Unh vuc cdng nghigp va dich vu nen cdc boat dpng FDI da gdp phan chuygn djch co cdu kinh tg tiieo hudng cflng nghigp hda, hign dai hfla. VS CO cdu vdng, dau tu nudc ngodi tdp tinng chu ygu d cdc vung kinh tg trpng didm da gdp phdn ldm che cdc vdng ndy thuc stria vdng kinh tg dfing luc dd Ifii kgp su phdt ttidn chung vd cdc vung phu can^,
Canh tianh thu hdt vfin diu tu cung dang didn la quydt liet gifla nudc ta vdi nMdu nudc ttong khu vttc vd tten thd gidi, nhat Id cdc nudc Ddng Au, Nam Au, Dflng Nam A vdi hodn cdnh tuang tu.
Hign nay, mdi tradng ddu to cda Vigt Nam chua thue sit hip din. Mflt nguydn nhdn la khi hdng rao tiiug quan hi bdi bd, cic cflng ty da qudc gia sg tip trang san xuit tai nhiing nudc cd phi ton thdp nhdt tiong khu vuc AFTA. Thdeh thuc eua Viet Nam Id lam sao gift chdn cdc co sd Mgn cd cua cdc cdng ty da quffc gia vd tao co hpi dd cic ndy ddu tu vao Vigt Nam.
o
TAP CHf Q U A N LY N H A NadC - sd 242 (3/2016)NGHIEN cau-TRAO o d i Vigt Nam ndm ttong khu vuc chdu A -
Thdi Binh Duong vdi nhflng loi thg vg vi tri dia ly, tai nguygn va lao ddng, ddc biet Id mdi tiudng kinh tg, chmh tti ffn djnh ngn tiii tiudng cfi tiem ndng thu hut vffn FDI. Qua sff Ugu ddu ta nudc ngodi ttgn thd gidi cho thiy, 70 - 75% ddngvon FDI di chuygn ttong nfli bfi cdc nude phit tiign, cM cfi 25 - 30%
di chuygn dgn cic nudc dang phit tridn vi kem phit tridn'. Didu ndy cho thay cdc nudc chu dau tu khflng cM dua vao khai thdc ipi thg cua cdc nudc nhan diu to Id cd ngufin tii nguygn doi ddo vd lao ddng le khfing phai la ydu tfi quan ttgng thu hut EDI.
3. Mdt sff tfin t£u ttong thu hut FDI d Vigt Nam
- Quan diem thu hdt dau to chua nhat qudn. Cfi hai quan digm ttong thu hut vfin FDI vdo Vigt Nam: (I) ting thu hut FDI vg mdt sfi lugng, bit ke vdo llnh viic ndo, quy mfi bao nhigu, mign Id diu tu; (2) ting thu hut FDI ve mat chat lugng, uu ddi dfii vdi nhiing linh vuc cong nghg ky thudt cao, nhiing Unh vttc sdn xuat tu heu sin xuat.
Quan didm (I) hign nay Id phfi bign, hau nhu cdc tinh, thdnh phfi ddu tdp trang mgi cfi gdng thu hut FDI vdo dia bdn cda minh bdt kg ngdnh ndo, san pham gi. Do dd, FDI qud tap tiung vdo cdc ngdnh chd bign luong thuc - thuc pham: lupu, bia, nudc giai khdt, cdc ngdnh sin xudt tieu dung;
chua cd su dau tu tMch ddng vdo ngdnh san xudt ta lieu san xuat, cM dau tu ldp idp CO khi dign to.
- Chinh sdch nfii dia boa chua thda ddng. Hign nay can phai tdng cucmg ngi dia hda thi cMnh sach cda Vigt Nam van chua chu ttpng, chinh vi vdy, da ldm cho san phdm cua FDI d Vigt Nam dit hon d Thai Lan vd cdc nudc khdc. Vi du: chinh sdch ngi dia hda cda nudc ta ddi vdi ngdnh cdng
ngMep fi tfi, xe mdy it tham vpng han cdc qudc gia khic ttong ASEAN (nhu Thii Lan, Ma-lai-xi-a...). Ddi vdi viec ldp idp hodn tat, Viet Nam ddi hdi 5% vdo ndm thu 5 vd 30%
vdo ndm thd 10, ttong kM dd, Thai Lan ddi hdi 60% vdo nam thd 5. Chmh sdch ndy dd dnh hudng quan ttpng ddn suphdt ttign cdc ngdnh Udn quan vd hfi tip, cdc ngdnh ndy phdt tiidn lat It vd lit cham ttang tiidi gian qua vd phdi nhap phti tong linh kien tu bgn ngodi, do dd ldm tdng gia thanh sdn pham, gidm khd ndng canh ttanh.
- Viet Nam khfing cd chinh sach chuydn giao cdng nghe nhu cdc nuiic Trung Qudc, Hdn Qudc... Vi vay, sau 10 nim, nudc ta cd nhigu hdng d td noi tigng thg gidi diu tu, nhtmg cic chuygn gia cho iing, cd le Vigt Nam vinh vign se khflng cd nganh edng nghiep d tfi vi gia thdnh cua d td sdn xuit tiong nudc cao hon khu vue kha idn.
Nguygn nhdn cMnh Id do ty le nfli dia hda qud thap, ddn nay, ty Ig ndi dia hda cda cde DNdtdto2-10%.
- Chinh sdch gid chua hpp ly, chi phi diu tu cfin qud cao, ldm giam khd nang canh ttanh cua san phdm Vigt Nam, ldm ndn long cdc nhd diu to. Theo lETRO Nhit Bdn cho bigt, cude pM vign thdng, cM pM luu thdng giao nhdn, dien... d Vigt Nam qud cao. Cude dien thoai qufic tg cua nudc ta cao gap khodng 7 Idn so vdi Xinh-ga-po, gin 6 Idn so vdi Ma-lai-xi-a vd gin 2 lan so vdi Trang Quffc. Chi pM luu thdng giao nhdn ndu giii hdng contamei tM cao gan gap 3 Idn sg vdi Xinh-ga-po... CdccMpMvdlgpMUen quan dgn giao nhdn tai cdc cdng Men vd san bay qua eao. Cd 12 Ioai pM vd le phi bdt hgp ly md DN phdi nop, nhu pM luu kho sdn bay, phi an ninh, phi Iao vti, phti pM xdng dau, phi nang ha, thu phi dudng bp... Gid dign cao hon 50%, gid nudc cao hon 71% so vdi ASEAN vd Tmng Quffc.
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NGHItN cau-TRAO odi
- CM pM cho ddt dai ngay cdng tdng. Tu ndm 1996 ttd lai day tM tradng kinh doanh ddt sdi dflng. Gid dat cao, bfii tiiufing Idn, gid san lap mat bdng eao. Gid cd dat dai cda thdnh phfi d Vigt Nam cao hon so vdi cdc nudc ttong khu vuc, gia thue dat d TP. Hfi Chi Minh gip 4 - 6 lin Trang Qufic, gdp 6 Idn so vdi Thdi Lan. rinh hinh nay anh hudng Idn dgn thu hut FDI.
- Cdn t?o didu kien cho mfii tmong dau tu vdo Vigt Nam cfi he thfing phdp Mat hodn chinh, nhdt qudn vd minh bach dg nhdm thu hut ddu ta nudc ngodi ddng thdi giup ldm gidm gid ddu vdo (nhu nhien Ugu, nguygn ligu, vat Ugu) cho phu hgp vdi khu vuc ASEAN.
4. Nhdng dd xudt dd tiiu hdt FDI Thanhit, dd thu hut chit lugng ddu ta nude ngodi vdo Vigt Nam, cdn chd ttgng phdt tiien cdc ngdnh sd dung nhigu lao dpng, dfing thoi, thu hut FDI vao phit trien cdc nganh sdn xuat tu ligu san xuat, cfing nghigp ndng de bao dam sdn xuat higu qud, ndng cao kha nang eanh tranh cda san phdm tiong hdi nhdp kinh td qufic td. Bdi hpc quan tigng eua cdc nudc NIC ttong nhflng ndm qua Id phdi xdy dung dupc mpt CO ciu sdn pham hpp ly, cfi thg tu sdn xuat cdc tu ligu sdn xudt cung cdp cho toan bfi nen kinh id.
Thuhai, cdn ed chinh sdch uu tign phat trign ngdnh tiong timg tinh vd khu cong ngMgp ma vtia qua chiing ta cfin chua cfi.
Tmdc hgt, coi tipng vd ndng cao higu qua dau tu nudc ngoai dtia ttgn Ipi thg cua tong tinh vd khu cdng nghigp. Dfii vdi mdt sfi vung, cdn ngu bat dinh hudng thu hut FDI vdp mgt sfi ngdnh, cdc ngdnh sdn xuit tu ligu san xuit, cic ngdnh cfing nghigp cfi hdm lugng khoa hgc vd vdn eao, cdc ngdnh hd trg vd lien quan.
Tha ba, dffi vfii chlnh sdch ngi dia hfia cda nudc ta cin phdi tich cue hon vd phai dupc gidi quygt ngay to dau, the hign khi duygt cdc (iu dn ddu to nudc ngpdi vd quy dinh thoi gian npi dia hfia ngdii hon. Vua qua, Bd Tai chinh dua la chlnh sdch t^IS ndi dia hda cdng cao, thud sudt cdng gidm.
T^ le ndi dia hda trdn 65 - 80% thi thue niidp khau phii timg cM cdn 5 - 7% vd tten 80% thi thud nhdp khau chi cfin 3 - 5%;
40% thi thug nhdp khau linh kien la 15%.
Khuygn khich nfli dia hfia teong khi chinh sdch nfii dia hda ddi vdi FDI dua ra ty 16 thip, mat khdc, nang Mc sdn xuit phii tung, may mdc dg lip iip xe mdy eua DN trong nudc cdn ydu, gid tiidnh cao thi eung van cM tigp tiic Idm ndy sinh gian Idn^
Tha tu, ie cd gid thanh cdc mdt hang cdng nghg, dign tu cda cdc DN tuong dutmg viii khu vuc ASEAN, can phai cd chinh sdch chuygn giao cdng nghe ddi vdi cdc du dn FDI, ngu khfing chdng ta se chi la mgt thi tmfing tigu thii khfing lfi vdi ddn sfi gdn 90 trieu ddn cho cdc nudc.
Tha nim, dd gidm cM phi ddu vdo, mil Mgn nay chd ygu Id cdc DN nhd nudc ndm, can ngdn chdn viec bign dfic quydn nhd nuoc thdnh dgc quygn DN dfii vdi DN nhd nudc.
Tha siu, Chinh phd cin Idem soil chat thi tradng bat dfing sdn. TM tmdng bdt ddng sin ludn Id thi tradng khdng hoan hao, dg dan dgn nhiing dge quydn trong canh ttanh, tao ngn can sdt gid, ndng gid ddt gia tao, lam cho cM pM dau to cda FDI nuoc ta cao hon so vdi cdc nudc ttong khu vircO
Chi tiifch:
1,3,5. iia.mpLgov.vn 2. www.ncseif.gov.vn
4. NIC (Newly Industrialized countty) 14 cdc nudc cong nghidp moi, chua dat dupc ttinh do tign bo kinh tg - xa hfli nhu cac nudc phdt triSn nhung cosuphattriSn vuot ttpi so vdi cdc nuoc dang phat trien.
TAP CHf Q U A N LY N H A NUdc - Sd 242 (3/2016)
