CHiNH SACH CUA TRIEU NGUYEN DOI VOTI THIEN CHUA GIAO
DO BANG*
T
hien Chua giao du nhap vdo Viet Nam tQ nam 1533 (1), day khdng ehi la vd'n de t h u i n tuy eiia tdn giao, tin ngQdng, van hda ma la vd'n de chinh tri-xa hdi rd't nhay cam qua cac thdi ky lich sif cd che dp chinh tri khde nhau. Tinh ddc tdn vd tinh kieu hanh ciia Thien chiia giao cung nhQng nghi thQc mang tinh tUdng khic vdi van hda truyen thd'ng va sy lam dyng chinh tri ciia cdc the lye ben ngodi ddi vdi Thien chua giao Id nguyen nhan dan den cdc chinh sdch ddi vdi Thien ehua giao cua nha elm quydn Viet Nam trong dd cd trieu Nguyin.NhQng ngQdi truyen gido eho r i n g ehi phdi Cd dd'e truyen vao Viet Nam Id ddng chinh thd'ng trye thupc tda thdnh La Ma, dai dien eho sQ Qu viet vd tinh hodn vu nhd't so vdi bat ky tdn giao ndo. Nen viec truyen gido vd bao ve dao Id nhiem vu thieng lieng cua nhan loai van minh, hp khdng nhQng khdng mud'n thda hiep vdi ba't cQ tdn giao nao ma phai xda sach eae tdn giao ban dia de xay dyng mdt Thien chua giao dpc tdn, mdt dQc tin tuyet ddi ve Chua.
Do vdy, ho dQa ra cac dieu ca'm ky nhQ ca'm lay xac ngUdi chet, ca'm dang hUdng dot ne^n cho ngUdi chet, ca'm dpc vdn te, ca'm mac tang phuc. NhQng dinh hQdng vd giai
phdp mang tinh sieu hinh vd cQdng che ndi tren da cham manh vdo tQ tQdng dan tdc vd van hda truyen thd'ng nen de gay ngd nhdn, kich dpng ddn den chinh sdch ky thi, ca'm dao eiia trieu dinh nhd Nguyen vd dQdc ddng dao nhan dan vd'n mang ndng tinh ngQdng sung bdi td tien ddng tinh ung hp.
1. Trieu Gia Long (1802-1819)
Trong ede vua trieu Nguyen b thdi ky ty chu, Gia Long Id ngQdi rd't ed thien chi vdi Thien ehua giao nhUng dng van ehu trUdng bao ve Nho gido va nghi le thd cung td tien;
dng cung eho r i n g dia ngye, thien ddng ciia luan thuyet Thien chua gido Id sy di doan chi Idm me hoac, quyen ru nhQng ngQdi thieu hieu biet (2).
NhQng quan diem cua vua Gia Long cho rang ngQdi theo Thien ehua gido cung Id cdng dan neu hp khdng tin tQdng vdo thd cung td tien vd cdc t h i n linh thi cung khdng nen elm doan hp (3).
Khdng mdt lenh cam dao nao dQdc ban hanh dQdi thdi Gia Long, cac giao si deu cho rang day Id giai doan thuan ldi cho viec truyen gido b Viet Nam.
Tuy nhien, Gia Long vdn tha'y nguy ed ve ma't chii quyen moi khi cd hdi den vdi
*PGS.TS. Trudng Dai hpc Khoa hpc Hud
46 Rghien cijru Lich si!ir. sg 1.2010 phUdng Tay thdng qua con dUdng bao ve
dao Thien chua nen dng can dan ngUdi ke vi (Minh Mang) khdng nen ddi xif phan biet giQa cac dao Nho, Phat, Thien chua giao.
Viec khiing bd' tdn gido se Id nguyen nhan ddn den cdc bien ddng xd hdi va gay ra thu oan trong nhan dan; ddi khi lam syp dd ca ngdi vua.
2. T r i e u M i n h M a n g (1820-1840) Chpn Minh Mang ke vi, Gia Long da nhdn thay dQdc kha ndng quyet doan ciia mdt con ngQdi cQng ran cd the giai quyet ede cdng viec phQc tap ciia trieu dinh, ddc biet Id ddi vdi phQdng Tay trong dd cd vd'n de truyen giao ludn Idm cho nha vua tran trd, au lo. •. , ,, :
Nam 1824, chinh phii Phap cif J. B.
Chaigneau sang Hue de duy tri boat dpng ngoai giao ed tQ thdi Gia Long. Nam dd, cd mpt tau Phap den Da Nang mang thu va le vat cua vua Phdp giii den vua Minh Mang nhung bi Minh Mang tQ chdi, mdt sd giao si nhan dd trdn len dQdc dd't lien de truyen gido.
Nam 1825, vua Minh Mang ban hanh dy cam dao: "Cac tdn giao sai trdi cua ngQdi Tdy DQdng Idm hQ hdng Idng ngQdi.
Da IQ lau nhieu tdu Tay DQdng den day budn bdn vd da de lai cdc dao trQdng trong VQdng qudc nay. Cac dao trQdng da Idi keo vd ldm hdng nhan tam, lam suy thoai t h u i n phong my tyc. Dd chang phai tai boa ldn cho dd't nQde. Vay phai chd'ng lai sy lam dung ndy de dQa dan chung trd lai eon dQdng chinh... phai canh phdng can than mat hai cang, mien nui, td't ea mpi nga dQdng thuy bd de ngan khdng eho cac dao trudng Tay DUdng xam nhdp len lut, tra trdn vdo dan chung de gieo rac bdng den tren vUdng qud'e" (4).
De quan ly, theo doi boat ddng truyen gido, Minh Mang lenh cho cac gido si ve kinh dd Hue Id'y cd Id de dich sach.
Nam 1831, chinh phu Phap cif mpt tau den Hue dat lai quan he ngoai giao nhUng hi vua Minh Mang ey tuyet. NhQng dpng thai ddi ngoai day kieu ky nay cua Minh Mang da gay sy phan Qng cho nhieu gidi chQc Phdp.
Ndm 1832, Minh Mang ra du: "Cai thuye't thien dQdng, tdm lai chi la chuyen hoang dQdng, khdng ed b i n g chQng. Hdn nQa ne'u khdng kinh t h i n minh, khdng thd tien td thi ra't trdi vdi chinh dao. NhQng viec trai luan ly, hai phong hda, dieu d'y ke ra cdn nhieu, thyc da pham de'n phap luat.
Dao a'y quy Id ta dao hdn dao nao het" (5).
Nam 1832, n h a n vu giao si ngQoi Phap ed ten la P h a m Van Kinh b hp dao DUdng Sdn, huyen Hudng Trd, tinh ThQa Thien bi mat truyen dao, cau kinh. Quan phu ThQa Thien nhieu Ian gpi de'n cdng dUdng khuyen cao nhung khdng mpt ai chiu bd dao. Nam dd, Minh Mang ra lenh eho eae quan tinh "khuyen cdo bo dao, ai thanh thyc bude qua cay Thdp ty thi miin tdi, nhd thd, nha giang cho buy diet di, ai cd tinh khdng t u a n bi toi nang" (6).
Chdu bdn trieu Nguyen cd ghi lai viec theo doi Gido si Pham Van Kinh qua ban tau ciia Bp Hinh ngay 25 t h i n g 5 nam Minh Mang 19 (1838) n h u sau: Cd ten Pham Van Kinh, ngUdi Tay DUdng, thang 5 nam Minh Mang 13 (1832), can an ve truyen dao Gia Td cl lang Co Lao, phii ThQa Thien bi ket an giao giam h a u mong dn phdt lam kinh cl phu ThQa Thien nhUng vdn khdng chQa, ngay dem giang dao ta giao, lai day di ddn phu cl Ai Lao, sau lai cho trcl ve an tri b huyen Cam Ld. Bp chung toi cho ngUdi len Cam Lo mat tham xem
Chinh sach ciia trieu Rguy^n... 47 Pham Van Kinh ed len thdng tin tQc gi
chang. Biet r i n g Pham Van Kinh b tren d'y, ngay thudng ed nhieu ngudi tdi lui, tien bae an tieu du gia, vd xem bd kieu cdng khdng sd gi ca. VQa rdi ddn Quang Tri ed ngUdi theo td dao, khdng chiu bude qua hinh chQ thdp, vay xin giao Pham Van Kinh eho tinh Quang Tri tra ta'n cho ra viec" (7). Qua dd mdi tha'y sy can trpng, khoan dung cua trieu dinh Hue ddi vdi cdc gido si nQde ngodi vd van de cam dao khdng ddn gian nhQ cac tdi pham khac. (r{, H
Nam 1834, Minh Mang ban hdnh "Thap dieu gido huan", nha vua chi ra ring: Dao Gia td lai cdng vd ly "Trai gdi chung dung hdn tap, viec lam ndy gid'ng nhQ cam thu...
Dd Id Idm cho bai hoai luan ly, hQ hdng gido hda, khdng the tin dQdc. Ne'u ngQdi ndo dd hi dd ddnh thi nen mau chdng bd di.
P h i n cdc viec quan, hdn, tang, te deu phai theo l l tuc nQde nhd..." (8).
Nam 1835, Phan Ba Dat, Phd dd ngy sQ Vien Dd sat tau: Cd' dao Ma Song (Marehand) b Gia Dinh ddng Ida vdi Le Van Khdi khi hi b i t khai r i n g "ThIy thud'c ngQdi Tdy DQdng khoet mat ngQdi s i p chet de che thud'c", edn "Td giao Tay DQdng eho mdt trai, mdt gdi b chung mdt nhd ed tQdng gach ngan each, khi dpng tinh due, rdp cho chung chet bep, ip la'y nQde xdc chet, hda lam hdnh cho ngQdi theo dao an khien cho hp me dao khdng bd dQdc"; rdi nghe ndi
"Trai gdi la'y vd, Id'y chdng, dao trudng dem ngudi eon gdi vdo nha kin vdi danh nghla giang dao thyc ra de ddm d..." (9). NhQng chuyen nay dQdc phia ra trong dan gian va quan Dd ngy sif Phan Ba Dat da kbeo then dpt thanh nhQng mau chuyen ly ky, ba'p d i n nen de gay a'n tQdng trong trieu dinh va tao nen sy p h i n no trong cdng chung.
Viec giet dao tQ dd cdng khdc liet hdn.
TQ ndm 1825 - 1838 cd 4 Gidm mue, 9 Linh muc ngoai qud'e, 20 Linh muc ngQdi Viet vd hdng tram gido dan bi sdt hai (10).
Thang 10 nam 1839, Minh Mang ban hanh du ed'm dao: Bude td't ea nhQng ngQdi theo dao phai bd dao trong vdng mdt ndm, xay dyng ehua chien vdo nhQng ndi trQdc day xdy dyng nhd thd. Td't ea t h i n dan phai tich eye trdng nom ehua chien.
Du cam dao mdi ndy da gay sy edm phdn trong gido dd vd gidi chQc Thien chua gido, lam cha'n ddng xa hdi. Tuy nhien, chinh phu Phdp vd trieu dinh Hue cung mong mud'n ed sQ hieu biet can thiet vd thien chi tQ ca hai phia de cd the xich lai gan vd cai thien lot hdn tinh the gay ed'n vd'n ed. Nam 1840, Minh Mang cQ Phan Thanh Gian elm d i u mdt phai doan sang Phdp de tim hieu tinh hinh vdi mong mud'n xdy dyng quan he ngoai giao td't hdn.
NhQng dieu md ca hai phia khdng muon da xay ra la khi phdi dodn eiia trieu dinh Hue den Phdp hi cdc gidi chQc trong Giao hdi ThQa sai Paris phan ddi kich liet vd van ddng mdt cude tdy chay tren bdo chf, lam dp lye manh me vdi nhd vua nen vua Phdp bude phai tQ chdi tiep phai dodn cua trieu dinh Hue.
Tuy the, so' gido dan dQdi thdi Minh Mang vdn dQdc tiep tue tdng, vdo ndm 1840, ea nQde ed 3 Gidm mye, 2 Phd gidm muc, 24 Linh mue ngoai qudc, 144 Linh muc ngQdi Viet vd 420.000 gido dan (11).
3. Trieu Thieu Tri (1841-1847) DQdi thdi Thieu Tri, nhd vua vin duy tri ehfnh sdch cam dao dQdc ban hdnh tQ thdi Minh Mang nhQng khdng td ra tfch eye nhQ trieu vua trQdc. P h i n ldn ede gido si bi b i t deu dQdc Thieu Tri eho lanh dn "tram giam hau" (tdi chet nhQng giam ddi xet), rdi cudl cung cung dQdc tra ty do. Ddi vdi cdc
48 Rghien curu Lich sit, so 1.2010 quan theo dao nhd vua kien tri thuyet phue
tao cho hp ed ed hpi bd dao dd Id trQdng hdp quan thii ngy Ho Van DQdng b tinh Ddng Nai da ty nguyen bd dao b i n g cdch bQdc qua cay Thanh gid nhQng vdn chQa chiu dy le te t h i n b mieu Ky, trinh nhd vua xem xet (12).
Nam 1841, ede gido si Miche, Duelos, Galy, Berneux vd Gharries hi b i t vd hi ket an til hinh nhQng Thieu Tri khdng cho thi hdnh an. Ndm 1843, tdu chien Phap Heroine ty tien den Da Nang, thuyen trQdng Felix Favin L6veeque yeu ciu trieu dinh Hue tha cac gido si tren. Thieu Tri chd'p thuan vd trao cdc gido si cho vien thuyen trQdng ndi tren; tdu Phdp rdi cang Dd N i n g ngdy 16-3-1843.
Thdng 11 nam Thieu Tri thQ 7 (4-1- 1848), Bd Hinh dang sd phdng tbfeb quan pham, trong dd cd trUdng hdp Nguyin Van Thien d tinh Phu Yen: "Thien theo dao Gia Td, khdng chiu bd hi ghep tdi giao giam hau (giam ddi ngdy t h i t cd') qua den thdng 6 nam thQ 6 (1846), y dQdc tha chet, day ra ldm linh d HQng Hda, quan tinh nhieu lan khuyen giai, y cung khdng chiu bd dao. Nay gap dip an xd, y dQdc tha ve que" (13).
Chinh sdch mem deo ve ed'm dao thdi Thieu Tri da lam cho so' gido dan dQdc tang them nhd't Id tai Trung vd Nam Ky.
Ndm 1844, dia phan gido hpi dQdc chia ra nhQ sau:
- Dia phdn Hue gdm cac tinh Quang Binh, Quang Tri, ThQa Thien do Pellerin Idm Gidm mue.
- Dia phdn Quy Nhdn gdm cdc tinh Trung Ky cdn lai do Cuenot lam Gidm mye.
- Dia phdn Sai Gdn gdm cac tinh Nam ky cdn lai do Lefebre lam Giam mye. V
Tuy nhien, trong n h a n thQc Thieu Tri vdn cho Thien chua giao ludn la nguy cd ciia md't chu quyen va dao Ion phong hoa dan tpc. Nha vua xem Thien chua giao cung la m I m gay tai boa khdng kem gi thud'c phien vd deu do ngQcfi phQdng Tay mang lai. Nam 1847, n h a n trieu dinh ban ve viec ngQdi phQdng Tay de'n xin budn ban vd truyen giao, nha vua ra dy: "NgQdi Tay DQdng Idng vdn xao tra, ne'u bo ed'm dao thi Anh Cat Ldi nghe thd'y cung cau xin bo cam thude phien. NhQng dich Id gid'ng sai lang, khdng the thda man dQdc nd... Va lai dao Gia td Id td giao, cai hai rdi se den bdi chuyen ngodi bien, md dQdng eho chinh chien. Thud'c phien Id thQ thude me, cai hai cua nd rdi se khuynh gia bai san, hai den tinh mang ngQdi ta. Hai viec d'y deu nghiem cam trong nQde..." (14).
Ndm 1847, Dd dd'e Cecille chi huy hai quan Phap den uy hiep, 5 chien thuyen ciia trieu dinh b ciia bien Da Ndng hi tau Phdp td'n cdng. TQc gian vi hi si nhyc, vua Thieu Tri ra lenh chem eae quan da khdng hodn thdnh nhiem vy giQ cang, rdi chi thi cho cac quan dia phQdng nghiem khic thyc hien lenh b i t dao tren ca nQde.
4. T r i e u Tii Diic (1848-1883)
NhQng ap lyc quan sy va ngoai giao ciia Phap da dQa den nhQng sdng gid dQdi trieu dinh Ty DQc da gay ra nhieu bie'n cd trong giao hpi Thien ehua giao cl Viet Nam.
Giai doan 1848-1862 la thdi ky khdc het trong cuoc chien Viet - Phap khdng can sQc cung la thdi ky sat dao gay g i t ciia trieu dinh Hue vdi cdc nhd "truyen giao va giao dan.
Nam 1848, luc mdi len ngdi vua, Ty DQc da phe duyet lenh ed'm dao: "Pham nhQng dao trQdng Tay DQdng den nQde ta thi cho quan dan mpi ngQdi ai cd the bat dQdc nop
Chinh s^ch ciia trieu Rguyen... 49 quan, thQdng cho 300 lang bae. Cdn ngQdi
dao trQdng Tay DQdng d'y do quan sd tai x6t hdi ro rang ly lich, Idp tQc dem viec dang tau, cho dem dfeb than nan nhan d'y nem xud'ng bie'n. Cdn nhQng dao trQdng vd bpn theo dao Id ngQdi nQde ta, xin do cac nha lai x6t viec hinh hai, ba Ian mdi bao cho biet tdi, neu hp biet hdi cai bd dao bQdc qua cay gid chQ thap thi tha ra ngay. NgQdi nao khdng chiu nhay qua cay gid chQ thdp thi ngQdi dao trQdng cung nen xif tif, cdc con chien theo dao hay tam thieh vdo mat, dudi ve cho vao sd dan. Ne'u hp biet hdi cai thi cung cho den quan de trQ bo thich chQ d'y di" (15).
Giai phdp b i t bd dao bang cdch bQdc qua cay Thanh gia ddi vdi gido si vd giao dan trong budi d i u cua trieu Ty DQc tuy khdng mdi nhQng phQdng thQc thyc hien mem deo hdn vd cd tinh phdn biet trong viec xet xif n h i m tao cd hdi cho ngQdi Viet theo dao cd the trd ve que qudn ldm an binh thQdng.
Nam 1851, sau vu Hdng Bao, con trai trudng cua vua Thieu Tri mUu lat dd Ty DQc khdng thdnh, do nghi ngd lien ket vdi Thien ehua giao nen Ty DQc ban hdnh du ed'm dao gay gat hdn: De ldm sdng td chinh dao, c i n phai b i t vd nem xud'ng sdng eae dao trQdng Tay DQdng hoac Id ngQdi Viet Nam, du chung cd cha dap hay khdng cha dap len cay Thdp ty gia, phai chat chung ra Idm hai de cho mpi ngQdi cung biet sy nghiem ngdt ciia phap luat nQde ta" (16).
Viec bat dao tQ dd cdng rao riet vd giet dao cdng khdc liet hdn.
Nam 1857, Ty DQc ra lenh chem quan Tam pham Thai hoc Ty khanh Hd Dinh Hy vi vien quan theo Thien chua gido nhQng khdng chiu bd dao lai ngd'm n g l m tiep xue vdi giac, mQu phan qud'e. Vu an nay ed 29
giao dan hi bat, trong sd' dd ed 17 ngQdi khdng chiu bd dao nen hi iQu day.
Tiep theo Id sy xud't hien mdt sd' gido si vd giao dan trong dpi quan viin chinh Phdp trong cdc cuoc ta'n cdng vdo Dd Ning, Gia Dinh nam 1858, 1859, 1861 ldm cho trieu dinh Ty DQc cd dii chQng cQ ve dm mQu sil dung tdn gido cua giac Phdp vd phan bdi cua mdt sd' gido dan (17) nen trieu dinh da ban hdnh nhieu lenh du ed'm dao bing cdch Xii tif hinh, dap len Thanh gia, b i t bupe bd dao, thieh chQ vao mat, di day...
Nam 1861, Ty DQc ra sic lenh "Phdn thdp gido dan" nham phdn tdn, cd lap, kiem sodt vd tieu diet mIm chdng ddi eiia gido dan (18). Chi du nay dQdc cdc ca'p chinh quyen chd'p hdnh nghiem chinh la mdt ddn chinh tri, tam ly ddnh vdo can nao vd tinh cam eiia gido dan vd td chQc eiia gido hpi Thien chua gido; ldm phd hiiy cdc Idng vd ede ed sd Thien chua gido, cdc gia dinh theo Thien ehua gido bude phai ly tan de ty tieu vong, ho hdng, bd con xa lanh.
Gido dan khdng cd cd hpi de ldm le, sinh boat hpi dodn, each ly vdi cac gido si vd cac td chQc tdn giao; ban than nhQng ngUdi thee dao thudng xuyen bi giam sdt, con cai hi cdch ly khdi mdi trUdng tdn gido va Idm con tin.
Vdi chinh sdch gie't dao oan nghiet ndy, ngodi cac gido si phudng Tay bi sdt hai, trong thdi gian nay ed den 115 linh mue ngUdi Viet hi giet, 50 nQ tu vien hi phd buy, 2600 nQ tu phai di tan, 100 nQ tu hi giet, khoang 100 lang gido dan hi san thdnh binh dia, 10.000 chQc sle trong ede hp dao hi b i t giam, trong sd' dd hdn mdt nQa bi giet; 2000 xQ dao hi triet ha, 300.000 giao dan bi phan thdp, trong sd dd ed 50.000 ngQdi bi giet.
50 Rghien cum Lich siir. sg 1.2010 Giai doan 1862-1874 la thdi ky hiep
thQdng, nhan nhQdng ciia trieu dinh nen Thien chua giao dQdc ty do truyen giang.
Khoan 2 cua Hiep Qdc Nhdm Tud't (1862) quy dinh: "Cdng dan hai nQde Phdp va Tdy Ban Nha cd the hdnh dao Gia Td trong nQde Viet Nam vd cdng ddn cua nQde nay, ba't luan ai, neu mud'n theo dao Gia Td thi theo vd khdng hi ngdn trd; nhQng khdng dQdc CQdng bQc ai trd thdnh tin dd Gia Td neu ngQdi d'y khdng mud'n" (19).
Nam 1865, Ty DQc lai ra mot chi dy chinh thQc eho phep cac gido si ty do truyen giao va dan chung dUde ty do theo
dao. ' t.
Tuy nhien, sy nhUdng bp cua trieu dinh khdng nhQng da dan den bQc xuc, phan ddi kich liet eiia ede si tif dy ky thi HQdng b Hue, Hd Npi, Nam Dinh nam 1864 ldm trieu dinh Ty DQc md't uy the md cung Id cd de Phap leo thang danh chiem 3 tinh mien Tay Nam Ky ndm 1868.
Nam 1874, Phap ep trieu dinh Hue ky hiep Qdc cdng nhan chu quyen eiia Phap b Nam Ky vd dQdc ty do truyen gido.
Theo hiep Qdc Giap Tud't (1874), ngQdi theo dao Thien chua ed quyen dy cdc ky thi do trieu dinh td chQc va tham gia vdo bp mdy nhd nUde cdc cap, tham dy vdo ede boat dpng chfnh tri, xa hpi ciia dd't nude nhu mpt cdng dan binh thUdng, binh d i n g nhu mpi cdng ddn khdc.
Giai doan 1874-1883 Id thdi ky Thien chua giao dUdc boat dpng hdp phdp, nhieu nhd thd dUdc xay dyng tren ca nUdc, dd't dai, tdi san ciia gido hpi dUdc md rdng, giao ddn cung gia tang. .,, .,,
Hiep Ude Giap Tud't tranh dUde cac cude dd mdu tQ trieu dinh, nhQng day lai la thdi ky d i m mau do cac phong trdo van than
phan ddi nghi hda cua trieu dinh va phong trdo "Binh Tay sdt ta" dien ra rd't manh cl Trung vd Blc Ky, lam nhieu lang theo dao hi tan phd, nhieu linh mye vd gido dan bi gie't, lam eho uy the trieu dinh Ty DQc giam sut nghiem trpng, tinh hinh xa hdi cdng phQc tap hdn, tao ldi the cho Phdp va nhQng tay sai n h a n h chdng dung vu lyc de chie'm doat dd't nQde ta.
Tuy khdng thyc hien chinh sach ca'm dao nhQng viec truyen giao dudi thdi Gia Long cung khdng phai thuan ldi vi tinh cha't ^ thQc he giQa mpt trieu dinh chpn Nho giao lam khudn mdu chinh tri vdi dpi ngil quan chQc tQ cac nho gia dQdc dao tao ngdy cang ddng dao len ndm quyen trd nen bao thii va mdt ben la Thien chua giao va nhQng ngQdi truyen dao ty nhdn Id tdn gido sieu viet cua loai ngQdi mang tinh ddc tdn can dQdc truyen ba he tQ tQdng vd vdn minh dd tren todn elu. Ca hai deu mudn thu phue, cam hda ngQdi dan ve phia minh bang "dQc tin" de cd mpt hdu thudn xa hdi, rdng rai vd vQng chac.
DQdi trieu Minh Mang va Thieu Tri khi van de truyen giao trd nen ed'p bach ddi vdi eae nQde phQdng Tdy vd kem theo Id ap lUc quan sQ, tdn giao trd t h a n h va'n de chinh tri bQc thie't va sau s i c ddi vdi trieu dinh Hue. Lenh ed'm dao dQdc trieu dinh ban hdnh nhQng cac giao si vSn len lut truyen gido. De ngdn chan nguy cd ve ehu quyen se hi md't, tinh hinh xa hdi se hon loan va van de van hda truyen thd'ng hi xam h^i, trieu dinh Hue huy dpng ea he thd'ng chinh tri va xa hdi de dQdng dau. Dd la mdt he thd'ng nha nQde va phap luat tQ trung Udng den dia phUdng cung tin ngudng thd cung td tien va than linh trong toan xa hpi lam cdng cu de ngan chan va chien da'u, da ddn den nhieu vy tan sat d i m mau, da man lam nhQng ngUdi theo dao vd'n cd khoang
Chinh sach ciia h-ieu Rguyen... 51 each nay bi dao sau them hdchia each, mdt
nguy cd mdi ciia dan tpc s i p den gin.
li Dudi trieu Ty DQc lenh ca'm d^o v i n dUde ban hdnh cung nhQng bie'n ddng trong cung dinh vd xa hdi da lam cho the nQde ra rdi, suy yeu. Ld'y ed bao ve gido si vd gido dan hi sat hai, lien quan Phdp - Tay Ban Nha dem quan td'n cdng vdo Dd N i n g (1858) cd mpt so' gido si vd gido dan Idm ndi Qng, tinh hinh sat dao trd nen phd bien vd khde liet hdn, nha't la sau khi trieu dinh cho thyc hien lenh "phdn thdp gido dan"
nam 1861. Mot cuoc chien tranh mang tinh tra thu ciia ngQdi nam quyen lyc ddi vdi nhQng Idng theo dao vd gido dan khdng vu khi ty ve .vd cung da man chQa tQng thd'y trong lich sii nQde ta. Trieu dinh Hue tQdng dd Id giai phdp sdng suot va hieu qua nham tieu diet giao dan va gido xQ thi khdng ngd sau dd the nQde lai ra rdi hdn, Phdp cho quan ddnh chiem Gia Dinh bude trieu dinh Hue ky hiep Qdc nam 1862, chd'p nhdn cho cac gido si dUde truyen gido vd quyen ty do tin ngUdng cua nhdn dan.
Tha'y rd truyen giao la mye tieu quan trpng cua Phap nen trieu dinh Ty DQc bai bd lenh ca'm dao, xoa diu cdc gido si vd giao dan hi hai, phe phdn cdc cuoc khdi nghia chd'ng Phdp, ddc biet Id cdc thii linh phong trdo "Binh Tay sdt ta". Sy tinh ngd ciia Ty
DQc dung liic nhQng trieu dinh Hue tQ dd bi cd lap trQdc sQc td'n cdng cua quan Phap vd cdc cude khdi nghla chdng Phdp eiia nhan dan, lai bi dai bd phdn nhan dan bd rdi ke ca nhQng ngQdi theo dao vd nhQng ngQdi chd'ng dao. Mdt trieu dinh cd the, khdng edn dQdc hdu t h u i n cua nhdn ddn vd thieu quye't tdm ddnh giac Id nguyen nhan ddn den nhQng thd't bai lien tiep cho den ndm Ty DQc qua ddi (1883), quan Phap ddnh vdo eifa Thudn An, bupe trieu dinh Hue ky hiep Qdc Quy Mui, chap nhan sy dd hd cua thyc dan Phdp ddi vdi todn coi nQde ta.
Chinh sach ca'm dao cua eae vua Nguyen la mdt trong nhQng nguyen nhdn de lien quan Phdp - Tdy Ban Nha ddnh vdo Da N i n g (1858) va cung Id mdt trong nhQng nguyen nhan dQa de'n sy that bai ciia trilu dinh Ty DQc trong cude chien chd'ng Phdp vdo the ky XIX.
Chinh sach ddi vdi Thien chua giao ed lien quan trye tiep den chii quyen va vdn menh dan tdc Id mpt sai Ilm ciia trieu Nguyin de ca dan tdc phai tra gid bing mdu xQdng va sy si nhyc Id bdi hpe mudn thud de cdc the he Viet Nam tim cho minh mdt chinh sach tdn giao dung d i n , phu hdp trong tQng giai doan lich sil vd bdi canh chinh tri trong nQde vd qudc t§' khac nhau.
CHU THICH ..A. . . (1). Tdy duang Gia td bi luc. sach in nam 1812, ban dich Ngo Dilc Thp, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Npi, 1981, tr. 291. Sach cho biet: Giam muc Ignatio (Ynekhu) bi mat vao truyen dao d cac l&ng Qu£n Anh, Trft Lu, Ninh Cudng vko nam Qu^r Ty, nien hieu Nguyen H6a, ddi vua Le Trang TQng (1533), den dau cung cho tien, phat thuoc khi§'n
nhieu ke mang dn mk chiu nghe giang dao. Ttf d6 dao Gia to m6i bat d£u lan den nUdc ta.
(2). Nguy§n Van Ki6m. Su du nhdp ciia dgo Thien chiia gido vdo Viet Nam tii th^ ky XVII de'n the ky XIX, Vien Nghien cQu Ton giao, Hpi Khoa hpc Lich svi Viet Nam, 2001, 198.
52 Rghign ciJru Lich sJr. s g 1.2010
(3). Phan Phat Huon. Viet Nam gido si, tap I, Sai Gon, 1958, tr. 191.
(4). Vo Diic Hanh. La place du Catholicisme dans le relation en de la France le Vietnam de 1858 a 1870, tap II, tr. 282.
(5). Quoc SQ quan trieu Nguyen. Dgi Nam thiic luc chinh bien, tap XI, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi, 1960, tr. 235.
(6). Quo'c Sii quan trieu Nguyen. Dgi Nam thiic luc chinh bien, tap XI, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi, 1960, tr. 136.
(7). Muc luc Chdu bdn trieu Nguyen, trieu Minh Mang, ban thao viet tay, tap 68, td 152-154,
(8). Quo'c SQ quan trieu Nguyen. Dgi Nam thiic luc chinh bien, tap XI, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hpi. Ha Npi, 1964, tr. 136.
(9). Quo'c SQ quan trieu Nguyen. Dgi Nam thiic luc chinh bien, tap XXVIl, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hpi.
Ha Npi, 1973, tr. 247.
(10). Trong do co Gagelin (1833), Marehand (1835), Corray (1837), Jacard (1838) De Lamothe (1840); cac Giam muc Havard (1837), Borie (1838)...
(11). So v6i nam 1800 so giao dan tang them 110.000 ngudi.
(12). Muc luc Chdu bdn trieu Nguyin, trieu Thieu Tri, ban thao viet tay, tap 49, td 24-25,
(13). Muc luc Chdu bdn trieu Nguyin, trieu Thi?u Tri, ban thao viet tay, tap 47, td 40-41,
(14). Quoc SQ quan trieu Nguyen. Dgi Nam thiic luc chinh bien, tap XXVI, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hpi, Ha Npi, 1973, tr. 276.
(15). Quoc SQ quan trieu Nguyen. Dgi Nam thuc luc chinh bien, tap XXVI, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hpi, Ha Npi, 1973, tr. 111.
(16). Phan Phat Huon, sdd, tr. 280.
(17). Giam muc Pellerin (dia phan Hug) tich cue van dong chinh phii Phap dem quan danh Vilt Nam, Giam muc Lefebre (dia phan Sai Gon) ti'ch cUc giiip quan Phap ta'n cong Gia Dinh. Hudng Qng ldi keu gpi cua cac giao si Phap, ahiiu giao dan d i u quan theo giac dl chong lai triS'u dinh. Khi quan Phap danh Da Nang nhieu giao dan Bae Ky vao Da Ning dSu quan cho Phap. Dpi quan nay do tudng ehi huy Rigaule de Genouilly thanh lap ddng d ban dao Sdn Tra, hp da tham gia danh danh Da Nang va sau dd vao nam danh don Chi Hda (Nguyen Van Kiem, sdd, tr. 235).
(18). Du dUdc ban hanh vao thang 7 nam 1861, cd cac khoan chfnh sau:
Khoan 1: Ta't ea cac giao dan, dan dng va dan ba, giau cung nhu ngh6o, ngUdi gia ciing nhu tre eon deu phai phan tan vao eae lang ben lUdng.
Khoan 2: Ta't ea cac lang ben lUdng phai chiu trach nhi^m canh gac cac giao dan da dUdc tha ve theo ty le cfif 5 ngudi lUdng mpt ngUdi theo dao.
Khoan 3: Ta't ca cac lang giao deu phai san bang, pha huy da't dai, vUdn tUdc se dUde chia eho cac lang ben lUdng xung quanh, eae lang nay cd nghia vu phai nop thue.
Khoan 4: Giao dan dan dng phai tach ra khoi giao dan dan ba, dan dng dua di mpt tinh, dan ba dua de'n mot tinh khac de ho khdng dUdc sum hpp, tre con se giao cho cac gia dinh ben lUdng nao mudn nudi chiing.
Khoan 5: TrUdc khi dUa di, ta't ca giao dan dan ong, dan ba, tre eon deu phai thfch chii vao mat: d ma trai la hai chQ td dgo, d ma phai la ten td'ng, huyen gQi tdi, de chiing khdng the chay trdn.
(19). Cao Huy Thuin, Gido si thiia sai vd chinh sdch thugc dia cua Phdp tgi Viet Nam (1857-1914), Nxb. Tdn Giao, Ha Npi, 2003. tr. 132.
