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KHAM PHA CAC YEU CAU CUA NHA TUYEN DUNG DOI VCfl SINH VIEN TOT NGHIEP DAI HOC:
KHAO SAT TAI CAC KHU CONG NGHIEP THANH PHO HO CHI MINH
• PHAN QUOC TAN - BUI TH! THANH
TOM TAT:
NghiSn ctfu nay nham kh^m pha va do Itfdng cac yeu td' nha tuy^n dung y6u cau do'i vdi smh vien td't nghiep dai hpc. Dtf Heu nghidn ctfu difpc thu thSp tiJf 139 nha tuyen dung tai cac Khu cdng nghiep (KCN) thanh phd'Ho Chi Minh (TP. HCM). Bang phtfdng phap nghidn ctfu dinh tinh va tho'ng ke md ta cho tha'y, nha luyen dung tai cac KCN deu d6ng thuan ve eac yd'u to" chinh dtfoc quan tam khi tuyen dung sinh vidn to't nghidp dai hpc, bao gom: ky nang mem, ky nang giai quye't van de, kie'n thtfc chuyen mon nghiep vu, kinh nghiem trtfde khi to't nghiep va danh tie'ng trtfdng dai hpc. TOf kd't qua nghien ctfu, mdt so' ham y dtfdc de xuat cho trtfdng dai hpc va sinh vidn khi tham gia tfng tuyen vide lam.
TiJf khoa: Khu cong nghiep, kie'n thtfc, ky nang, kinh nghidm, sinh vien tot nghiep dai hpc.
1. Gidfi thidu
Dtfng trudc bd'i canh hpi nhap qud'c le' ngay cang sau rong va cupc caeh mang cdng nghidp lan thtf ttf dang trong giai doan khdi phat, ciing vdi dinh hu'dng phat trien cac KCN cua TP. HCM tii' nay de'n nam 2025 la thu hiit d^u ttf vao 4 nganh cong nghiep trpng yd'u ed ham lifdng cdng nghe cao (gom ecJ khi; didn ttf - tin hpc; hda chat; va ehd' bie'n lu'dng thUe - thtfc pham) va cac nganh cong nghidp hd trd phuc vu 4 nganh cdng nghiep trpng ye'u, thi nhu cau stf dung lao ddng cd ky nang va trinh do cao ngay cang Idn do'i vdi cac doanh nghidp trong KCN TP. HCM. The' nhtfng, hau het doanh nghiep trong cae KCN TP, HCM lai dang trong tinh trang thie'u hut lao ddng tram trpng. Dae
bidt la viec tuyen chpn nh§n vidn ttf cac sinh vidn td't nghidp dai hpc ciing dang la mdt thach thtfc rat Idn dd'i vdt nha tuyen dung tai KCN, do ed mpt khoang each kha Idn giffa kha nang eua sinh vien to't nghidp vdi cae ky nang, yeu cau ma nha luyen dung quan tam (Nguydn Thi Thu Trang, 2017).
Da ed nhieu nghidn ctfu ve cac ydu clu ed ban cua nha tuyen dung doi vdi sinh vidn tot nghiep dai hpc, nhtfng thudng la nhffng nghidn etfu ddn le nhtf: nghidn ctfu ve mpt so ky nang mem eiia smh vien (Andrews & Higson, 2008; Graham & edng stf, 2010; Lievens & Saeketi, 2012; Nickson &
edng stf, 2012); ve ky nang giai quyd't van de (Wellman, 2010; Reid & Anderson, 2012); ve kie'n thtfc chuyen mdn nghiep vu (Huang & Lin, 2011;
qUANTRj-QUANlV
Laker & Powell, 2011); ve kinh nghiem trtfde khi tot nghiep dai hpc (Gault & cong stf, 2010);
Hopkins & cdng stf, 2011); va ve danh tie'ng tru'dng dai hoc ma sinh vidn theo hpc (Chevatier &
Conlon, 2003; Pampaloni, 2010). Cho de'n nghien etfu ciia Finch & cdng stf (2012, 2013), da thtfe hien nghien ctfu dong thdi cac yeu eau ed ban du'dc nha tuyen dung quan tam khi tuydn chgn sinh vidn mdi to't nghidp dai hoe, do la: ky nang mem, ky nang gidi quye't van de, kie'n thtfc chuyen mdn nghidp vu, kinh nghidm tnfdc khi tot nghidp va danh tid'ng tru'dng dai hpc. Do vay, bai vie't nay ke' thtfa nghien ctfu cua Finch & cdng stf (2013) nham kham pha cae yd'u to' ma cae nha tuyen dung trong KCN TP. HCM yeu cau khi tuyen dung sinh vien mdi td't nghidp dai hpc,
2. Cd sd ly thuyd't
Tren cd sd ke' thtfa ket qua nghien ctfu ciia Finch & edng stf (2013), 5 nhdm yd'u to'dUdc nha tuyen dung yeu cau khi tuyen chon sinh vien mdi td't nghidp dai hpc dtfdc trinh bay nhtf sau:
* Ky ndng mem: La ky nang dtfOe cac nha tuyen dung ddnh gia ngay cang quan trpng trong qua trinh lam vide vi the' nd da trd thanh tidu chi danh gia khi luyen chpn tfng vien (Finch & cdng stf, 2012; Lievens & Sackett, 2012), Finch & edng sif (2013) da de cap de'n 5 loai ky nang mem dupe nha tuyd'n dung quan tam khi tuyen chpn sinh vien, dd la; ky nang giao tie'p bang van ban; ky nang giao tie'p bang idi ndi; ky nang Idng nghe; tinh chuydn nghidp; va ky nang lam vide nhdm.
* Ky ndng gidi quye't vdn de: Ra'l can thie't cho nhan vien lam vide trong mpi nganh nghe edng vide (Stiwne & Jungert, 2010; Wellman, 2010);
day la ky nang ddi hdi kha nang phdn doan, phan tich va tdng hdp; la mpt nang life lien quan chat che vdi tri thdng mmh, la yd'u to'tidn doan td't nha't ve kd't qua cong vide trong nhieu nganh nghe. Ky nang giai quye't va'nde ddi hdi kd't hdp nhieu nang Itfc (Reid & Anderson, 2012) nhii: ky nang tu'duy phdn bidn; ky nang tu'duy sang tao; ky nang lanh dao va kha nang thich tfng. Do vay, ky ndng giai quyd't van de eung dugc xem Id tieu chi cot 161 cho vide tuyen chpn nhan vien (Reid & Anderson, 2012; Wellman, 2010).
* KiS'n thdc chuyen mon nghiep vu: Bao gom kha nang chuyen mdn, ky nang nghe nghidp va kie'n thtfc ve mdy tinh, day la nhffng tieu ehi quan
trpng khi danh gia tuyen chgn nhan vien (Huang &
Lin, 2011; Laker & Powell, 2011). Nhin chung, sinh vien mdi to't nghiep da nam vffng nhtfng kid'n thtfc cd ban can thie't de thtfc hien mpt cong vide cu the (Bhaerman va Spill, 1988).
* Kinh nghiem trudc khi tot nghiep: Md'i quan he gitfa kinh nghidm trUdc khi lot nghiep va viec tuyen chon sinh vien mdi td't nghiep da dtfdc nhidu nghidn ctfu quan tam (Hopkins & cdng sir, 2011; Gault &
cong stf, 2010). Kinh nghidm trUde khi td't nghiep cd the la cac kmh nghiem tich luy dtfdc khi sinh vien di thifc lap tai doanh nghiep, hodc kinh nghidm cd dtfdc tff nhffng cdng viec lam ban thdi gian trong qud trinh hpc tdp cua sinh vien. Ngodi ra, stf iff tin trong cdng viec cung Id mpt thdnh phan eua kinh nghidm trtfde khi tot nghidp, vi sif tif tin nay cd dtfOc iff cac eg hpi hoc tap dua trdn kmh nghiem (Overton &
cdng sff, 2009; Brown & cdng sff, 2003),
* Danh tieng trudng dai hgc: Theo Chevalier &
Conlon (2003), mpt so' nhd tuyen dung ehi quan tam tuyin chpn sinh vidn td't nghidp tff cdc trtfdng dai hoc cd danh tieng, uy tin nao dd theo nhan thtfc ciia hp. Danh tid'ng tnfdng dai hpc va md'i quan he eua nd vdi vide smh vien tot nghiep dtfdc tuyen chpn thtfdng dtfdc xem xet d 3 thanh ph^n: (1) danh tid'ng tru'dng dai hoc md smh vien theo hoc thdng qua mffc xe'p hang eiia trtfdng trdn cac bang xd'p hang uy tin (Alessandri & edng stf, 2006;
Capobianco, 2009); (2) danh tie'ng chtfdng trinh ddo tao cua nha trtfdng (MeGuinness, 2003), (3) ke't qua hgc tdp eua sinh vidn (nhurdiem trung binh toan khda hpc), se anh htfdng de'n cd hpi dtfdc tuydn dung cua sinh vidn mdi td't nghiep (Ng &
egng stf, 2010).
3. Phu'dng phap nghien cu'u
Nghien etfu dtfdc thtfc hien bdng phtfOng phdp nghidn ctfu dinh tinh ket hdp vdi nghien ctfu dinh Itfdng.
* Phtfdng phap nghien ctfu dmh tinh du'ge thtfe hien thong qua ky thuat thdo luan nhdm tap trung vdi 02 nhdm: mpt nhdm gom 5 chuyen vidn eua phdng Quan Iy lao dpng cua Ban Qudn ly cae khu ehd' xua't - cdng nghidp (KCX-CN) TP. HCM (HEPZA); va mpl nhdm gom 15 Trtfdng/Phd phong Nhan stf, hien dang lam vide tai cdc KCN TP, HCM (eae KCN gom khu ehd' xua't vd khu cong nghiep), nham khdm pha, bo sung cac yeu eau do'i vdi smh vidn mdi to't nghidp dai hoc dUa
So 5-Thdng 4/2019 153
1AP CHi CflNt IHIfdNB
tren cdc yeu clu dtfdc chi ra trong nghien cffu Finch & cong Sff (2013).
Ke't qua thao luan eho thlTy, cac thanh vidn tham gia deu dong thuan vdi 5 nhdm ye'u to' neu tren, ciing vdi cac thanh phan cua nd. Cd mot ky ndng dtfpc bd sung them la "ngoai ngff chuyen nganh" trong nhdm ye'u to' "kinh nghiem trtfde khi td't nghidp". Vi trong KCN, phan Idn la cdc doanh nghidp ed vo'n dau hi trffc tie'p ntfdc ngoai (FDI) vdi cdc nganh nghe ky thuat, ndn ddi hdi tfng vidn khong nhtfng bie't ngoai ngff ma cdn phai gioi ve eac thuat ngff chuyen nganh bang lie'ng nffdc ngoai. Ky nang ndy cung phu hdp vdi nghien etfu cua Le PhufOng Lan & cong stf (2016).
Nhff vay, ke't qua ciia nghien cffu dmh tinh da xae dinh du'dc 5 nhdm ydu can cd ban cilng vdi cac thanh phan dtfpc nha tuyen dung ydu elu doi vdi sinh vien mdi td't nghiep dai hoc; cu the:
- Ky ndng mem: Ky ndng giao tid'p bang van ban, Ky nang, giao tid'p bang ldi ndi, Ky nang lang nghe, Tinh chuyen nghiep, Ky nang lam viec nhdm.
- Ky ndng gidi quye't vdn de: Ky nang tff duy phan bidn, Ky ndng tu'duy sang tao, Ky nang lanh dao, Kha nang thich tfng.
* Nghien cffu dinh Iffpng nham kiem dinh dd tin cay thang do va xac dinh gia tn tiling binh cho cdc nhdm yeu cau. Trdn cd sd ke't qua nghien ctfu dinh tinh, bang eSu hdi khao sat dtfdc hinh thdnh;
thang do dtfdc stf dung la thang do Likert 5 bac (1 la khdng quan trgng; 5 Id rat quan trpng).
Dff lidu nghien ctfu dffdc thu thdp thong qua gtfi ban cau hoi phdng va'n dd'n eac nha tuyen dung theo phtfdng phap chpn mdu thuan tidn. Cu the, 150 bang cdu hoi dtfdc gtfi trtfc tie'p de'n eac trtfdng, phd phdng Nhan stf; chuyen vien tuyen dung; tru'dng, phd ede bg phan, d 31 doanh nghidp thupc eac nganh nghe khae nhau trong KCN TP. HCM. Ke't qua thu v^ dtfdc 143 ban (dat ty le 95,33%). Sau khi loai bd ede ban tra ldi khdng dat ydu eau (dien thid'u hoac cd qud nhieu li/a chpn ciing mpt mtfe dp), sd ban tra Idi hdp Id la 139.
4. Kd't qua nghidn ctfu
Kd't qua kiem dinh dp tin cay cua thang do cdc yeu cau ddi vdi sinh vien mdi td't nghiep cho tha'y, td't ca cac bid'n quan sdt do Iffdng 05 nhdm yen e^u cd ban deu co he sd ttfdng quan bid'n tong dat ydu cau(>0,3) va he sd'Cronbach's Alpha cao (> 0,7), dUdc trinh bay d Bang 1.
Bang 1. Ket qua kiem djnh do tin cdy cua thang do bang Cronbach's Alpha
Nhom yeu cSu
Ky nang mem Ky nang giai quyet van de Kien thtfc ctiuyen mon nghiep vu Kinh nghiem trudc khi tot nghiep Danh tieng trudng dai hoc
SobigTn
5 4 3 3 3
TUdng quan nho nhat vdi bi§h tong
0,511 0,592 0,562 0,633 0,658
H$ s5 Cronbach's Alpha
0,732 0,828 0,827 0,812 0,840
ScTjan Idem dgnh
1 1 1 1 1 Nguon: Ke't qud phdn tich dif Heu khao sdt ciia nhom tdc gid - Kien thiic chuyen mon nghiep vu: Chuyen
mon, Ky nang nghe nghiep cu the', Kid'n thffc ve tin hoc.
- Kinh nghiem trudc khi toi nghiep: Kinh nghiem Idm vide, Tijf tin trong cong vide, Ngoai ngff chuyen nganh.
- Danh tieng trudng dai hoc: Danh tid'ng Nha tiifdng, Danh tid'ng chffdng trinh dao tao, Kd't qua hpc lap ciia smh vidn.
Nhtf vay ta't cd cae thang do deu dat dp tin cay de stf dung eho btfdc tid'p theo la danh gia eua nha tuyen dung (gia tri trung binh) ve cac ydu cau nay.
Kd't qua kiem dinh ve gia tn trung binh cho thay, trong eae ydu eau ciia nha tuyen dung dd'i vdi sinh vien mdi td't nghidp thi yeu eau dau tidn dtfdc ddnh gid cao la Ky nang mem dat 3,91; Ke' de'n la kinh nghidm trirde khi tot nghiep (3,85); Ky ndng giai quyd't vd'n de cung vdi Danh tie'ng trffdng
QUAN TRj-QUANLY
dai hpc dat 3,78; va sau eung Id Kid'n thffc chuyen mon nghiep vu (3,66). Dffa tren kd't qua nghien cffu nay, mdt sd ham y du'dc de xua't cho cdc trtfdng dai hpe d npi dung tie'p theo.
5. Mot so'ham y quan tri
Tren cd sd kd't qua danh gia cua cdc nha tuyen dung, mpt sdham y dUdc de xua't cho cdc trtfdng dai hpe, vidn dao tao ciing nhtf cdc doanh nghiep nhif sau:
Do vay, cdc trtfdng dai hpc can thiet kd chtfdng trinh dao tao vdi chuan dau ra dat dtfdc nhieu ky nang mem hdn nffa. Ben canh dd, thdng qua giang day cac mdn hpc, giang vien can yeu cau sinh vien tff hgc vd nghidn etfu theo nhdm, Idm bao cao thuyd't trinh, ddng vai, vid't bai ludn nghidn ctfu, vv, de giiip hg phat trien cae ky nang mem eho ban than. Hdn nffa, cdc hoat dpng doan hpi trong nha trffdng can dtfpc td chffc vdi nhieu hinh thffc da Bang 2. Danh gid cua nhd tuyen dung tqi cdc KCN TP. HCM ve cdc yeu cau cd ban
do! vdi sinh vien mdi tot nghiep dqi hoc STT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ky hieu KM3 KM2 KM5 GV1 KT1 KT2 KT3 KIVI4 DT2 DT3 GV4 GV2 GV3 DT1 CM3 KM1 CM1 CIVI2
YBU cau cu the Ky nang lang nghe Ky nang giao tiep bang Idi noi Ky nang lam vi$c nhdm Ky nang tu duy phan bien Kinh nghiem lam viec Ty tin trong cong viec Ngoai ngO chuyen nganh Tinh chuyen nghiep Danh tieng chuOng trinh dao tao Ket qua hoc tap
Kha nang thicli Ling Ky nang tu duy sang tao Ky nang lanh dao Danh tife'ng nha trudng Kien thilc ve tin hoc Ky nang giao tiep bang van ban Kha nang chuyen mon Ky nang nghe nghiep cu the
Gia tn trung binh (Mean) 4,08 4,01 3,96 3,87 3,86 3,84 3,84 3,83 3,82 3,81 3,78 3,74 3,74 3,71 3,69 3,68 3,67 3,63
0 9 l$ch chuan 0,733 0,686 0,736 0,746 0,740 0,747 0,597 0,795 0,719 0,704 0,730 0,749 0,732 0,777 0,742 0,865 0,831 0,774 Ngudn- Ket qud phdn tich dQ lieu khdo sdt c^a nhdm idc gid + Ve Ky ndng mem
Kd't qua nghidn ctfu tff Bang 2 cho tha'y, cae nha tuye'n dung tai cac KCN TP. HCM ra'l xem trpng yeu cau ve ky ndng mem do'i vdi sinh vien, dac biet Id cdc ky ndng lang nghe, giao tie'p bang ldi vd ky ndng lam vide nhom. Ket qua nay cung phu hdp vdi nhan dinh cua Finch & edng stf (2012) va Chamorro-Premuzie & epng sff (2010).
dang hdn, rang budc vao tidu ehi ddnh gia ren luyen sinh vien, qua dd se giiip sinh vidn cd cd hpi hpe hdi, ren luyen va trdi nghidm eac ky ndng mem trudc khi rdi ghe' nhd trtfdng.
+ Ve Kinh nghiem triidc khi tot nghidp Ket qua nghien etfu cho tha'y, kinh nghiem trtfde khi tot nghidp du'dc cac nhd tuyen dung quan tam thtf hai sau ky nang mem. Do vay, cdc trtfdng
So 5-Thdng 4/2019 155
l A P CHi CONG THIfONG
dai hpc cdn phdt tridn manh hdn eae moi quan he hdp tac hdn ke't vdi cac doanh nghiep bang nhieu hinh thtfc de tao ed hdi eho sinh vidn dtfdc tham quan, hoc hoi, thtfc tap va trai nghiem thtfc te'; td chffc nhieu hdn cac ngay hpi viec lam, ngay hpi thffc tap, nham giiip sinh vien cd the tie'p cdn vdi nha tuyen dung tff dd nam bdt dtfdc cac ydu eau hay tidu ehi tuyd'n ehgn. Ben eanh dd, cac trudng dai hpc cung can khuye'n khich phat trien cac cau lac bp ngoai ngff tao san ehdi cho cae em smh vien thifc hanh, chia se va phdt trien cdc ky ndng ngoai ngff. Ciing qua eae boat ddng nay, sinh vidn se nhin nhan lai ban than can phai bo sung nhtfng ky ndng vd kie'n thtfc chuyen mdn nghiep vu gi de cd CO thd' tim difdc vide lam thuan ldi hdn
+ Ve Ky ndng gidi quye't vdn de
La nhdm ky ndng dtfdc nha tuyen dung trong cac KCN TP. HCM yeu eau do'i vdi sinh vidn mdi to't nghiep. Do vay, cdc chUdng trinh ddo tao can du'dc thie't kd'tdng ctfdng cac mdn hpe nhu'ky nang tu duy phan tich, tu duy phan bidn, giai quye't va'n de sdng tao, vv. Ben canh dd, giang vien thdng qua boat dpng giang day tren Idp, khuyd'n khich sinh vidn thao luan, trinh bay quan diem ca nhan, va manh dan phdn bidn cac va'n de ve kinh td' va xa hoi.
+ Ve Danh tie'ng trUdng dgi hoc
De xay dUng hinh anh danh tie'ng, eac trudng dai hoc can lien tuc cap nhdt vd cai tie'n cdc chUdng trinh dao tao; thtfc hidn kiem dinh cha't lUdng eua eac ehu'dng trinh dao tao, cung nhtf kiem dinh nha trtfdng thdng qua ede to ehtfe kid'm dinh ed uy tin eua thd' gidi va eiia Bp Giao due - Dao lao. Trong dd can chu trpng:
- Xay du'ng ede ehu'dng trinh dao tao mdi phii hdp vdi xu hffdng ddi mdi, hgi nhdp khu vtfc va
qud'c te', cung nhtf ddp tfng yeu cau ciia doanh nghiep va thi trffdng lao dpng.
- Hoan thidn hoat dgng kid'm tra, ddnh gid nang life hpc tap cua sinh vien bang nhieu hinh thtfc da dang.
- Tie'p tuc dau tiT nang cao cac dieu kien dam bao chd't Itfdng dao tao. Cd ke hoach dau ttf vd stf dung hieu qua eac cd sd vdt chd't, phifdng tidn, tdi lieu cho giang day, nghien ctfu khoa hoc, hpe tap va eac hoat dgng the chat eua giang vien va sinh vidn.
+ Ve Kien thdc nghiep vu chuyen mon La nhdm ydu eau du'dc cac nha tuyen dung trong eae KCN xd'p thtf 5 trong 5 ydu eau ed ban dd'i vdi sinh vien mdi td't nghidp, Phan Idn nha tuyen dung deu dong y rang, eae ffng vien sau khi dtfdc tuyen chgn vao lam viec se tie'p tuc dtfdc tham gia cdc khda hua'n luyen, dao tao eua doanh nghiep lidn quan de'n chuydn mdn nghidp vu; hdn nffa do sinh vidn mdi td't nghiep ndn chtfa the doi hoi ed nhieu kinh nghiem, do vay yeu cau nay chtfa can quan tdm nhieu so vdi nhffng ydu can ed ban khae.
Cud'i ciing, nghien cffu nay nham kham pha cdc ydu cdu cd ban eua nhd tuyen dung tai cdc KCN TP. HCM do'i vdi sinh vien mdi tdt nghiep. DUa tren ke't qua nghien cffu, mpt so' ham y dtfdc de xua't nham giup cac trtfdng dai hpc hieu rd hdn cdc yeu cau cua nha tuyen dung trong cdc KCN TP.
HCM ndi rieng va cae doanh nghiep ndi chung hien nay ddi vdi sinh vien mdi tdt nghidp. Nghidn ctfu mdi chi khao sat 139 nhd tuye'n dung trong cdc KCN TP. HCM bang phffdng phdp chon mdu thuan tien. Vi thd', cdc nghidn etfu tie'p theo nen chpn mau iff nhieu iTnh vffc, nganh nghe hdn de' tdng tinh tdng qudt hda cua nghidn ctfu •
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Ngay nhan bai: 2/3/2019
Ngay phan bien danh gia va sij'a chi^a: 12/3/2019 Ngay chap nhSn dang bai: 22/3/2019
Thdng tin tdc gid:
l.TS, PHAN QUOC TAN
Khoa Quan tri, Tnr8ng Dai hoc Kinh te Thanh pho H 6 Chi Minh 2, PGS, TS, BUI THI THANH
Khoa Quan tri, TrUeIng Dai hpc Kinh 16'Thanh phoHfi Chi Minh
STUDYING REQUIREMENTS
OF EMPLOYERS FOR UNIVERSITY GRADUATES:
SURVEY IN THE INDUSTRAL ZONES IN HO CHI MINH CITY
• Ph,D PHAN QUOC TAN Faculty of Business Management, University of Economics iHo Cini iVIinh City
• Assoc.Prof.Ph.D BUI THI THANH Faculty of Business Management, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City
ABSTRACT:
This study is to discover and measure qualities that employers require university graduates to have. The data were collected from 139 employers in industrial zones of Ho Chi Minh City. By using qualitative research methods and descriptive statistics, results show that main qualities that employers in the industrial zones consider when recruiting university graduates include soft sldlls, problem solving skills, professional knowledge, pre-graduation experience and university reputation. Based on these findings, the study proposes some implications to universities and students when participating in the labour market.
Keyworks: Industrial zone, knowledge, skill, experience, university graduates.
