tjdju. difmq. phap. lual 86 2(299)-2017
KHAI NIEM VA DAC TRUNG CUA Hap DONG CONG DONG
I ThS. NGUYfiN THI THANH T H A O *
Tdm tat: Hgp dong cgng dong con dugc ggi Id hgp dong tap the dugc giao kit giiia mgt nhdm cd nhdn hay td chuc, cd hi$u luc dp dying doi vdi tdt cd cdc thdnh vien trong nhdm, cho di* timg thdnh vien ndy khong phdi Id ben giao kit true tiep hgp dong, doi khi cdn cd hi?u luc dp dung dot vdi cd nhihig ngudi khong phdi Id thdnh vien trong nhdm (vi dy thoa uac lao dgng lap thi). Bdi viet ndy Igp trung phdn tich ie Idm rd hon khdi ni^m vd nhimg dgc trung ca bdn cua hgp dong cgng dong du&i gidc dg phdp ly.
Abstract: Community contract - also called as collective contract - is entered between a group of individuals or organizations, having effect to all group members although each member is not a direct signing parly of the contract. It may sometimes have applying effect lo non-members of ihe group (e.g. collective labor contract). The article concentrates on analysis to more clearly bring out the concept and fitndamental characteristics of community contract from the legal aspect
1. Khdi nifm hgp dong cpng dong Hgp ddng cpng dong edn dugc gpi la hpp ddng tgp thi (collective contract). Khi phdn logi hgp ddng, ve mdt hge thugt, ngudi ta thudng nhde den c$p phan logi Id hgp ddng cd nhdn vd hgp ddng cpng dong. Cdch phan logi nhu vgy lam ndi bgt ddc tnmg quan trpng eua hgp ddng cgng dong vl phuong dipn chii the giao ket, sy bieu Ip y chi va nhdt Id vl hipu lye eiia hgp ddng.
Neu hgp ddng cd nhan dugc hieu Id loai hgp dong do cdc cd nhan hay phdp nhdn dan le giao ket vdi nhau vd ehi cd hipu lyc dp dyng gidi hgn ddi vdi cdc ben giao ket dd', thi hpp ddng cpng ddng :d hipu lye ddi vdi ca nhiing ngudi khdng tham gia giao kit, ngay ed ddi vdi nhiing ngudi phdn ddi cdc iilu kipn eua hgp ddng. Vi vgy, hpp ddng cd nhan vd hgp ddng cpng ddng r^t khdc nhau ve phuong di$n hi$u lye. Hgp ddng cgng ddng dd di ra ngodi
khudn khd cua nguyen tdc hipu lye tuong doi eua hpp ddng. Cd nhieu nhd phe binh cho rdng hgp ddng cgng ddng khdng the la mpt phdn ciia ly thuyet chung ve hgp ddng^.
Hpe thuyet ve ty do y chi dugc xem xet fren nhieu phuang dipn khdc nhau: V l phuong dipn triet hpe, hpe thuyet nay cho rdng, khdng ai ed thi bj ep bupc Idm hay khdng lam dilu gi md hp khdng mudn; ve phuang dipn dgo diic, hpe thuylt nay cho ring, khdng ai cd the bi ep bu^e Idm hay khdng lam dieu gi ma khdng xudt phdt tu Igi ieh ciia hp;
cdn ve phuong dipn kinh tl, hgc thuylt cho rdng, eon ngudi cdn dugc de cao lgi ieh cd nhan &k thiic day sy phdt ttiln ciia xd bgi^. Nlu cdn cii vdo nIn tdng trilt hgc quan trgng nay cua hdnh vi phdp ly ndi chung va ciia hpp ddng ndi rieng, ed thi thay, hpp dong epng ddng dd phdn ndo di ra ngodi nIn tang trilt hge. Tuy nhien, mgt hpe thuylt khdng thi
" Tntang Cao ddng Cdnh sdt nhdn ddn I
Ddn chCi & Phdp lu^t I
(jfiAy. djifiiJt. phap lagl Sg2(299)-20'
bao qudt tdt cd. Sy phdt trien ciia xa hpi khien nhieu nhd Idp phdp thira nhdn cdc hpp dong cpng dong nhdm myc dich trdnh xung dpt xd hpi^. PGS.
TS Ngo Hyy Cuong nhin manh y nghia thyc sy cua ty do y chi trong doi song xa hpi hipn dai nhu sau: "Co IS ty do y chi co mot gid Xn noi bat la han che sy can thipp cua chinh quyen vdo ty do cua cong ddn, ben canh nhtag gid trj quan Upng khdc.
Y tuong ty do y chi ra doi thyc sy nhdm toi myc tieu ma rpng tdi da cdc qyyen tu do doi voi tdi sdn vd cdc Ipi ich ciia tu nhdn vd thu hpp toi da sy can thipp ciia chmh quyen vdo khu vyc hi nhdn"'. Nhu vdy, hpe thuySt ty do y chi khong thS gidi quy6t dupe todn bo cdc van de ciia hpp d6ng trong mpt xd hpi hipn djii. 0 6 IS bdi ly do do, ben canh nguyen tdc ty do hpp dong, cdc nen tdi phdn c6n dita cdc nguyen tdc khdc vao cdc dgo ludt trong linh vyc ludt tu nhu nguyen tdc thipn chi, nguyen tdc dp dyng tdp quan vd thoi quen tag xii. Bp ludt Ddn sy ndm 2015 da de cap toi nhieu nguyen tdc khdc lien quan tiii bdo vp trdt ty cong vd djo diic xd hpi (Dieu 3). Cdc ngoai Ip ma hpp ddng cpng dong chiia dyng thyc sy itn hoi phdp lydt phdi co quy djnh r6 rdng hon \h loji hpp dong ndy. Co thj gidi nghia khdi nipm hpp d6ng cpng dong (hay hpp dong tdp thS) mang tmh tham khdo nhu sau: "Hpp dong tap the Id lo?i hpp d6ng dupe giao kjt giua rapt nhdm cd nhan hay td chiic, co hipu lyc dp dyng doi vdi tat cd cdc thdnh vien trong nhom, cho du tiing thdnh vien ndy khong phdi Id ben giao kit tryc tiep hpp ddng, doi khi con cd hipu lyc dp dyng ddi vdi cd nhihig ngudi khdng phdi la thanh vien frong nhdm (vi dy thda udc lao dpng tdp thif.
Tii cdc nghien c m d tren, cd thS thay: (i) Hpp dong cpng ddng lien quan d6n n h i k ngudi trong mpt hodc nhieu cpng ddng nhdt djnh; (ii) Hpp ddng cpng dong cd hipu lyc ddi vdi tit cd cdc thdnh vien trong rapt hodc nhiju cpng ddng nhdt dinh cd lien
Q Ddn chO & Phdp ludt
quan, thjm chi cd hieu lyc doi vdi cd nhOng thi vien khdc ngodi cpng ddng hodc cac cpng ddngt (iii) Yeu td y chf ciia cac thdnh vien bj hpp dd rdng bupc khdng phdi Id yeu td can tliidt vd du xem xet; (iv) Ngudi tryc tiep giao ket nhdn da cpng ddng hodc cdc cpng ddng.
Nhu vdy, hpp ddng cpng ddng cd nhiiu dij khdc bipt vdi nhtag logi hpp ddng truyln thdi khdc md khien cho ly thuyet chung cho hpp doi khdng the bao qudt. Van de ndy ly gidi cho ly d tai sao cdc BO ludt Ddn sy dupe ban hdnh d thj k XIX khdng de cdp tdi phdn logi hpp d6ng cpo ddng. Ngdy nay, hpp ddng cOng ddng cd y nghi kinh te, xd hOi rdt Idn khien cho ngudi ta khong th bd qua nd. Ching hgn, d ViOt Nam hi^n nay, mj du BO lugt Ddn sy ndm 2015 khdng d j cgp tdi h(i]
ddng cOng d^ng, nhimg cac dgo lugt nhu Bp luj Lao dpng ndm 2012, Ludt Doanh nghipp ndm 201' vd Ludt Phd sdn ndm 2014 dSu cd cdc quy djnh ch tiet ve hpp ddng cOng ddng.
2. Phdn logi hprp dong c$ng dong Nghien cilu d fren cho thiy, cd nhiju sy thfinj nhdt!? chi nhdm 1dm phdt sinh, thay ddi hodc chin dirt mpt quan hp phdp lugt ndo dd md cd hipu Ijc hay rdng bupc ngay ca vdi nhtag ngudi khdng giao k jt, thdm ch! phdn ddi sy thdng nhit y chi iK (chdng hgn nhu nghj quyet ciia dgi hOi ddng co dong cOng ty co phdn, thda udc lao dpng tdp IhS).
The nhung, nhtag sy th6ng nhit <i chi nhu vgy Iji Id cdn thiet cho sy phdt trijn kinh tj, xd hpi. Do H phdp lugt vdn dyy tri vd kiSm sodt ehiing. Vd kha hpe phap ly gpi dd Id hpp ddng cOng dong. H?p ddng cpng ddng cd thj dupe chia thdnh hai logi cit cii vao hudng bi ju Ip y chi: MQI lit, hpp dong gi*
ket giiia mpt ben nhdn danh mpt hodc nhieu cpng dOng vdi mpt hodc nhiSu ben khdc md cd thj Ii mOt ca nhdn, mpt thyc thj khdc hay mpt cpng ddng; hai la, hpp ddng giao kjt giiJa nhiing ngini
%Ag. diing phap lugi 86 2 ( 2 9 9 ) - 2 0 1 7
trong ciing mdt cdng ddng. Loai thu nhdt tiiudng thay trong tiida udc lao dpng tap the. Loai thii hai thudng thay Id n ^ quyet ciia hdi ddng, vi du nhu nghi quyet eua dai hpi ddng cd ddng cdng ty ed phdn va nghj quyet ciia hdi ngjij chu ng trong trudng hgp thuong nhan bj phd san.
Trong loai hpp ddng cpng ddng thii nhdt, cac ben bieu Id y chi ddi lap nhau bdi hp trao ddi lgi ich vdi nhau (ndi don gian quyen vd nghia vu eiia eac boi tuong ling vdi nhau). Trong loai hgp ddng epng ddng thu hai, cac ben bieu Id y chi ddng hudng vdi nhau (tuy nhien cd the dnh hudng phdn ndo tdi lgi ich ciia nhau). Khi nghien ciiu ve sy bieu Ig y chi, ed quan diem cho rdng, trong hgp ddng thdng thuong hay truyen thdng phai cd sy bieu Ip y ehi nguge chieu nhau vd hudng tdi nhau chii khdng ed sy bieu Ig y chi ciia cdc ben ve cimg mpt dieb^. Mhan xet nay chua thda dang ddi vdi cdc loai hgp ddng truyen thdng nhu hgp ddng bdn nhan, hgp ddng tap hgi, huong udc... Khdng the cdn eii vao hudng bieu Ip y ehi de xac djnh tinh truyen thdng hay tinh hien dai cua ede logi hgp ddng. Thda udc lao dpng tap the dugc giao ket git}a epng ddng ngudi lao dgng vdi ehu su dyng lao dgng cd hudng bieu Ip y ehi ngupe chieu nhau vd hudng tdi nhau giira hai ben. Song loai hgp ddng nay khdng the xem Id logi hgp ddng truyen thdng. Trong khi hgp ddng bdn nhdn ludn ludn dugc xem la loai hgp ddng ma hai ben nam, nir bieu Ig y chi ddng hudng nhdm tdi myc dich ehung sdng va duy tri ndi gidng. N ^ j quyet cua dai hdi ddng cd ddng cdng t\' ed phdn dugc giao ket giiia eae thanh vien eiia cdng t> \di nhau nhdm mgt hode mpt sd cdng vipc hay myc dieh cu the. Nhu vdy, xet ^'e hinh thuc, hp ludn ludn bieu Ig y chi ddng hudng. Tuy nhien, \et cu the trong tiing npi dung, trong umg trudng hgp cy the, cd the ed sy xung dot quyen lgi. Do dd, viec bdo ve cd ddng
thilu sd dugc dat ra. Cac phan tich nay eho thay, viec phan loai hgp ddng cpng ddng cdn cii vao hudng bieu Ip y ehi chi la mpt thii phap de taeh cae loai hgp ddng cpng ddng ra de nghien cihi ehii it cd y nghia \t ndi dung phap ly.
Xet tir cac c ^ h phan logi khdc cd the thay:
(i) Thda udc lao ddng t ^ the la hgp ddng hiru danh, hgp ddng thuong lugng, hgp ddng song vu, hgp ddng cd den bu, hgp ddng trpng hinh thtrc, hgp ddng chic chdn, hgp ddng keo dai, hgp ddng vi ngudi thu ba. Hgp ddng huu danh bdi thda udc lao ddng tap the dugc phdp ludt quy djnh mdt edch rd rang vd cd ten ggi. Hgp ddng thuong lugng bdi cdc ben giao ket cd the thda thugn vdi nhau ve cdc dieu kien cua hgp ddng. Hgp ddng song vy bdi cdc ben giao ket deu cd nghTa vy vd quyen Igi ddi vdi nhau.
Hgp ddng ed den bii bdi mdi ben deu chju thipt de ddi lay lgi ich tir ben kia. La hgp ddng trpng hinh thuc bdi nd phai giao ket theo mpt trinh ty thii tye do ludt djnh vd bdng vdn ban. Ld hgp ddng chdc ehdn bdi nd cd hipu lyc khi cdc ben thda thugn thdnh. La hgp ddng keo ddi bdi nd dugc thye hipn trong mdt khoang thdi gian ddi. Ld hgp ddng vi ngudi thii ba bdi nd la ngogi Ip eiia nguyen tde hipu lyc tuong ddi cua hgp ddng vd ed hipu luc ea vdi nhiing ngudi khdng tryc tiep giao ket hgp ddng.
(ii) Nghj quyet eita hgi ddng (nghj quyet cua dgi hdi ddng ed ddng cdng ty ed phdn, nghj quyet ciia hpi ddng thdnh vien cdng ty trdch nhipm hiru hgn, nghi quyet eita hdi nghj chu ng ciia thuong nhan bj phd sdn...) Id hgp ddng hiiu danh, hgp ddng trgng hmh thuc, hgp ddng hiep y. hpp ddng chde ehdn, hgp ddng keo dai, hgp ddng vi ngudi thii ba. Cdc dgc diem eua nghj quyet hgi ddng gidng vdi thda udc lao ddng tgp the, trir ddc diem la hgp dong thuong lugng, hgp ddng song vy, hgp ddng cd din bii, hgp ddng trpng hinh thiic, hgp ddng chdc ehdn, hgp ddng keo dai, ed ngjua la loai hpp ddng nay
Ddn chili & Phdp lu$t I
%ag dung phap. luM S6 2 (299)-2017
khdng thi ed cdc ddc dilm ddc thii cua hgp ddng cd y ehi ngugc hudng vd ddi vdi nhau nhu thda udc lao ddng tap the.
Hgp dong cpng ddng ngay nay ed khuynh hudng gia tdng do hodn canh ciia the gidi thay ddi.
Dilu dd ed nghia Id viec thira nhgn va dieu chinh hgp ddng cpng ddng cd y nghia xa hdi rat Idn. Mdi logi hgp ddng cpng dong trong moi linh vyc phdp ludt cd mpt vai trd va y nghia rieng. Do dd, viec khai qudt ehung vai trd vd y nghia eua hpp ddng cpng dong la rat khd khdn. Tuy nhien, nhdn djnh tren ciing eho thdy dudng nhu hgp ddng cgng ddng cd gi dd chua thda ddng Idm ve mgt phdp ly. Tren thyc tl, khdng phai bdt eii thdnh vien ndo trong epng ddng cQng ddng y vdi hpp ddng cpng ddng dupe giao kit, nhung hpp ddng van ed hipu lyc rdng bupc ddi vdi hp. Day la diem trdi vdi hpe thuylt ty do y chi, cd nghia Id hgp ddng dnh hudng tdi lgi ich ciia ngudi khdng giao ket hgp ddng ngay ca khi hp phdn ddi. Chdng hgn thda udc lao dpng tgp the dugc ky ket giOa dgi dipn tap the lao dgng vdi ngudi su dyng lao ddng cd hieu lyc ddi vdi todn the nhihig ngudi lao dpng. Cd quan nipm eho rdng, thda udc lao dgng tap the id logi hgp dong cd tinh each Igp quy tao ra quy che chung eho toan the lao dpng ndm d ranh gidi giiia ludt cdng vd luat tu, do dd y ehi ciia cd nhdn khdng the thay ddi dupc^.
3. Hipu lyc ciia hgp dong cpng dong Hpp ddng epng ddng ed tinh chdt chung vl phuong di?n hipu lyc nhu tren dd nghien euu id mpt ngogi Ip cua nguyen tdc hieu lyc tuong doi cua hpp ddng. Nhung tiiy timg logi hgp ddng epng ddng md hipu lyc eua ehiing ed sy khde bi?t nhdt djnh. Ddi vdi thda udc lao dpng tap thi, mpi thdnh vien trong cpng ddng do phdi tuan thu. Phdp ludt thudng cd quy dinh thdi hgn cd hieu lyc ciia thda ude lao dpng tap the, quy djnh ve hieu lye eua thda udc lao dpng tgp the ddi vdi ngudi lao dpng vao
1dm \'iec sau hay trudc khi thda ude lao dpng t?p thi cd hipu lyc, mdi quan hp giiJa hgp ddng lao dpng vdi thda udc lao dgng tgp the, ve trudng hpp chdm dut doanh nghipp, chia, taeh hay sap n h ^ hgp nhdt doanh nghiep vd trudng hgp cd tranh ehdp xdy ra. Nghj quyet hgi ddng trong phdp nhan vd nghj quylt ciia hgi nghj chu ng Id eac loai hgp ddng cpng ddng duge giao ket giCra cdc thdnh vien trong cimg mpt cpng ddng ddi vdi nhau. Do (16 vice quy dinh ey the v l phuang dipn hipu lyc khdng duge chu y nhilu. Thdng thudng phdp lu?t chu y hon tdi mpt khia egnh lien quan tdi hipu \\fz ciia hai logi hgp ddng ndy la bao v? ngudi ylu thi trong giao kit hgp ddng, cy the Id ngudi it von trong cdng ty vd chu ng ed khoan ng nhd. Neu cac hgp ddng ndy ddp ling du cdc dieu kipn ed hi^u lyc thi mgi thdnh vien eua nd deu phai tudn thii. The nhung, de bdo dam nguyen tdc binh ddng vd bao v?
ngudi ylu thi, phdp lu§t thudng cho ph^p nhihig ngudi nay yeu edu xem xet lgi nghj quyet hay hpp ddng vdi cdc thu tyc nhat djnh. Vdn de ed tinh chat d§e thii d ddy Id cdc hgp ddng nay cd hipu lyc doi vdi cd nhihig ngudi ngoai cpng ddng dd. Nghi quyet hgi ddng trong phap nhdn cd hipu lyc ddi vdi tat ca eae ea quan ciia phdp nhdn (neu Id nghi quyet eiia dgi hpi ddng cd ddng vd nghj quyet ciia hpi ddng thanh vi§n) vd nhihig nhdn vien ed lien quan cua phdp nhdn. Nghj quyet eua hpi nghj chu np c6 hipu lyc ddi vdi cd con ng dang bj md thii tyc phi sdn, tda an gidi quyet vy vipc phd san, qudn tdi vifin vd doanh nghiep qudn ly, thanh ly tai sdn.
Hipu lyc cy the cua hgp ddng cpng ddng kh6 c6 the quy djnh trong mpt vdn bdn quy phgm phip ludt vi tinh phong phu nd. Vi vdy, ngudi ta thudng quy dinh hieu lyc eua timg logi hgp ddng cpng ddng trong cae vdn ban tuong ling vdi logi hpp ddng epng ddng dd •
(Xem tiep Irmgi^)
EO Ddn chO & Phdp lu$t
(Udn Iwa phdp tg. 86 2 ( 2 9 9 ) - 2 0 1 7
ky thi cudi ciing ciia thdi phd thdng. Ngdy hdm sau, khi dang d tren lop, ba thim vpi va chgy den trudng, nhd thdy giao ggi tdi ra ngodi cua. Thim hdi tdi, mp tdi ed den dua tilp t l dd dn khdng? Tdi ndi dua rdi, hdm qua mp ve rdi. Thim ndi: "Khdng, m? may den gid vdn chua v l nha!". Tim tdi tiidt len mpt eai, mp tdi chdc khdng di Ige dudng?
Chdng dudng ndy me da di ba ndm rdi, cd le khdng the Ige dugc. Thim hdi: "Mp may cd ndi gi khdng?". Tdi bdo khdng, mp chi cho chdu chuc qud ddo tuoi. Thim dap hai tay:" Thdi chit rdi, hdng rdi, cd 16 vi mdy qua dao dgi rdi!". Thim keu tdi xin nghi hgc, ehiing tdi di men theo dudng niii v l tim. Dudng ve qud thyc ed mdy cay dao dgi, hen cay ehi la tho vai qud cpc, bdi neu mpe d vach da mdi edn giii dugc qud. Chung tdi ciing liie nhin thdy hen thdn edy dao ed mpt vet gay canh, dudi cdy Id vyc sdu trdm thudc. Thim nhin tdi rdi ndi:
"Chung ta di xudng khe vdeh da tim!". Tdi ndi:
"Thim, thim dimg dog chdu...". Thim khdng ndi ndng gl ma keo tdi di xudng vdch niii...
Me ndm yen tmh dudi khe niii, nhiing trdi dao dgi vuong vdi xung quanh, trong tay mp cdn ndm chat mdt qua, mdu tren ngudi mp dd ciing lai thdnh ddm mdu den nang ne. Tdi dau ddn tdi miic ngu tgng nhu vd ra, dm chat eiing Idy me, gpi: "Mp ai, Mp dau khd ciia eon ai! Con hdi ban da ndi rdng nhiing qua dao ndy nggt! Chinh Id eon dd lay mgng cua me... Me oi, me sdng chdng duge hudng sung sudng ngdy ndo...". Tdi sdt ddu tdi vao khudn mgt Ignh Cling ciia me, khdc tdi mtic nhung hdn dd dgi tren dinh niii eiing rdt nude mdt theo tdi.
Mpt tram ngdy sau khi ehdn cat mp, thu ggi nhdp hgc ddt vdng, ddt bgc ciia mgt hudng dgi hgc danh tieng d thu dd di xuyen qua nhihig ngd dudng mp tdi da di, chgy qua nhihig cay ddo dgi, xuyen qua rupng lua dau lang, "bay" thdng vdo cua nha tdi. Tdi gdi Id thu den mupn ay vao dau ngdi mp cd tjch ciia mp: "Mp, con da cd ngdy duge md mdy, md mdt rdi. Me ed nghe thdy con ndi khdng? Mp dd cd the an Idng vd nggm cudi nai chin sudi!" •
(Theo ht^://truyen8.mobl)
Khai niem va dac trimg.
(Hep Iheo trang 24) 1. Corinne Renaull-Brahinsky, Dgi cuong ve phdp lugl hgp dong. Nxb. Vdn hoa - Thdng tin, Hd Ngi, 2002, Ir 26.2. John E. C. Brierley, Roderick A. Macdonald, Quebec Civil Law- An Introduction to Quebec Private Law, Emond Montgomery Publications Limited, Toronto, Canada, 1993, p. 398.
3. Ngd Huy Cuang. Gido trinh lugt hgp ddng phdn chimg (Dimg cho ddo tgo sau dgi hgc), Nxb. Dgi hgc Quoc gia HdNgi.2013.tr. 24.
4. VS Van Mdu, Vi$t Nam Ddn Lugt luge khdo. Quyen II - Nghia vy vd khe udc, Phdn ihu nhdt - Ngudn goc cua nghia vy. In ldn thu nhdt. Sdi Gdn, 1963, Bg Qudc gia gido due xudt bdn, tr 70.
5. Ngo Huy Cuang, Gido trinh Lugl hgp dong phdn chung (dimg cho ddo tgo sau dgi hgc), Nxb. Dgi hgc Quoc gia HdNgi.2013,tr35.
6. Corinne Renaull-Brahinsky, Dgi cuang viphdp lugl hgp ddng. Nxb. Vdn hda - Thdng tin, Hd Ngi, 2002, tr. 26.
7. Trdn Dinh Hdo, "Chuang i- Khdi ni^m lugl ddn su Vi?l Nam " (tr. 17- 84). Gido trinh lugt ddn su, Hgc vi^n Tuphdp, Nxb. Cong an Nhan ddn. Hd Ngi. 2007. tr 136.
S. Vu Vdn Mdu. Vifl Nam Ddn Lugt luge khdo. Quyen II - Nghia vu vd khi udc, Phan thu nhdt - Nguon gde cua nghia vu. In Idn ihu nhdt, Sdi Gdn, 1963, Bg Quoc gia gido dye xudt bdn. tr. 246.
