THlldl\G THlJC
T 6 I \ GIAOVE NGU G i d l CAM TRONG DAO CAO DAI
LE ANH DUNG'
1. Tir ngir
Ngii .S la nam. Gidi JS la ngan ngira trudc. Ciim ^ la khong cho lam.
Gidi va Cam gan nhu dong nghia, cho nen cd the kit hgp lai va ndi Cdm gidi (cam ngan) hay Gidi cdm (ngan cam) deu dugc.
Ngii giai cam con ndi tat la NgU gidi la nam dieu ngan cam ma nguai tin do Cao Dai phai gin giii.
Theo Tdn Luat. phSn Dao Phap, chuang IV, diSu thii- Hai Muai Mot, sau khi nhap mdn, tin dd ciia dao Cao Dai phai trau doi tinh hanh. giu nam gidi la:
Nhitt bit! sdt sanh —A^W^ (Mgt khong sat sinh);
Nhi bdt du dao ZLA^Wi'^ (Hai khong trom cap)^";
Tam bfSt la ddm =LA-^M'i^ (Ba khong ta dam);
Tic bdt tuu nhuc H 4^ i l [^ (Bon khong rugu thit);
Ngii hat vong ngii S ^ ^ ^ I B 01 am khong ndi quay).
2. Ngu gidi cam theo Tan Luat dao Cao Dai
(phdn Dao Phap, chuang IV, dieu thu Hai Muai Mot), ngi dung ciia timg gidi cam gdm nhiing chi tiet nhu sau:
'"Nhtit bat sdt sanh. la chang nen sat hai sanh vat.
"Nhi bdt du dao. Ia cam trgm cudp; lay ngang, luong gat cua ngudi, hoac mugn vay khdng tra, hoac chua do gian, hoac lugm idy cua rai, hoac sanh long tham ciia quay dd y hai cho ngudi ma lgi cho minh, cd bac gian Ian.
'T«/H bdt td ddm. Ia cam lay vg ngudi, tha theo dang diem, xui giuc ngudi lam loan luan thirdmg, hoac thay sac day long ta, hoac lay ldi gieo tinh hue nguyet (vg chdng khdng ggi ta dam).
'Tif bdt tieu nhiic, la cam say me rtrgu thit, an uong qua do, rdi loan tam than, lam cho nao dgng xdm lang, hoac mieng udc rugu ngon, bung ma do mi vi.
''Ngu bdt vgng ngu, la cam xao tra, lao xugc, gat gam ngudi. khoe minh. bay ldi ngudi, chuyen quay ndi phai. chuyen phai theu det ra quay, nhao bang, che bai, ndi hanh ke khac, xui giuc ngudi hdn gian, kien thua xa each, an ndi 16 mang, thd tuc, chiii riia ngudi, huy bang ton giao, ndi ra khdng giii ldi hiia".
Theo giai thich chi tiet cua Tan Luat *. Nha nghien ciiu, Thanh phd H6 Chf Mmh.
70 Nghien cun Ton giao. Sd 7 - 2008
3. Nguon goc Ngu gidi cam
Diic Phat Thich Ca da ap dung Ngii gidi cam cho cac tin do tu tai gia (cu si). Theo dao Phat, giai cam thu tu la Bdt vong ngir
\ a gidi cam thir nam la Bt3t dm tini. bdt thirc
nhuc. • : \ >. /. • y .^ ty.
Tuy nhien. Tan Luat cua dao Cao Dai (ra ddi nam 1926) doi lai thii tu hai gidi sau:
Bdt vgng ngir tra thanh giai thu nam. va gdp Bdi dm tiru. But thuc nhuc thanh Beit tuu nhuc de lam gidi thii tu. Khi ddi thii tu nhu the. Ngd gidi cam trong Tan Luat hoan toan tuong ung \ di thu tu Ngii thudnng (Ngii due) cua dao Nho (dao Khdng) la Nhan, Nghia. Le. Tri. Tin.
Ngu gidi cua Phat giao that ra khong khac nam gidi dau tien trong Thap giai cua Balamdn giao (An Do giao). Dd la: 1.
Khdng giet chdc (ahimsa). 2. Khdng ndi ddi (satya). 3. Khdng trgm cap {asteya). 4.
Khdng budng tha theo ham mudn {hrahmachaiya). 5. Khdng tham lam (aparigrctha)^~\
Ngii gidi cua Phat giao ciing khong khac nam dieu ran 6-10 trong .\hrdi dieu rdn cua Do Thai giao. Dd la: 6. Khdng giet ngudi, 7. Khdng ngoai tinh, 8. Khdng trgm dp. 9.
Khdng lam chung doi hai ngudi. 10. Khong ham mudn vo ngudi ta. khdng them mudn nha cua ngudi ta. ddng rudng. tdi td nam mi. con bd. con lira, hay bat cii vat gi ciia ngudi ta'"''.
4. Ngu gidi cam tu-ong iing vdi Ngu thuong
Ngii thudng S S hay Nam hdng, la nam dtrc tinh ma con ngudd phai ludn giu gin bdn
\ung cho chinh ininh. Ngu thudng gdm cd:
Nhdn fz la Idng thuong yeu, khong hiiy hoai sinh mang ngudi khac va su song cua loai khac. Nhut bdt sdt sanh la gidi cam giiip con ngudi md rong Idng thuang yeu, tiic la giiip phat trien due Nhan.
Nghia m la ngay thang, luong thien. Nhi bdt du dao ngan cam con ngudi tham lam tai san ngudi khac. xa lanh cua cai phi nghia. Vay, gidi thu hai giup con ngudi giii trdn diic Nghia.
Le fs la su diing dan, dung muc, thich hgp, chYnh dang, hgp Ii, diing phep tac...
trong thai do. hanh vi. viec lam, each cu xu.
Nam nu khdng phai vg chong ma cd quan he sac due la trai vdd dao Ii va luat phap. tiic la trai le. Tam bdt td ddm la gidi cam giiip con ngudi giii trdn due Le.
Tri W la sang sudt, biet su\' xet sau xa de phan biet phai trai. dung sai. Che chen.
rugu thit sa}' sira lam tam tri u me. rdi loan, khien cho ndi nang \ a cu xii sai trai. Tir bdi tini nhuc la gidi cam giiip con ngudi giir trdn diic Tri.
Tin jg la tin tudng. Ngu bdt vong ngir cam con ngudi ndi nang xang bay de cho ldi ndi dugc ngudi khac tin tuong. Vay.
gidi thu nam giup con ngudi giii trdn diic Tin.
5. Ngu gidi cam va mot so ttfong dong khac trong Tam giao
Due Thai Thugng Dao Td cua dao Cao Dai da ddi chieu cho tha\ rd le tirona ddm:
trong Tam giao giira cac mat: Ngu thudna H'f^ hay Ngii diic 211* (Khdng giao), Ngii hanh 3 i i f (Dao giao). \ a Ngii giai S J S (Phat giao),v.v...*"*'. Tdm tat nhu sau:
5 diic 5 hanh 5 sao 5 phuang 10 can 5khi 5 mau 5 tang
Sat sanh Nhan Mdc sao Mdc, sao Tue Ddng Giap, At Am ap Xanh Gan, Mat
Du dao Nghia Kim sao Kim, Thai Bach Tay Canh, Tan Mat me Trang Phdi
Ta dam Le Hda sao Hda, Huynh Hoac Nam
Binh, Dinh Khd ndng Dd
Tim
Tim nhuc Tri Thiiy sao Thuy, sao Than Bac
Nham, Quy Lanh leo Den Than, Bang quang
Vgng ngii Tin Thd sao Thd, sao Tran Trung uong Mau. Ky Am thap Vang La lach.
Da day 6. Li do Cao Dai giCr lai Ngu gioi cam
Diic Chi Tdn dao Cao Dai da day:
"Chang phai Thay cdn budc theo cuu luat, song luat ay rat nen quy bau, khdng giii chang he thanh Tien, Phat dang"'", Nhu the, dii thay Ngii gidi quan trgng biet bao,
a. Ngii gidi cdm la phuang lien giup ngirdi tu hdnh hodn thien bdn thdn
Hoc trd mudn viet chu ngay ngan phai dting giay ke hang, mudn gach mgt dudng thang phai diing cay thudc. Ngudi thg mudn lam vien gach deu dan, vudng van phai dung khudn.
Tuong tu nhu the, pham hanh con ngudi mudn cho hoan hao, tot dep ciing phai cd phuang tien trg giup. Ngii gidi cam chinh la cai khudn giiip ngudi tu hanh ren luyen diic hanh (dii ca nam diic tinh: Nhan, Nghia, Le, Tri, Tin). Diic Le San Thanh Mau day:
"That ra Dao khdng cd gi ggi la ran cam ban che, ma tai chung sanh tap nhiem trugc tran tach xa li Dao. Nay cac con dat minh vao cua Dao tu hanh tat nhien phai cai tao nhiing thdi hu tat xau, tiic la phai noi theo nhirng dieu ran cam de trau ddi lay pham hanh. Vi the, nam dieu gidi cam (...) cung nhu cai khudn dao diic de nen diic tam hdn cho cac con trd nen tot dep, thuan chon"'^'.
b. Ngii gidi cdm Id phuang tien giiip
hdnh gia thdnh cdng
Ngoai ra, khi tin dd thg nhan phap mdn tinh luyen (tu thien) lai cang phai trau ddi diic hanh cho hoan hao mdi mong dac qua thanh Tien, Thanh. Diic Chi Tdn dao Cao Dai day: "Ma tai sao Thay lai budc cac con luyen dao deu phai giii' trdn Ngd Gidi Cam?
Tai phep luyen don la khdng phai de. Neu cac con pham quy dieu. khdng giu gidi thi khdng bao gid cac con tu dac qua dang"' *.
Ndi tdm lai, giu Ngii gidi cam tiic la hanh gia biet lap dire. Thud mdi khai dao.
Due Chi Tdn dao Cao Dai da day: "Thay da ndi dao diic ciing nhu mpt cai thang \'d ngan. bac cho cac con leo den pham vi tdi cao tdi trgng la ngang buc ciing Thay..." ' '.
7. Giir gioi cam sat sinh la ton trong dire hieu sinh ciia Thugng De
Diic Thugng De cua dao Cao Dai day rang, sau khi da tao lap can khdn the gidi thi: "Thay lai phan tanh Thay ma sanh ra van vat la vat chat, thao mdc, cdn triing. thii cam, ggi la chiing sanh.
"Cac con du hieu rang chi chi hiiu sanh*''' cdng do bdi chan linh Thay ma ra.
He cd sdng, at cd Thay. Thay la cha cua sir sdng, vi vay ma long hao sanh ciia Thay khdng cung tan.
72 Nghien cihi Ton giao. Sd7 - 2008
•"Cai sdng cua ca chung sanh Thay phan phat khap can khdn the gidi. chang khac nao nhu mgt nhanh hoa trong cdi. nd phai du ngay gid Tha}' nhiit dinh mdi trd bdng' va sanh trai dang trdng niia. bien hda ra them. Neu nhu ai be hoa ay nua chirng thi la sat mot kiep sanh khdng cho bien hda.
"Mdi mang sdng deu hiiu can him kiep. Dau ngu}'en sanh ha}' hda sanh ciing vay"", den the na}' lau mau deu dinh trudc. Neu ai giet mang sdng. deu chiu qua bao khdng sai" ".
Do vay. giir gidi cam sat sinh la tdn trong dtrc hieu sinh cua Thugng De.
8. Hau qua cua viec khong giir gidi cam du dao
Gidi cam du dao nham ngan cam con ngudi na} sinh ldng gian tham tir ca nhan.
gia dinh. xa hgi. qudc gia cho tdi toan the gidi. Khdng biet giii gidi cam nay se gay ra hau qua rat tai hai. Dire Thugng De cua dao Cao Dai da} rang:
"... gian tham da tham nhap vao long thi long het dao dire.
"Tham gian da nhap \'ao nha thi nha klidng chanh giao.
"Tham gian da nhap \'ao nudc thi nudc het chon tri''"'
"Tham gian da long toan the gidi thi the aidi het Thanh Than' 141
"Thay khdng can ndi su gian tham cd the giuc cac con ldi Dao ciing Tha}' ma bi ldm dieu tgi ldi. Ay \'ay gian tham la trgng tgi"'"""'.
8. Lien quan giu-a gioi cam ta dam va gioi cam sat sinh
Dam due lam hao tdn tinh ma tinh lai do mau huyet tao nen. Do do. dam due lam hao ton mau hu}'et. ciing gay nen tgi sat sinh.
Do \'a\". Dire Thucma De cua dao Cao Dai
day rang: "... mdt gigt mau la mdt khoi chon linh. nhu cac con dam qua do. thi sat mang chon linh a}'.
"Khi cac con thoat xac. thi nd den tai Nghiet Canh Dai ma kien cac con. cac con chang he chdi tgi dang. Phai giir gin gidi cam av cho lam" ( 1 6 )
9. Hau qua cQa viec khong giir gioi cam tihi nhuc
a. J 'e phdn xac than
Nhau nhet. say sua rugu thit lam cho ngii tang, luc phii ' tiep nhan qua nhieu ddc td tir rugu \"a thit dgng \'at. Do dd ngu tang, luc phu phai tang cudng hoat dgng \"ugt qua mire do tu nhien de thanh Igc mau. Lau ngay. chirc nang thanh Igc cua cac ca quan na}' SU}' }'eu dan. khdng du sire thai het chat dgc. Ca the tich tu cang luc cang nhieu chat dgc thi than xae cang phat sinh nhieu benh tat. Dire Thugng De cua dao Cao Dai da}:
"Nhieu ke phai bi chet nua than minh \'i rugu...""^'.
b. Ve phdn tdm thdn
Rugu lam cho tam than me met. tri nao mat sang sudt. con ngudi khdng cdn kiem soat dugc ldi ndi \'a hanh dgng. de dang di den chd sai qua}', tham chi la pham phap.
mat het tinh ngudi. bgc Ig tinh thu. The nen Dire Thugng De eua dao Cao Dai day rang, rugu lam loan than, ma hau qua la: "... than the phai ra ngay dai. tra lai chat thu hinli.
mat pham iihon loai rdi. cdn mong chi dang pham Than. Thanli. Tien. Phat. Lai nira.
budi loan than a}" de cua trdng cho ta mi xung dot vao. giuc cac con lam \ iec tgi tinh ma phai chiu phan luan hdi mudn kiep"*'^'.
10. Hau qua ciia viec khong aiu- aidi cam vong ngir ve mat sieu hinh
Ve mat sieu hinh. can ngudi duac Dire
Thugng De ban cho tanh linh ma ddi thudng ggi la luong tam. Dire Thugng De ciia dao Cao Dai day ve tanh linh nay nhu sau; "Thay da ndi rang nai than pham cac con, mdi dira Thay deu cho mgt chon linh gin giii cai chon mang sanh tdn. Thay tudng chang can ndi, cac con ciing hieu rd rang dang chon linh ay vdn vd tu, ma lai dang phep giao thdng ciing ca chu Than, Thanh, Tien, Phat va cac Dang trgn lanh nai Nggc Hu Cung, nhirt nhirt dieu lanh va viec dir deu ghi chep khdng sai, dang dang vao Tda Phan Xet, bdi vay nen mdt may khdng qua, dir lanh deu cd tra. Lai nira, cac chon linh ay, tanh Thanh nai minh da chang phai giii gin cac con ma thdi, ma cdn day
PHU LUC:
dd cac con...".
Dire Thugng De day them v^ hau qua tai hai ciia viec pham gidi cam vgng ngii' nhu sau: "Nhu cac con ndi ddi, trudc chua ddi vdi ngudi, thi cac con da ndi ddi vdi luang tam, tire la chon linh.
"Thay da ndi, chon linh ay dem nap vao Tda Phan Xet tir Idi ndi cua cac con. Dau nhiing ldi ndi ay khdng thiet hanh (...), chd tgi hinh ciing ddng mgt the.
"Nai Tda Phan Xet, chang mdt ldi ndi vd ich ma bd, nen Thay day cac con phai can ngdn, can hanh. Tha la cac con lam tgi ma chiu tdi cho danh, hon la cac con ndi tdi ma phai mang trgng hinh ddng the"' ".
Dire Thai Thuong Dao To doi chieu le tiro'ng dong Ngu gioi cam trong Tam giao. Co quan Pho thdng Giao li, Ti thdi, 15-02 Quy Suu (18-3-1973)
Cho hda hgp cong phu tac dong, Cdm sdt sanh de rong long Nhan, Tren trdi sao Tue*"" rang ngan,
Phuong Dong on dinh khi than hoa vui.
Ngu'di Can ddm vung ngdi hanh Moc, Than khdi loai ta doc nhieu nhuong...
Cdm trgm cap, khdng tdn thuong, , Hanh Kim vuong khi ven dudng NghTa an.
Trdi Thai Bach'""' mudn phan td rang, Dat phuong Tay sung man dieu hda, Ngudi thi trudng Phe tang gia,
Kien hanh thong khi man ma duong nudi.
Cdm Id ddm trau doi dire Le, Hoa hau dieu tiet che am sanh,
Tren trdi Huynh Hoac'"'*' trong thanh, ' • Phuang Nam an dinh diem lanh viec may.
Ngudi Tam trudng an bai sinh dong, Chu hinh hai huyet thdng trtiyen ban, Gifr cho than dinh khi an.
74 Nghien ciru Ton giao. 5o'7-2()05
Vdc hinh k h a n g kien dam d a n g tri vi.
Cdm tint nhuc kien tri dire Tri,
Thanh mau n h d hanh Thiiy rudi chan.
Than tinh'"^' soi sang dam ngan, : ".j .,, ' Dat thi p h u o n g Bac thoat nan giam tai.
N g u d i Than thiiy du day mat me, C h o bang q u a n g nham le dieu h a n h . . .
Cdm dieu vgngngirViu danh. ' '•' '' '•'• ' '
Giir gin chir Tin cho thanh thien chon. '•"" ' • -' •'• - .• ••
Thd trung u'ong trong phan chuyen van, '' '"' •' J •'•'"* ' ' '•'"
Trdi Tran tinh'"" khdi chan thien quang, Dat la M o Ki dinh an,
N g u d i thi Ti vi kien k h a n g luu hanh.
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Chu thich:
1. I.)u \m \a Dao iS dong nghia la lay trom. an cap. Chir iii} thuang dpc la thdu. nhung lldn-i'iet Tir Dien cua Dao Duy Anh (Sai Gon: Nxb Truang Thi. 1957) doc la dn.
2. Nam giai ran con lai ciia Balamon la: 6. Phai sach se. tinh khiet (saiicha). 7. Biet bang long (sanloshu). 8. Ki luat \ai ban than (lapa.s). 9. Phai hoc tap (svadhyaya). 10. Vang phuc menh Trai (ishvarapranidhana).
3. Muoi dieu ran do Dire Chiia Trai truyen cho Thanh Moses tren niii Sinai, tao thanh nen tang luan li cua Do Thai giao.
Giao hoi Cong giao La Ma an dinh ngi dung chuan cua Muai dieu ran nhu sau: 1. Tho phung mpt Dire Chiia Trai va kinh men Ngudi tren het moi su. 2. Cho keu ten Dire Chiia Trai vo ca. 3. Giu nga\' Chiia nhat. 4. Thao kinh cha me, 5. Cha giet nguoi. 6. Cho lam su dam due. 7. Cho la\' ciia nguoi. 8. Cho lam chirng doi. 9. Cha muon \ a chong nguoi. 10. Cha tham cua nguai.
4. Xem thanh giiio a Phu luc cua bai \ iet na>. ,.,,i , ,.,.,.,, i, 5. Tlianh Xgon Hiep Tuyen (Quyen thir Nhirt). Toa Thanh Ta\ Ninh. 1964. tr. 29.
6. Tam Thira Chon Gido (Quyen Nhat). Hoi Thanh Trung Uong Trung 'Viet tai Tam Quan. 1961, tr. 29.
7. Dai Thira Chan Gido. Chieu Minh xuat ban. 1950. tr. 378.
8. Thdnh Ngon Hiep Tuyen (Quyen thu Nhirt). Ngay 19-12-1926.
9. Chi chi hini sanh: Moi thir gi co su song.
10. \6 phai du ngdy gid Thay nhirt dinh mdi tro bong: Phai dimg thai gian quy dinh theo luat Tao hoa thi no mai tro bong.
11. .Xguyen sanh: Chon linh tir coi trai xuong the gian lam mpt chiing sinh. Hda sanh: Chan linh tien hoa len, nhu khoang san tien hoa thanh thao moc, roi thao moc tien hoa thanh thii cam, roi thii cim tiSn hoa lam nguai.
12. Thdnh .\'gdn Hiep Tuyen (Quyen thir Nhi). Toa Thanh Tay Ninh, 1966, tr. 62.
13. S'lrdc hei chan tri: quoc gia roi loan.
14. The gidi het Thdnh Thdn: the gioi chi con quy ma (la cai xau, cai ac).
15. Thdnh .Xgdn Hiep Tuyen (Quyen thir Nhi). Toa Thanh Tay Ninh, 1966, tr. 63-64.
16. Thdnh S'gdn Hiep Tuyen (Quyen thir Nhi). Toa Thanh Tay Ninh, 1966, tr. 64.
17. Xgii lang: tam (tim), can (gan), ty (la lach), phS (phoi), va than. Luc phu: vi (da day, bao tir), dam (mat), tam tieu (thuong tieu: mieng tren da day; trung tieu: khoang giira da day; ha tieu: mieng tren bang quang), bang quang (bong dai), dai truong (rupt gia), va tieu truang (rupt npn).
18. Thdnh Sgdn Hiep Tuyen (Quyen thir Nhi). Toa Thanh Tay Ninh, 1966, tr. 65.
19. Thdnh Ngdn Hiep Tuyen (Quyen thir Nhi). Toa Thanh Tay Ninh, 1966, tr. 66.
20. Thdnh Ngdn Hiep Tuyen (QuySn thir Nhi). Toa Thanh Tay Ninh, 1966. tr. 66.
21. Sao Tue ffi; fi^.: Tue tinh, Moc tinh t< f:, sap Mpc.
22. Thai Bach ktl: Kim tinh ^f?--., sap Kim, Minh tinh HJ^f?.. sao Minh, sao Khai Minh ii'iB^, sap Truang Canh H/IE. sap Mai, sap Hom.
23. Huynh Hoac 'TiJ^-.: Hoa tinh -kf^. sao Hoa.
24. Than tinh ki <?•-.: sap Than. Thuy tinh 7|v >f:,, sap Thiiy.
25. Tran tinh 1*^.: sap Tran, Thp tinh L ' ? . , sap Tho, Diin tinh %ff., sap Dikn. Tin tinh faff., sao Tin.
