TRIET HOC, SO 12 (235), THANG 12-2010
TRAO DOI Y KIEN
B A N T H € M V€i K H f l l N I € M " G i n T R I D A O D U C
D O A N Q U O C T H A I 4 TO
Trong bai viet nay, tdc gid biidc ddu xdc dinh va ludn gidi mot so'tinh chd't ca bdn cua gid tri dqo ddc, nhu tinh xa hoi, tinh lich sir cu the, tinh dinh hiidng cho hanh ddng cua con ngiidi,... Ddng thai, tdc gid cung phdn tich quan he giiia gid tri dqo ddc vdi cdc quy tdc, chudn miic dqo diic; lam ro sii thdng nhdt va khdc biet giiia chiing.
^jo? rong nhiing nam gan day, "gia t r i dao diic" la thuat ngd xuat hien vdi
<-> tan suat ldn t r e n cac sach bao va tap chi. Tuy nhien, dieu de nhan thay la chiing ta mdi chu yeu tap t r u n g phan tich, luan giai cac gia t r i dao diic cu the cua ddi sdng dao diic, ma hau n h i i i t ban den gia t r i dao diic vdi t i i each mot khai niem khoa hoc. Day la mot thieu sot khdng nhd v i k h a i niem la cdng cu, phiidng tien de nhan thiic cac doi tUdng va do do, nhan dien cac gia t r i dao diic cu the mot each khach quan, khoa hoc nhat thiet phai diia t r e n quan niem thong nhat ve "gia t r i dao diic".
Gid tri la pham t r u dUdc ban den va sd dung tit rat sdm trong lich su" tU tudng, bat dau bang quan niem ldi ich cda cac nha triet hoc cd dai, n h u Xdcrat, Platon, tiep tuc dUdc phat trien d thdi ky t r u n g cd va can dai. Tuy nhien, phai den tan nda sau the k y X I X nhiing van de ve ban chat, cau triic cua gia t r i , v i t r i cua cac gia t r i trong hien thiic mdi dUdc nghien ciiu vdi tU each la ly luan
ve gia t r i . C" Viet Nam, van de gia t r i mdi dUdc quan t a m t i i khoang nhiing nam 80 cda the k y XX. Theo nhan xet cua tac gia Hd Si Quy, hau het cac nha nghien ciiu dau nganh ciia khoa hoc xa hoi deu i t nhieu da t h a m gia ban luan ve gia t r i , gia t r i van hda, gia t r i dao ddc. Cd the ke den mdt sd ten tudi tieu bieu cho nhiing ban luan nay, n h u T r a n Van Giau, T r a n D i n h HUdu, V i i Khieu, Phan H u y Le, T r a n Qudc VUdng, Cao Xuan Hao, Phan Ngoc, N g u y i n V a n Huyen... Tuy nhien, "di vao chi tiet van de cd the ndi cdn kha tan man"(l). N h i n chung cac hoc gia Viet N a m mdi chi tap t r u n g lam rd cac gia t r i dao diic cu the trong dao diic t r u y e n thd'ng hoac dao diic mdi, chii chua ban den gia t r i dao diic vdi tU each mot k h a i niem. Ciing cd mot vai quan niem de cap den khia canh nay nhUng chi la sii tiep can budc dau, cdn han che nha't dinh va chua cd (*) Thac si, Hoc vien Ky thuat Quan sii.
(1) Ho Si Quy. Vi gid tri va gid tri chdu A. Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Npi, 2006, tr.152.
D O A N Q U O C I H A I
su1 thdng nhat. Gia t r i dao due, theo tac gia M a i X u a n H q i , "la n h i i n g cai dUdc con ngudi lua chqn va danh gia n h u viec lam cd y nghia tich cUc ddi vdi ddi sdng xa hqi, dUdc lUdng t a m ddng t i n h va du l u a n bieu dudng"(2). Quan niem nay mdi chi ban den gia t r i dao diic tQ phUdng dien lua chqn, danh gia cda con ngudi, tiic la phuong dien chu quan cua gia t r i dao diic. Theo tac gia Ngd Toan, gia t r i dao diic la nhQng chuan mUc, nhQng khudn mau ly tudng, nhQng quy tac Ong xQ nham dieu chinh va chuan hoa hanh v i con ngudi(3). Quan niem nay khdng de cap den mat chu quan cua gia t r i dao dQc, ddng nhat gia t r i dao dQc vdi dao dQc.
Gia t r i dao dQc, n h i n tQ gdc do cau t h a n h he thd'ng cac gia t r i t i n h t h a n cua ddi sd'ng xa hqi, la mdt h i n h t h a i cda gia t r i t i n h than, cd quan he chat che, tac ddng l a n nhau vdi cac gia t r i khoa hoc, gia t r i t h a m my, gia t r i chinh t r i . . . Ve bdn chd't, budc dau cd the k h a i quat nhQng nqi dung chinh ve gia t r i dao dQc: thii nhdt, gid tri dqo diic mang tinh xa hqi. ThUc ra, ndi den gia t r i la gia t r i xa hqi, mang t i n h xa hqi. Ngay ca nhQng gia t r i rieng biet (cua sU vat, hien tUdng) hay gia t r i ca nhan deu dUdc quy chieu bdi cai chung, bdi sU thQa nhan, danh gia cua xa hqi. Gia t r i dao dQc cung khdng nam ngoai dac diem chung do. V i vay, trong ddi sd'ng dao dQc tQ cd chi k i m , du d phUdng Ddng hay phUdng Tay t h i van cd the t i m thay sU tUdng ddng cda nhQng gia t r i dao dQc cd ban, nhU yeu lao dqng,
t r u n g thUc, nhan ai...
Thii hai, gid tri dqo diic co tinh lich sii cu the. Chung ta biet rang, ldi ich xa hqi la t i e u chuan khach quan cua cac gia t r i dao dQc; v i vay, chi k h i nao nhQng nguyen tac, chuan miic dao dQc dieu chinh h a n h v i con ngUdi p h u hdp vdi ldi ich xa hqi, dUdc d u l u a n ddng t i n h u n g hq t h i mdi cd gia t r i . Theo do, trUdc het gia t r i dao dQc dUdc xac dinh bdi mQc do p h u hqp cua nhQng nguyen tac, chuan mUc dao dQc dd'i vdi lqi ich xa hqi, vdi yeu cau cua t i e n bq xa hoi.
T u y nhien, l q i ich xa hdi va yeu cau cda t i e n bq xa h d i l a i cd t i n h lich sd, nghia la mdi giai doan phat t r i e n cua lich sd, t r e n cd sd nhQng dieu kien k i n h te - xa h q i cu the xa hdi lai co nhQng yeu cau rieng ve l d i ich va sU t i e n bq xa hqi, do do, gia t r i dao dQc cung cd t u i h lich sQ - cu the. Ph.Angghen cho rang, l d i r a n dao dQc "khdng dUdc t r q m cap" chi cd gia t r i d cac xa hqi cd che dd sd hQu t u n h a n ve dqng san, cdn
"trong mdt xa hdi ma moi dqng cd day tdi t r q m cap deu b i loai trQ, do do dan dan hau n h u chi cd nhQng ngUdi m l c benh t a m t h a n mdi pham t d i t r q m cap, t h i mdt nha t r u y e n ba dao dQc nao mud'n t r i n h t r q n g tuyen bd' cai chan ly v i n h cdu: khdng dUdc t r q m cap, se bi ngUdi ta che cUdi"(4). H d n nQa, vdi t i n h
(2) Mai Xuan Hdi. Gid tri dgo diic vd sic bieu hien cua no trong doi sd'ng xa hoi. Tap chi Triet hoc, sd 9-2006.
(3) Ngd Toan. Gid tri dao due - gid tri bdn than vd gid tri xd hpi- Xem www. Chungta.com, ngay 11-3-2006.
(4) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen, Todn tap, t.20. Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia, Ha Npi, 1994, tr.137.
B A N THEM V E K H A I N I E M "GIA TRI DAO DUC"
each mot h i n h t h a i cua y thiic xa hqi, y thiic dao du"c co cO sd triic tiep la cac dieu k i e n cua ton t a i xa hoi.
Ph.Angghen viet: "Chung ta k h l n g dinh rang xet cho cung moi hoc thuyet dao ddc da cd t i l trUdc t d i nay deu la san pham cua t i n h h i n h k i n h te - xa hoi liic bay gid" va "tii dan toe nay sang dan tdc khac, t i i t h d i dai nay sang t h d i dai khac, n h i i n g quan niem dao diic bien ddi den mile t h a m chi dd'i lap nhau"(5). C h i n h d day, n h i i n g dieu kien lich sii cu the quy d i n h chat che sii xuat hien, ton t a i va bien ddi cua cac gia t r i dao diic.
Thii ba, gid tri dqo diic la sii bqc 16 thdi do cua cd nhdn, nhom xa hqi, tap doan xd hqi ve lqi ich. Chinh trong quan he giiia ca nhan vdi ca nhan, ca nhan vdi xa hqi, cac gia t r i dao diic xuat hien vdi t u each sii n h i n nhan, danh gia cua ca nhan, cdng ddng trUdc n h i i n g quan niem, nguyen tac, chuan miic, hanh v i iing xd. Sii n h i n nhan, danh gia nay chiu sii chi phdi triic tiep cua lqi ich va d day dUdng n h u gia t r i dao diic mang t i n h chu quan. Dieu nay l y giai tai sao mot hanh v i dao diic la gia t r i ddi vdi mot ca nhan, mot cdng ddng nay ma chua han la gia t r i , t h a m chi la phan gia t r i ddi vdi mdt ca nhan, mot cdng ddng khac. Gia t r i dao diic, gidng nhu cac gia t r i ndi chung, "la quan niem ve dieu mong muon dac trUng an hay hien cho mot ca nhan hay mdt nhdm va anh hudng tdi viec Ida chqn cac phuong thiic, phUOng tien hoac muc tieu cua hanh dqng"(6). DUdng nhien, d moi thdi
dai, moi nen van hda t h i hanh v i giet ngUdi la mot tdi ac nhUng tieu diet ke t h u trong chien t r a n h de bao ve hda b i n h va dqc lap dan tqc t h i l a i khdng dUdc n h i n nhan n h u vay.
Thii tu", gid tri dqo diic gan vdi hoqt dqng thiic tien cua con ngiidi, dinh hiidng cho hdnh ddng cua con ngutdi.
Mdt mat, cac gia t r i dUdc h i n h thanh, ton tai, bien ddi t r e n cO sd hoat dqng thUc t i l n cda con ngUdi. Chinh trong thiic t i l n va chi cd thdng qua thUc tien, cac gia t r i vat chat va t i n h t h a n mdi xuat hien, bien ddi. Gia t r i ca biet cua hang hda chang han. Vdi t i n h each la sii ket t i n h lao dqng trong hang hda, gia t r i ca biet ciia hang hda ty le t h u a n vdi hoat dqng lao ddng tao ra hang hda dd va chi cd lao dqng mdi tao ra gia t r i hang hda. Mat khdc, gia t r i , den luqt nd, l a i giii vai t r d d i n h hUdng cho hoat dqng thUc tien ciia con ngUdi. V i du, trong san xuat hang hda, k h i gia t r i ca biet ciia hang hda ldn hon gia t r i xa hdi t h i buqc ngudi san xuat phai cd sii thay ddi ve each thiic san xuat. Tuy nhien, d day, vai t r d d i n h hudng cua gia t r i ddi vdi con ngUdi the hien sau sac hdn qua cac gia t r i dao diic. M d i cdng ddng ngudi, do cac dac diem ve dia ly, van hda deu h i n h t h a n h nen nhiing m l u nhan each mang t i n h dai dien, la ket qua cda sU d i n h hudng gia t r i . NgUdi chau A coi "can cii, yeu lao dqng" la gia
(5) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Sdd., t.20, tr.135-137.
(6) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Sdd., t.20, tr.135-137.
D O A N QUOC T H A I
t r i hang dau cua sii l a m ngiidi. NhUng ngUdi M y l a i coi " t i i hie canh sinh'" mdi la gia t r i dang quy nhat, can cii ciing dUdc coi trqng n h i i n g chi diing t h i i ba sau "tU lqc canh sinh va t h a n h dat ca nhan". N d i rang ngiidi chau A can cu, ngiidi Do T h a i k h d n ngoan, hay ngUdi Diic l i a c h i n h xac... cd nghia la cac gia t r i do dUdc ton trqng hdn, dUdc xep vao v i t r i Uu tien hon so vdi cac gia t r i khac trong d i n h hiidng n h a n each cda cac cdng dong nay(7).
Thii nam, gid tri dqo diic triiu tilqng nhung co the nhdn thiic vd noi theo, thiic hien dMc. D I nhien, gia t r i dao diic khdng phai la cai chiing ta cd the de dang n h a n thiic, cang khdng phai cai bang trUc quan ma hieu nhiing n h i i the khdng cd nghia nd la cai khdng the nhan thiic. Chang han, trqng t i n h nghia vdi t i n h each mdt gia t r i t r u y e n thdng ciia dan tqc Viet N a m , diidng nhien khdng hoan toan dong nhat vdi cac h a n h v i i i n g xu" tiidng iing trong ddi sdng hang ngay n h i i n g cd the nhan thiic thdng qua c h i n h n h i i n g hanh v i do.
Quan trqng hon, mdi ca n h a n hoan toan cd the hien thdc hda gia t r i dd thdng qua nhiing each i i n g xd. v i tha, nhan nghia trong quan he ciia hq vdi ngiidi khac va vdi xa hdi.
Gia t r i dao diic, n h i i da t r i n h bay d tren, la mot quan niem viia cu the, viia t r i i u tUdng va phiic tap. Ve cdu triic, gia t r i dao diic diidc xem xet vdi hai yeu td la ban t h a n cac quan niem, chuan mUc, nguyen t i c , h a n h v i i i n g x d ciia con
ngUdi va y nghia tich cdc ddi vdi con ngUdi, vdi ddi sdng xa hqi cua nhiing quan niem, chuan mdc, nguyen tac, hanh v i iing xd. do.
Triidc het, khdng cd gia t r i dao diic chung chung, t r i i u tUdng ma la gia t r i dao diic n i m trong hoac ludn gan vdi nhiing pham chat, chuan miic cu the.
Cac gia t r i dao diic, theo tac gia Pham Van Nhuan, duqc bieu hien tap trung trong he thdng pham chat, chuan mUc dao diic cd ban dung de dieu chinh thai do, hanh v i ciia con ngUdi mang y nghia xa hqi ciia nd(8). Chung ta khdng the ndi den gia t r i dao diic ma l a i tach rdi cac quan niem, chuan mUc, pham chat dao diic; khdng the nhan thiic gia t r i dao diic ma khdng dUa t r e n cd sd nhiing quan niem, chuan miic, pham chat dao diic cu the. Chang han, dao diic each mang vdi tU each mdt gia t r i se trd nen trQu tUdng, khd hieu neu khdng g i n vdi nhiing chuan mUc cu the - trung, hieu, can kiem, liem chinh, chi cdng vd tU...
Dao diic each mang cung se trd nen sao rdng ne'u khdng n h i n vao mot nhan each ldn vdi n h i i n g pham chat dao diic trong sang den tuyet vdi cua Ho Chi M i n h . M o t v i d u khac - gia t r i dao diic quan nhan trong quan dqi nhan dan Viet N a m . TrUdc het, gia t r i dao diic quan nhan phai la ban t h a n nhiing quan niem ve trach nhiem, nghia vu, (7) Ho Si Quy. Sdd., tr.160.
(8) Pham Van Nhuan. Dinh hiidng gid tri dao diic cua con ngiidi Viet Nam trong hoi nhdp ASEAN hien nay. Bao dien tu Dang Cong san Viet Nam, 24-2-2006.
B A N THEM V E K H A I N I E M "GIA TRI DAO DUG"
danh du: quan nhan, ve t i n h dong chi, dong dqi, ldng dung cam, t i n h t h a n ky luat... va cac chuan miic, quy tac iing xii duqc h i n h t h a n h trong mdi trUdng hoat dqng quan sii. Hdn niia, chiing ta se khdng the hieu gi ve gia t r i dao diic quan nhan each mang neu khdng n h i n vao nhiing cong hien, hy sinh ciia ldp ldp can bq, chien si Quan ddi trong chien t r a n h giai phdng va bao ve To qud'c, neu khdng cd h i n h anh ve anh "Bq ddi Cu Ho" dam xa t h a n v i nUdc, v i dan.
Tuy nhien, tieu chi de danh gia gia t r i dao diic rat khac biet vdi quan niem, pham chat, chuan mUc, nguyen tac dao diic. Cd the khang dinh rang, gia t r i dao diic khdng phai la bat cii quan niem, pham chat, chuan miic, nguyen tac dao diic nao, ma chi la nhiing quan niem, pham chat, chuan mUc, nguyen t i c dao diic dat tdi chan, thien, my. Quan niem
"trung quan" vdi sU ddi hoi ldng t r u n g thanh tuyet dd'i t h a m chi den miic m i i quang, khdng phan biet dung, sai, td't, xa'u, chinh, ta cua dao diic phong kien la mot v i du. Ho Quy L y la mot nha quan sU t a i ba nhUng dng da that bai trong cudc chien t r a n h chd'ng quan M i n h do khdng diidc su" iing hq cua nhan dan ma can nguyen, gdc re la quan niem t r u n g quan. Cung chinh v i quan niem t r u n g quan ma d nhieu trieu dai phong kien vao hoi suy t a n ludn xua't hien nhiing bac t r u n g than, du thay rd sii thdi nat ciia che do van khdng the thoat khdi sdc nang cda hai chCt "bat trung", khdng dam tien hanh
nhiing cudc lat do, t h a m chi hq cdn ra siic bao ve, duy t r i cai bq may da thoi nat ay. Su t r u n g quan mdt each m u quang trong nhieu dien bien cua lich sii da t r d t h a n h lUc can dd'i vdi sU phat t r i e n cua da't nUdc ma t h a i do bat hdp tac ciia cac si phu B i c H a dd'i vdi Quang T r u n g la m i n h chiing, mot sU that lich sd cd phan chua xdt. T r u n g quan m u quang n h u the dUdng nhien khdng the la mot gia t r i dao diic cho du nd t u n g la mot pham chat dUdc de cao trong xa hqi phong kien.
Gia t r i dao diic khdng tach r d i nhiing quan niem, chuan mUc, nguyen t i c , hanh v i iing x i i cu the nhUng ciing khdng dong nhat vdi quan niem, chuan mUc, nguyen t i c dao diic. "Doi vdi con ngUdi, the gidi hien ra trong nhiing khudn thudc, d i i rang ban t h a n nd (the gidi vd van nhiing hien tUdng phong phii va phiic tap) khdng mang y nghia (sang - hen, hay - dd, td't - xa'u...) gi dd'i vdi chinh nd"(9). N d i cho cung, gia t r i dao ddc la gia t r i cua cac quan niem, chuan miic, nguyen t i c , hanh v i iing x d trong tUOng quan vdi chu the dao diic xac dinh. Tit phuong dien nay, dao diic each mang vdi t u each gia t r i khdng chi la nhiing chuan miic trung, hieu, c i n kiem, liem chinh, chi cdng vd tU - nhiing pham chat cO ban cda dao diic Ho Chi M i n h ma quan trqng hon, cdn la y nghia cua nhiing pham chat do dd'i vdi mdi ngUdi, dd'i vdi ddi sdng dao diic dan (9) Ho Si Quy. Sdd., tr.41.
DOAN QUOC T H A I
toe va nhan loai. Ciing giong n h i i vay, trong Quan doi nhan dan Viet Nam, gia t r i dao diic quan nhan each mang g i n lien nhUng khdng hoan toan dong nhat vdi pham chat dao diic, chuan mUc dao ddc quan nhan. Gia t r i dao diic quan nhan cdn la toan bq y nghia tich cUc cua nhiing quan niem ve trach nhiem, nghia vu, danh du quan nhan, ve t i n h dong chi, dong dqi, ldng dung cam, t i n h than ky luat... va cac chuan mUc, quy t i c iing x d td't dep va diing d i n khac doi vdi quan nhan va vdi ddi sd'ng xa hqi.
Ve thUc chat, t i i phUdng dien nay, gia t r i dao diic quan nhan chinh la sU cam nhan, danh gia cda quan nhan ciing n h u cda xa hdi dd'i vdi nhiing pham chat, chuan mUc dao diic cua ngudi quan nhan each mang. Qua t r i n h chien da'u va trudng thanh cua Quan dqi nhan dan Viet N a m trong sudt hdn 60 nam qua da khang dinh nhiing gia t r i tieu bieu cda ngudi quan nhan each mang, the hien tap t r u n g va sinh ddng trong h i n h anh "Bq ddi Cu Ho". Dd chinh la sii ghi nhan, sU ton vinh cua xa hqi danh cho ldp ldp can bq, chien si quan ddi bdi pham chat, nhan each cua hq. Bdn tie'ng "Bq ddi Cu Hd" tao cho nhan dan cam giac yen tam, t i n tudng, cam thay sU gan giii, t h a n thUdng, t r i u men; ddng thdi, k h i e n mdi can bq chien si ludn cam thay v i n h du, tU hao va cd trach nhiem cao hdn. N h u vay, ban than cac quan niem, chuan mUc, nguyen tac dao diic chi t r d thanh gia t r i dao ddc k h i nd cd y nghia tich cUc ddi
vdi chd the dao diic xac dinh la ca nhan hay cong ddng ngUdi trong mot thdi dai, mot nen van hoa va mdt bd'i canh lich sd: nha't dinh nao do.
Tu" nhiing phan tich d tren, cd the hieu gid tri dqo diic Id todn bq nhimg quan niem ve thien, dc, tdi, xa'u, lu'dng tdm, trdch nhiem, hanh phuc, cdng bdng... vd cdc chudn miic, quy tdc dng xii diidc con ngiidi ddnh gid, liia chqn, cung nhu" y nghia tich cite cua nhung quan niem, chudn mile, quy tdc ling xii do ddi vdi con ngtfdi vd ddi sd'ng xd hqi...
Qua t r i n h md ciia, hqi nhap qud'c te hien nay d nUdc ta ben canh nhiing mat tich cUc ciing da xua't hien nhiing hau qua ngoai mong mud'n, l a m cho sU dan xen, hda quyen giiia cac gia t r i va phan gia t r i trong ddi sd'ng dao diic xa hqi vdn da phiic tap cang t r d nen phiic tap hdn.
Da xua't hien t i n h t r a n g "nhieu" trong viec lUa chqn, tiep nhan, t h a m dinh gia t r i dao diic. Dieu nay cung vdi nhiing tac ddng til mat t r a i cda cd che t h i trUdng da tao ra cdng hudng tieu cUc, dan den sii suy thoai dao diic xa hqi, lam dao ldn t r a t tU thang gia t r i xa hqi trong mot bq phan xa hdi. Mot trong nhiing nguyen nhan cda t i n h h i n h tren chinh la sU nhan thiic chua diing, chUa day d i i ve cac gia t r i dao diic, trUdc het la sU thieu thd'ng nha't trong quan niem ve "gia t r i dao diic". Nhiing y kien trong bai viet nay chi la nhiing suy nghi budc dau, chiing tdi hy vong se nhan duqc sii gdp y cua nhiing ngUdi quan t a m de tiep tuc di sau nghien ciiu, hoan thien. •
