CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 05-2009
JORGE LUIS B O R G E S : B A C THAY HIEN THUG
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HUYEN AO M Y LATINH
1. Nha thd, nha ly luan phe binh, ngUdi sang tae truyen ngan vi dai ngUdi Argentina Jorge Luis Borges (1899-
1986) la mpt trong nhQng nha van gay anh hudng bae nha't the ky XX. Tac pham eua dng dUdc viet vdi mpt nguon cam hQng vd t a n ket hdp vdi mot tri tue uyen tham va mpt cai nhin xuyen thau vao chieu sau eua tdn tai, cua n h a n tinh,,.. eon ngUdi da mang lai eho dpe gia thdi hien dai mot cam xuc kho t i , mpt each eat nghia the gidi di biet, mpt phdc cam menh mang theo thdi gian,
Borges sinh tai thu dd Buenos Aires, trong gia dinh tU s i n , cd nhieu tUdng Hnh ndi tieng trong lieh sQ Argentina, Bd' dng, Jorge Guillermo Borges la mot luat sU kiem nghe diiy hpc, rat yeu thich van ehUdng. Theo ldi Borges, bd ong tQng sang tac van hpc nhUng khong thnnh edng, ngoai tru' may bai thd Sonnet. Jorge Guillermo Borges eo gd'c gac Tay Ban Nha, boa huyet thdng vdi ngudi Bo Dao Nha va nhieu hdn la ddng mau ngUdi Anh. Me Borges la ngUdi Anh. Ba mang mpt ca tinh manh me.
Gia dinh Borges ndi ca tieng Tay Ban Nha lan tieng Anh. Van hoa Anh ludn dupe de cao. Do vay, tQ be, Borges eo dieu kien tiep xuc vdi nhieu vdn van ehUdng trae tuyet eua nhan loai. Nam mUdi hai tudi, dng da dpe kich Shakespeare. Thud ky nay, dng dUdc giao due bdi cac gia sU thue tQ chau Au sang va sdm tiep xuc vdi the gidi ky dieu cua van ehudng qua thU vien dd so eua dng ba ngoai.
Nam 1914, bd' dng hi benh mat, can benh nay ve sau di truyen sang Borges, nen phai sang Geneva, Thuy Si ehQa
PGS.TS Le Huy Biic Khoa Ngii vdn, Dai hoc Sii Phgm Hd Nin benh. Borges theo cha den do va nhap hpe phd thong. Ong hpe tieng Phap va sau dd la tieng DQe. Trong so cac nhd van hien dai, Borges la mot trong nhQng ngQdi am hieu nhieu thQ tieng nhat.
Day la dieu kien de dng thau hieu han chat eua ngdn ngU. liieu dUpc cai me lo sau tham eua ngon tQ va sang t<io nhic-u kieu cau true cho van phong minh.
Chien t r a n h The gidi lan tbi't nhat nd ra. gia dinh ong hi ket ri ehau Au eho den nam 1921. Di cbin-en qua nhieu thanh phd'cua Thuy Si v;\ Tay Ban Nh;i.
Borges tiep xuc vdi nhieu nen v,'\n hoa va nhieu phong trao van chUring dUdng thdi. Ong gia nhap nhdm Tien phong NgUdi cUc doan (Avant - garde Ultrais).
Day la phong trao ehd'ng chu nghia bien dai. Phong trao nay ket thue vao nam 1922. Chiu anh hudng cua eae nha van Tay Ban Nlia dUPng thdi, nhUng bai thd dau tien eua Borges dang tren t;ip chi Grecia c6 nhan de Bdi thdnh ca bien (Hymn to the Sea) lai chiu anh hUdng tu phong each cua Walt Whitman,
Nam 1921, Borges cung gia dinh quay ve Buenos Aires, Ong quyet dinh lap than bang eon dUdng van ehUdng, bang each viet cac bai phe binh va sang tae thd cho cac tap chi, Borges tham gia t h a n h lap td tap chi van hpe tien phong va dong vai trd ehu chdt trong viec truyen ba khuynh bUdng tbi ca mdi.
Thdi gian nay. dng cho in tap thd dim tien Nhiet hiing Buenos Aires (1923) vii tap tieu luan phe binh NhUng Ira ciiu (1925). Ong nhiet tinh ti'uyen ha hnc thuyet eua ehu nghia cue do:in (Ultraism) vao Argentina va tni thanh nha van theo ehu nghia khu vUc
58 SO 05-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY (criollismo - phong trao tdn tai tQ 1900
den 1940 d My Latinh) ndi tie'ng cua thdi dd. Ve sau, chinh Borges khdng bai long vdi nhQng sang tae giai doan ndy.
Giai thoai ke r a n g dng bd nhieu tien ra mua lai nhQng an pham trong thdi ky nay va eho thieu huy vi khdng mud'n ehung hien dien t r e n edi ddi.
Nam 1924. Borges du hpe sang ehau Au. Thdi gian du hpc, Borges sU dung dupe cac thti tieng DQc, Anh, Phap.
Dieu do da t;io dieu kien cho dng tie'p xuc vdi nhieu nen van boa. Nam 20 tudi, eung vdi gia dinh, Borges sang Madrid, Tay Ban Nha. Tai day, ong giao du vdi canh nha thd thuoc k h u y n h hudng thtlc nghiem.
Ke tQ 1929. Borges da dinh hinh rd net phong each van xudi cua minh. Ong chon ldi viet ngan. ham sue, sU dung nhieu yeu td thien nhien, huyen i o rut tQ van hpc cd. Tap truyen ngan dau tay Sdu van de cua ngdi Isidro Parodi (1935) cho tha'y ro dieu nay. Borges thuc sU ndi tieng tren van dan vdi tap truyen ngan NliUng hU cd'u (1944). T;\p truyen cho tha'y chat tri tue, chieu sau cua sti uyen bae, kha nang am hieu van hpe va van boa eua nhieu dan tpc tren the gidi trong t u duy nghe t h u a t Borges.
Nam nam sau, t a p Aleph (1949) ra ddi cang cung ed' them uy tin eua mpt bae t h i y truyen ngan. Cung vdi sang tae truyen, Borges cho in nhieu tap nghien cQu phe binh nhU Ngon ngU Argentina (1928), Vdn iigc cd dien BUc (1952), Nhiing tra cUu khdc (1952),... NhQng tap sach nay cang k h a n g dinh hdn vd'n tri thQc uyen bae cua nha van.
Sau sU sup dd cua J u a n Peron vao nam 1955, ngudi ma Borges ctle luc ehong ddi, Borges dupc bd nhiem lam Giam ddc Thu vien Qud'c gia Argentina, Nam nay, Borges gap p h i i mpt b i t hanh ldn: dng da hi mu hoan toan.
NhUng dieu dd khdng he can trd sti nghiep sang tdc, thdng qua cae thU ky rieng, dng tiep xuc vdi thdi sU van ehUdng va van tiep tuc viet, Cae tap truyen ngan Sdch cdt (1955), Ke hdnh
sU (1960) cho tha'y dp hodn b i o nghe t h u a t d mQc dp eao bdn cua n h a van.
N a m 1967, Borges ket hdn vdi goa phu Elsa Astete Millan. Cudc bdn n h a n nay chu yeu la theo y me dng va khdng mang lai b a n h phuc. Luc nay khi da d vao dp tudi 90, me dng muon dng cd dupe ndi nUdng tUa sau khi ba qua ddi.
Sau ba n a m c h u n g sd'ng vdi Elsa Astete Millan, Borges li di vd quay ve sdng vdi me cho de'n khi ba qua ddi d tudi 99.
Borges tiep tuc sd'ng dpe t h a n trong suot thdi gian dd.
N a m 1975, dng quye't dinh di du lieh sau khi me qua ddi, Cung di vdi dng la ed t h u ky rieng xinh dep ngQdi Argentina lai giQa N h a t B i n va DQe, Maria Kodania. Vai t h a n g trQdc khi chet, ong lam le ket hdn vdi Kodama.
Khi J u a n Peron quay ve tQ ndi iQu vong va dupe bau lai lam tdng thd'ng Argentina n a m 1973, Borges tQ chQc giam ddc thu' vien qud'c gia. Ke tQ dd dng khdng quay lai vdi cac boat ddng xa hdi nQa.
Nam 1961, Borges dUde t r a o t a n g Giai Qud'c te cua cae nhd xua't ban. Ten tudi dng, nhd vay, cang IQng d a n h tren van dan t h e gidi. Ong tiep tue cho in nhieu tac p h a m van xudi nhU Thong thi ciia Brodie (1979), Sdch ve nhUng ngUdi tudng tugng (1979); cac t a p thd nhU Hoa hong thdm uyen (1975), Lcli gidi (1982),... N a m 1980, Borges dupe trao t a n g giai thUdng Miguel de Cervantes, giii thQdng d a n h eho n h a van ed cdng trong viee p h a t trien ngdn ngQ Tay Ban Nha. Borges mat ngay 14/6/1986 tai Geneva (Thtiy Sy) vi can benh ung thu.
2. Ndi tie'ng vdi t u cdeh la n h a thdng thai trong Hnh vtic van chUdng, Borges de lai da'u an sau dam trong t h e gidi ngdn ngQ Tay Ban Nha ndi rieng va nhieu ngdn ngQ khac t r e n t h e gidi ndi chung. Ong chiu i n h hUdng nhieu tQ Miguel de Cervantes. Rudyard Kipling, Franz Kafka,... Qua hp, dng md cdnh ctia van ehUdng mdi, canh cQa cua rieng minh de dQng vao dpi ngu cae bae t h i y dng h a n g ngQdng mp kia.
CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 05-2009 59 Vao khoang nQa eudl thap ky 1930,
Borges gap nhieu bien dpng trong ddi.
Dau tien la cai chet eua ngUdi cha ma dng r a t yeu quy. Tie'p dd dng hi benh t a t giay vd. Canh cUa tU t h i n g i n nhU md ra vdi dng khi dng hi benh nhiem trung huyet. Sau khi binh phue, ldi viet cua dng hoan toan khac trUde va dan dan ong trd nen ndi tieng.
Danh tieng Borges ed dUdc qua sU chuyen hien nay cdn nhd viee dng tiep xue dupe hien tUdng luan cua Husserl, Heiderger va ehu nghia hien sinh eua Jean Paul Sartre, Albert Camus.
NhQng tu tudng nay mri ra eho Borges chan trdi mdi trong viec nhiin thuc va tai hien the gidi.
Tuy nhien, nen tang van eburing cua Borges dUdc nudi dUdng tQ thdi thd au cho den luc trUring thanh. Thud be, Borges rat say me nhQng cau chuyen phieu lUu ky la day chat hoang dUdng cua Gilbert Keith Chesterton (nha van Anh, 1874-1936), Robert Luis Stevenson (nha van Scotland, 1850-1894) va Rudyard Kiplmg (nha van Anh, 1865- 1936),,.. Ong sdm tiep xuc vdi triet hpc.
Tri tudng tUdng thien tai cua dng, mpt lan nQa bi khuay ddng dQ dpi. Vdi George Berkeley (nha triet hpe Ireland, 1685- 1753) va David Hume (nha triet hpe Scotland, 1711-1776), Borges nhan thQc dupe dieu edt loi trong tU duy: ta't ca mpi tri thQc va kinh nghiem cua nhan loai deu mang ban chat chu quan. TQ tien de nay, Borges vQng tin trong viee pho dien cam hQng chu quan eua minh len chat lieu ngdn tQ. Ong bat ngdn ngQ phii phuc tung tu duy mot each tuyet ddi.
Tuy nhien, c i m giac ve sU mong manh eua ban t h e va sU tU k h a n g dinh ehi la s i n pham sieu hinh eua mot minh tri phd quat nao dd, thi Borges lai rut true tiep tQ triet hpc cua A r t h u r Schopenhauer (nha triet hpe DQc. 1788- 1860) va Friedrieh Nietzsche (nha triet hpc DQe, 1844-1900). Ong cho rang, mpt khi da thieu chan ly khaeh quan, eon ngudi bupc phai c h i p n h a n mpt kieu trd chdi khdng cd' dinh ve quy luat ma
khdng mpt the lUe, d i u la sieu nhien nao, chang b a n n h u Chua hay Thupng de, c6 the che ngU. Dieu nay giai thich vi sao Borges lai rat thieh trd ehdi me 16 trong t h e gidi nghe t h u a t cua minh.
Ban chat eua me Id la sU xay lap bat t a n cua nhQng khudn dang, mau binh,... Nd gdi tinh chat trd chdi. su may rui va bat dn. Con ngUdi khi tiep can vdi nd se khdng chae chan dUdc dieu gi ea. Vay thi trong hp se nay sinh ra nhQng hoai nghi ve ea tinh, ve nhan each, ve y nghia va ve ehinh ca hien thQc cupc sd'ng ndi chung.
Quan diem nay dupe the hien tap trung nhat trong tiip Truyen hii cdu.
Day la tap truyen ket tinh nhat tai nghe cua Borges. Trong saeh nay, Borges sQ dung ldi viet cua tieu luan pha hu eau, Ong xem the gidi nhU mpt thu vien dd so, t r a t ttl, ngan nap, nhUng khong ai eo the biet dupe gidi ban va thiet ke cua nd. Ndi dd, nhQng trd ehdi may rui cua so' phan het nhU trd xd sd dupe dieu h a n h eua nhQng ngUrii trong bong tdi gan quyet dinh, gid'ng vdi phong each cua Kafka. Nhan quan hdi hudc den (Dark Humour) cua Kafka cung dupe Borges the hien rat thanh cdng trong tac pham. The gidi cua dng van dpng trong sU t r a n h da'u quyet liet giQa hai ddi thu de gianh quyen thd'ng tri tdi eao giua cac tay cao boi. cdc nha van, eae quy ba va tham ehi la ca nhQng ehinh khaeh ndi tie'ng dUdng thdi. Dieu nay tao nen sQ khdi hai nhUng day nhan van, bdi nhQng hanh dpng t r a n h da'u ay deu xua't phat tQ b i n chat muo'n k h a n g dinh nhan tinh.
mud'n vUpt len tren nhQng dieu xau xa hay ehi'nh b i n t h a n minh.
NhQng cupc t r a n h da'u eua Borges ludn ri trong xu the thdng nha't de during d i u vdi mpt the lUe khae cao hdn. Su tranh dau de tdn tai, de xay dUng cupc sdng tdt dep hdn va phan nao dd the hien cai nhin bi dat cua con ngUdi tren hanh trinh khong ngQng nghi cua tdn tai,... la net tham my thUdng trUe trong tu duy nghe thuat Borges.
60 SO 05-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY Chu de thudng trd di trd lai trong sach
eua Borges la me lg (labyrinth). Ong da van dung nhQng binh i n h xac thilc va phi xac thile mpt each dieu luyen trong ldi vie't cua minh. Nhd dng, khuynh hudng Van bpc huyen i o My Latinh dUdc biet rpng rai tren toan the gidi. Truyen ngin tap trung nha't cae dac trQng nghe thuat cua Borges la Cong vien ciia n/iUng ldi di re hai ngd. Truyen nay dUde lay nhan de cho tuyen tap truyen ngan d i u tien cua dng xua't b i n nam 1941.
My hpe va triet hpe lien quan den viee sang tao nghe t h u a t cua ong nbU thrii gian, n h a n d a n g cai tdi, sd p h a n eon ngUrii, sil vinh hang, tinh chat kep, sti ky dieu eua hien thUc,... van thd'ng tri eac de tai, nhUng sU chinb xac d phUring dien ngdn ngQ mpt each nghiem k h i e trong nhQng t r u y e n n g i n kiet xua't cua dng da khien each dien dat van xudi eua dng tU do bOn, dpn gian brin va trilc tiep bpn. Nghe t h u a t ke chuyen cua dng phat trien trong truyen thd'ng dUric gpi la chu nghia bien thtle huyen ao. Borges ne.u bat bd'n t h u p h a p ed ban cua van xudi bien thtic huyen ao.
Dd la long tac p h a m nghe t h u a t vao trong tae p h i m nghe t h u a t , tron lan hien thUc va md. xoa bd dudng bien thdi gian, sU dting hinh tUpng kep. Cac t h u phap nay cung vdi nhQng hinh i n h bieu tupng Qa thich eua ong n h u me Id, gUdng soi, eau true can xQng, t r a n g t h a i so' nhieu va bdi phdn, tinh t u a n hoan ctia hien thiie,... da gdp p h a n HQu hieu trong viee lot ta tinh phi thtlc trong moi c i u true n h a n sinh. Tae p h a m cua dng tap t r u n g vao mdi quan be ctia con ngUdi vdi the gidi phQc t a p xung q u a n h . Sang tao ctia Borges la ca mpt he dan cai cac tu tudng triet bpc. t h i n hpe vd thuyet sieu hinh. dan eai nhflng van de khung khiep eua cupc sd'ng thfldng n h a t vdi ao giac cua hien thtlc ve b i n the tdn tai cua ca n h a n trong vu tru,... nen r i t khd tiep nhan ddi vdi dpc g i i binh dan.
Tac phdm cua Borges cdn viet ve ndi cd ddn va sil thd'ng khd cua eon ngUdi.
Not thdng khd cd nguyen nhdn tQ viec sd phan bi dat cua con ngUdi khdng the lam
cho ngudi ngoai bdi ndi am anh ve sii chuyen dich thdi gian khdng ngQng. bdi viee khdng the riao buy bd dQpc y niem ca n h a n ve ban the.
Borges hinh t h a n h nen mpt the gidi hinh tQdng dQa tren gia thuyet tri tue.
Chu nghia ly tQdng la phQdng cham dan d i t sang tao nghe t h u a t eua dng. B i n g van chQdng, dng k h a m pha ra mpt the gidi mach lac trai ngQdc vdi sQ hdn dpn cua the gidi hien thtic, nbUng tae pham cua dng ludn ket thuc b i n g sU nhan ddi ndi khung khiep the gidi hdn loan cua chung ta. Khdng the t h i u hieu hien thUc, Borges sdng tae nhQng eau chuyen mia mai, rac rdi, d i y chat suy tU de ddi thoai vdi bU vd, ndi hien thQc va md dQde trdn lan.
SQe manh van chQdng cua Borges dupe tap trung P sQc gdi va i n y. Mpt ldi viet nghiem k h i e , d i y ve mia mai, gieu ept nhQng bao gid eung toat len sU thdng tue.
Mpt the' gidi cd biet mpc len tQ cbinh phong each dd, nPi eupe sd'ng cd dupe hinh bai qua ky thuat tinh te bae t h i y cua dng. NhQng hinh i n h phdn sinh ciia Borges bien minh chdi sang cho ly do tdn tai cua chi'nh dng.
Ong tim tha'y trong sang tao nghe thuat va ca trong viee tao dting nhQng the gidi ly tQdng mpt sil cQu rdi linh hdn ed dieu kien.
Ong sang tao ra the gidi hien thtlc cua rieng dng la nham de xoa bd sil bdn mang hi hiem ctia the gidi. Ong sdng tao ra vd van nhQng me Id trong tae pham la de tim mpt ehd dtla trong the gidi thtic tai, va hdn the, la de vQpt thoat sil nghi ki va ndi hoai nghi ludn dm anh con ngQdi thdi hien dai nhQ mpt dinh menh.
Trong ldi gidi thieu t a p truyen Cong vien cua nhUng loi di re hai ngd, Borges cho biet b a n chat ctia s a n g tao bien thtlc h u y e n i o : "Day la sti dien rd khd nhpc va la mot t r a n g t h a i bi lam suy nhifde, sti dien rd trong viee sang tao nhQng cud'n sdch vd t a n - viet ra trong n a m t r a m t r a n g sach mpt y tQPng ma cd the dQpc ke hoan b i o b a n g mieng cbi trong vdng n a m p h u t . Cach tdt n h a t de tiep can nd la vd r a n g nhQng cud'n sdch at thtle sti tdn tai, va dQa ra mdt cai tdm tat, mpt ldi binh l u a n ve ehung" •
