KET QUA NGHIEN CtfU KH-CN CUA VIEN CONG NGHE SAU THU HOACH NAM 2001
KHAO SAT VUNG NGUYEN LIEU VA DE XUAT PHUONG AN DAU TU CONG NGHIEP CHE BIEN HOA QUA 6 TINH THAI NGUYEN
Cao Van Hung, Nguyen Cong Hoan, Nguyen Thi Khoa, Dang Xuan Mai, Nguyen Tii Quynh, Nguyen Thu Trang, Dang Thanh Quyen
Bg mon Bdo qudn thifc phcim - Vien Cong nghe scut thu hoach
<S r r u ; l : -A^ ' n ; ' * ,;.;'; ^\t w • . '. . .
- Thirc hien de tai tai 9 huyen thi thanh trong tinh Tliai Nguyen thang 12 nam 2000 den thang 11 nam 2001 da dat dirac muc tieu cua nghien ci'ru la:
- Thu thap cac thong tin ca ban phan anh ca cau ho gia dinh phat then san xuat nong nghiep va cong nghe sau thu hoach vai, nhan, h6ng, dira, qua c6 miii.
- Thu thap CO he thong cac thong tin ve cong nghe bao quan che bien nong san hien tai 6 ho gia dinh tac dong den cac mat kinh te, xa hoi moi triiong cua nong thon.
- Phat hien nhirng thuan Igi, kho khan trong phat trien va tic-m nang cac ngu6n lire hien c6 tai chua duoc khai thac de d6 xuat dinh huong va cac giai phap vT mo phat trien che bien cong nghiep hoa qua tinh Thai Nguyen mot each ben VLJng.
I. DAT VAN DE
Thai Nguyen la mot trong nhirng Irung tarn kinh te chinh tri ciia Viet Bdc ncSi ricng va ciia VLing trung du mien niii noi chung. Thai Nguyen la ctra ngo giao luu kinh te -xa hoi giSa cac viing trung du mien niii voi thii do Ha Noi va viing dong bang Bic Bo. Thai Nguyen thich hop cho phat trien rau qua da dugfc khang dinh tu nhieu nam nay. Thi iruong rau qua a Thai Nguyen chii yeu la tif san tu tieu, mac dti nhirng nam gan day da bat dau chuyen sang san xuat hang hoa nhung cong tac bao quan, che bien, tieu thu chua duge coi trong, ton that sau thu hoach con lam cho nong dan chira manh dan dau tu pha! trien rau qua 6 dia phuong minh. Theo ket qua dieu tra cua so Nong nghiep va I T N T tinh Thai Nguyen (1997) thi Tliai Nguyen co 37 loai cay an qua thuoc 20 ho: Cay an qua on ddi: mo, man, dao... Trong co cau cay an qua thi nhom cay a nhiet ddfi cam, quit, chanh, budi, nhan, hong, vai... chiem ti trong cao nhat va lien tuc tang len qua cac nam gan day la 51,58% (1996), 65,83% (1998).
Cong doan trirdc thu hoach da co budc phat trien mdi, da co nhieu dC tai nghien cuu cua dja phuong ve cay an qua nhiet ddi, a nhiet ddi trong cac ITnh vuc gidng, cham sdc, tuyen chon chat luong qua...ma tap trung chu yeu la cay vai: Dieu tra, danh gia cay vai, tuyen chon cay dau dong de phuc vu nhan gidng va phat trien cay an qua trcn dia ban tinh Thai Nguyen (Nguyfin Thj Nga- 2000), Dieu Ira tuyen ciion nhilng lid cd cay \;ii dau dong \i\ lioi ihi chat hrgng qua vai tren dia ban tinh Thai Nguyen (BCH Hoi Nong dan tinh Thai Nguyen-1999. Nhung hien nay sir phat trien cac san pham hoa qua bi chiJng lai do nhieu nguyen nhan trong dd cd su thieu thdn cac cac cong nghe thi'ch I'mg. khdng nhan dinh rd tiem nang. tifim lire ciia timg dia phucTng la mot trong nhung nguyen nhan chi'nh. ihieu dieu tra, danh gia. c|ui hoach va \ a y dung phuong lin phii hop. Che bien sail pham hoa qua lien dia ban tinii Thai Nguyen hau nhir chua cd co so nao.
Hien nay a nude ta, cong tac che bien rau qua mdi chi chiem 5-7% san luong rau qua, co khoang 60 nha may va xudng vdi long cong suat khoang 180 000 tan/nam nhung phSn Idn cong nghe, thie't hi lac hau. Nhu cSu ddu tu phat triSn cong tac bao quan che bien rau qua trd nen buc xuc, chi'nh vi vay Chi'nh phu da phe duyet du an phat trien rau qua den nam 2010. Theo dd nude ta phan dau dat binh quan 85 kg rau/ngudi, nam va 65 kg qua/ngudi, nam.
De gdp phan thuc hien du an chung ciia ca nude. Thai Nguyen da de ra dinh hudng ke hoach phat trien kinh te, xa hoi 5 nam (2001-2005) trong dd ve muc tieu phat trien cay an qua hang nam la 1000 ha, den nam 2005 cd 16 000 ha vdi 12 000 ha cho.thu hoach udc san luong khoang 75 000 tan/nam. vi vay viec nghien cuu danh gia viing nguyen lieu hoa qua, nhu cau thi trucmg va dir bao xu the phat triein de' cd nhimg giai phap cho cong tac dau tu xay dung cac co so che bien bao quan hoa qua vdi qui mo, loai hinh cong nghe va loai san pham phu hop di dam bao cho san xuat on dinh va phat trien tren dia ban tinh Thai Nguyen la can thie't vdi cac muc tieu sau:
- Thu thap cac thong tin co ban phan anh co cau ho gia dinh phat trien san xuat nong nghiep va cong nghe sau thu hoach vai, nhan, hdng, diia, qua cd miii.
- Thu thap cd he thd'ng cac thdng tin ve cong nghe bao quan che bien nong san hien tai d ho gia dinh tac dong den cac mat kinh te, xa hoi mdi trudng ciia nong thdn.
- Phat hien nhCrng thuan Igi, khd khan trong phat trien va tidm nang cac nguon luc hien cd chua dugc khai thac de de xuat dinh hudng va cac giai phap vT md phat trien che bien cong nghiep hoa qua tinh Thai Nguyen mot each ben virng.
XL PHUONG PHAP VA VAT LIEU NGHIEN CUU 2.1.Phuang phap
Su dung phuong phap diSu tra theo phieu difiu tra so luong Idn da dugc chuan bi trudc theo 8 budc hoan thanh cau hdi ditu tra.
Ket qua cac so lieu dieu tra dugc tinh trong 1 chu ky san xuat tinh trong 1 nam tu 6/2000 den 6/2001.
Nghien cuu theo phuong phap yeu to va ngau nhien hoan toan. > 'd j
Su dung cac so lieu so cap va thu cap de nghien cuu. '*'.
Tao so lieu so cap bang su dung phuong phap phdng van va quan sat true tiep tai cac ho gia dinh, cac chg trung tarn cua huyen, xa, cac co quan va to chuc chi'nh tri xii hdi dja phuono, cac chuyen gia phi nong nghiep ma chii yeu la ho gia dinh.
Tao so lieu thu cap bang su dung cac tai lieu da phat hanh thdi gian 5 nam gan day hdi cac CO quan quan ly nha nude, ca quan nghien cu:u trung uong va dja phuong. ' "'•''
Phan tich va xuly so lieu theo phuong phap thdng ke va kinh te luong. >
Phat hien van de bang ky thuat COOP, RRA, PRA, PAR
Phan tich mSu hoa qua v6 ly hoc, hoa hgc theo cac tieu chuan TCVN, TCN, ISO hien hanh.
2.2.Vat lieu
- Nam ddi tirgng inxi qua dugc chon de nghien ci'ai la: vai, nhan, hdng, dua va cac loai qua cd mui (cam, chanh, quit, budi).
- Cac mau hoa qua dugc lay lu cac gia dinh, chg trong viing dieu tra miia vu 2001 diino de phan tich chat luong.
- Can cu: vao qui mo va tinh hinh phat trien ndng san, dira vao phuong phap yeu td, ngau nhien hoan toan ma lira chon dugc cac mSu de nghien ciru la 500 ho gia dinh ciia tat ca 9 huyen thi thanh tinh Thai Nguyen ciing cac chuyen gia, ca nhan khac tai cac thdn ban.
- Nhirng kinh nghiem hay hoac thuan Igi va khd khan trong phat trien ciing cac chinh sach phat trien cua nha nude, dia phuong va nganh da, dang va se di vao cudc song ciia ba con ndng dan dia phuong nham nhung muc tieu nhat dinh.
- Thdi gian tien hanh tir ngay thang 11 nam 2000 den thang 9 nam 2001 bao gom chuain bi tai lieu va phuong phap, di lai, khiio sat, quan sat thuc dia tai cac ho gia dinh ndng dan trong tinh, thu thap thdng tin tai cac co quan dia phuong, xir ly so lieu, nghien ciru, hdi thao va viet bao cao cudi cung.
HI. KET QUA N(JHIEN ClfU 3.1. Phan tich tinh hinh
3.1.1. Tinh hinh SX
Dien tich cay an qua cua tinh Thai Nguyen trong 5 nam qua (1995-1999) ndi chung cd chi so phat trie'n hang nam cao nhat (114,18-150,25%), trong dd cd 5 ddi tugng nghitin cuu, so vdi mire trung binh ciia ca cay hang nam va cay lau nam (100,26-105,40%). Didu dd chung td hoa qua dugc phat trien vi nd mang lai hieu qua kinh te cao trong giai doan hien nay. Nhung so vdi dien tich cay an qua cii nude 496 000 ha (nam 1999). trong dd Tinh Thai Nguyen chi cd 6 525 ha (nam 1999), chiem 1,3% thi van la nhd so vdi ca nude va tiSm nang ciia tinh.
Bang I. Dien tich va san lugng cay an qua tinh Thai Nguyen Nam Tong so
Dien tich (ha) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
1.961 2.320 3.345 5.026 6.525 San lugng (tan)
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Cam, Quyt, Budi
86 163 213 252 589 248 332 248 765 2.484
Trong do Dura
42 58 62 65 69 243 218 275 489 493
Nhan, Vai
1.307 1.661 2.693 4.305 4.436
1.155 1.750 2.350 2.092 4.397
a) Lao dong '''• "
Trung binh lao dong ndng nghiep ndi chung trong cac ho gia dinh ciia tinh la 2,7 lao ddng/lid, trong dd Km nhat la huyen Dinii Hoa (3,5 lao dgng/hd) va nhd nhat la huyt:n Dai Tir (2,4 lao dgng/hd). Sir khac biet qui md lao ddng/lid trong ca tinh khdng nhieu. So lao ddng/hd nhu tren la dii va binh thudlig de SX ndng nghiep trong dd cd hoa qua. Klii niiia \u idi thi Uong
fc.
gia dinh cd the sir dung them cac lao dong khdng chuySn khac trong chi'nh gia dinh mlnh hoac ddi cong tir cac gia dinh khac hoac lien ho.
b) Dae tinh co cau san xuat
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Hinh 1. Nang suat cay vai theo cac tuoi khac nhau
nhju
Hinh 2. Nang suat cay nhan theo cac tuoi khac nhau
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Hinh 3. Nang suat cay qua co mui theo cac tuoi khac nhau
Hinh 4. Nang suat cay hong theo cac tuoi khac nhau
c) He thong qudn ly hoa qua
Ti le mac benh ciia qua trudc thu hoach tinh theo sd ho Ion nhat la vai (25% so ho) la do so' lucmg vai dugc SX Idn tap trung nhat, dt lay Ian benh, tiep den la qua cd miii (20,6% sd hd), nhan (13,6% so hd), nhd nhat la hong (7,1% sd hd) la do SX phan tan dd lay nhiSm benh. Timg ho da sir dung cac bien phap trir diet bang cac phuong phap hoa hgc, sinh hgc, khac, sd con lai khdng trir diet vi nhieu ly do khac nhau, trong dd ti le sd hd sir dung phuong phap sinh hoc la cao hon phuong phap hoa hgc nhu Hdng (21,1% so vdi 11,3%), Nhan (30,1% so vdi 8,5%), Vai (75,0%
so vdi 21,4%), rieng qua cd mui (11,6 so vdi 12,4%) da chimg td iimg dung nhifiu tien bg ky thuat song vSn ton that. Sd ton that dugc tinh tren tdng sd cay da mac benh theo ti le; vai la Idn nhat (34.33% sd cay) con lai ti le mac benh ciia hdng, nhan, qua cd miii it hon so vdi vai va tuong duong nhau (23,45-24,78% sd cay) do SX phan tan hon vai. Trong sd cay mac benh dd mac dii da dugc diet trir benh nhung van cd ton that theo. Ti le ton that (tinh theo % sd cSy ciia sd cay da mac benh) ciia vai Idn nhat (14,57%), tiep den la qua cd miii (13,57%), it nhat la nhan (9,47%) va hdng (10,16%).
d) Cac dich vu khuyen nong
Ti le sd hd gia dinh ciia tinh nhan dugc cac dich vu tren Idn nhat lir Phdng Ndng nghiep huyen (29,9% sd hd), Hdi Ndng dan (20,7% sd hd) va it nhat la tir HTX ndng nghiep (4,7% sd hd), dieu nay chung td vai trd cua HTX ndng nghiep con rat han che do kha nang can bd va td chu-c thuc hien. Tinh theo cac huyen thi Idn nhat la TP Thai Nguyen (52,5% sd hd tir phdng Ndng nghiep TP va 32,5% sd hd tu Hdi Ndng dan) do dia ban di lai dd dang, khdng khd khan va nhd nhat la huytin Dinh Hoa (6,2% sd hd tir phdng Ndng nghiep), Phii Luong (7,5% so ho tir Hoi Ndng dan). Sd Ian ma cac hd gia dinh dugc hudng cac djch vu trong nam nhieu nhat la dich vu tir Hdi ndng dan (2,3 lan/nam) va it nhat la tir HTX ndng nghiep, Hdi lam vudn (1,5 lan/nam).
Huyen cd sd Ian dugc hudng djch vu Idn nhat la Dong Hy (3 lan/nam tir HTX), Phii Luong (2,6
lan/nam tir phdng Ndng nghiep), Vd Nhai (2,6 lan/nam tir CLB khuyen ndng) vii it nhat la huyen Dai Tir, Vd Nhai, Dinh Hoa (Ihln/nam tir HTX), Sdng Cdng (1 lan/nam tir phdng Ndng nghiep huyen).
e) Chat luffng hoa qua
Bang 2. Thanh phan hoa hgc cac loai hoa qua
Qua
Dira Cayen Queen Hong - Khdng hat - Thach That - Nhan hau Nhan - Huong Chi - Long HY - Budi My - Cam Tich giang - Chanh que Vai Thanh Ha
T/le phan an
dugc (%) 68,9
84,1 90,2 90,3
66,7 58,4 87,5 87,6 70
Ham lugng nude (%) Toan
bo
80,35
80,4
Phan an dirge 87,98 88,93
86,9 87.5 86,35
85,6 89,7
86,2
HL chat
kho (%) 12,02
18,6
17,3 19,5 18,71
20 18
17,8
HL Duong tong sd
(%) 11,97
14,9
14-16
Do a xit
(%)
0,39 0,76 1.56 0,13 0.12
1,39 4.83
<1
HL Xo (%)
0,53
HL Tanin (g/%)
0,16 0,41 0,19
f)ChiphiSX
Chi phi SX dugc tinh tren cac chi phi chinh la gidng, phan bdn va thudc trir sau; cac chi khac con lai nhu lao dong, lam dat, nude... chua tinh do dac tinh khac nhau cua mdi dia phuong, can cir vao cac chi phi chi'nh nay cd the udc tinh dugc tdng gia thanh trong SX 4 loai hoa qua tren.
Cac chi phi SX nay ndi chung la cao vi mot mat sir dung qua nhieu phan bdn, thudc sau, mat khac nang suat chua cao nen chi phi tren mot dan \i san pham cao lam day cao gia thanh hoa qua.
3.1.2. Tinh hinh thu hoach, bao quan, che bien, trinh do phuong phap ciia ngudi SX
Ton that sau thu hoach: Tdn that sau thu hoach chinh d 3 cdng doan, vi san lugng/lid thap, thdi gian luu giir trong nha ngan (tdi da la 1 ngay) nen phan nao cung dd tdn that so vdi cac dia phuong khac. Trong 5 loai qua tren, tdn that Idn nhat la vai (14,9-25%.) va nhan (1 1,4-20,1%) do dac tinh cua ban than nd la khd thu hai va khd bao quan, cdn cac loai qua khac cd tdn that rat nhd do san lugng/lid rat nhd, khdng thu hoach ao at Idn nen de lam cac cong doan sau.
a) Cong nghe, thiet bi bdo qudn, che hien
Thiet bi say vdi: 100%; hd gia dinh sir dung Id say thii cdng de say vai. nd nhu la mot md hinh dau tien ciia bao quan che bien trong tinh, budc dau da mang lai hieu qua. Trong sd cac Id thii cdng trC-n thi 6/9 luiytl-n dugc xay dung qm md, nang suai viia (1-3 tan/mc) theo mau hinh chuan say vai (Mau Luc Ngan) duoc coi hi luxmg ddi piiii hirp trong giai doan hien nay, cdn lai
h • • • •
S s i ; • : • 9
huyen Pho Yen va Dinh Hoa chi la nhung Id rat nhd (20-300 kg/me) tan dung trong hep gia dinh di say tan dung cac loai qua (nha cd hoac mua them) chat lugng xai'u khdng dii tieu chuain ban tuoi. Chi phi dau tu Id say theo mau chuain d Thai Nguyen (suat dau tu la 1 500 000-2 500 000 d/tan vai tuoi) la qua cao so vdi cac tinh khac dang sir diing (suat dau tu la 300 000 d/tan vai luoi 6 huyen Liic Ngan), dieu nay dugc gia thich la do xay bao che cho Id say theo kien co la rat dat.
Cd the theo hudng md hinh nhu huyen Dai Tir, Sdng Cdng (ban kien cd) la kinh te nhat (suat dau tu la 120 000-200 000 d/tan vai tuoi) nhung phai dau tu them va sira chua hang nam.
Chat luong san pham vdi say:
Chat lugng vai say; Ndi chung chat lugng vai say bang Id thu cdng hien tai la tha'p, chi ban dugc cho Trung Qudc theo con dudng tieu nghach, sd cdn lai ban d cac thanh phd Idn trong nude deu phai dugc lira chgn nhung qua cd chat lugng cao hon. Chat lugng vai say dua tren sir ua thich ciia ngudi tieu diing, kinh nghiem ban hang, an toan trong thdi gian bao quan den 1 nam.
Bdo qudn vdi say: Phuong phap bao quan chu yeu bang ddng bao, cat giir trong "kho". Ggi la kho nhung thuc chat la bao quan trong budng nha ciia hd gia dinh. Not bao quan rat so sai, gian don, thdi gian bao quan tir 1-9 thang, the tich chira tuy thudc vao thi trudng va quan niem, suy nghi cua ban than hd gia dinh, chua cd tac ddng tich cue tao rieng kho bao quan dung nghia ciia nd. 100% sd hd gia dinh thuc hien theo md hinh tren, rieng Thi xa Sdng Cdng chi diing 1 Idp PE de trong bao tai dira, gac cao la phii hgp hon nhung chua dugc nhan rdng do dieu kien "kho"
bao quan cdn han che d da sd cac huyen. Md hinh nay da phan nao dap ung dugc yeu cau trudc mat vi sd lugng nhd (4,18 ta/hd) trong thdi gian vira phai (trung binh 6 thang).
b) Chi phi say
Bang 3. Chi phi trung binh say vai trong I ho gia dinh cua 1 vu say
Ten huyen
Dai Tir Phu Luong Ddng Hy TP Thai Nguyen Vd Nhai
TX Sdng Cdng Pho Yen Phu Binh Dinh Hoa Tinh Thai Nguyen
Lao dong (1000 d/ho)
566 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 566
Nguyen lieu vai (1000 d/ho)
27 000 59 280 24 800
15 000,8 29 000
13 000 176 700
6 500 44 010
Chat dot (1000 d/ho)
100,2 500,7 100,2 80
100,6 60 600,3
40 197,75
Sira chua may (1000 d/ho)
0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 350 350
Bao bi (iOOOd/hp)
0 0 0 30
- 0 85
0 1 120
411
Tdng chi phi (1000 d/hp)
28 066,7
59 880,0
24 900,2
15 930,6
- 29 040,6
13 145,0 176,00 100,20 8 050.0
45 534,7
c) Co hoi vd kim ham
Co hoi: Hdi nhap ciing SX trong nude ve nguyen lieu, ky thuat, thi trudng; xuat khau dugc md rdng; Cd cac chinh sach phat trien v6 rau qua cua Nha nude va tinh Thai Nguyen; Dao tao, tham quan, tap huan bdi cac co quan chinh phii, phi chinh phu dugc md rdng ve cac ky nang SX, quan ly SX, chat lugng san phaim, thi trudng; Tiep can thdng tin nhanh chdng
Kim ham vd cdn trd: Phong tuc tap quan san xuat nhd, tu cung, tu cap; Chua quen vdi nen san xuat hang hoa mdi, ha tang giao thdng chua phat triSn; Ky nang san xuat, quan ly san xuat chua theo kip hoac chua ngang tam so vdi yeu cau mdi; Chua cd hiep hdi nghe nghiep de to chLi:c hoac hgp ddng tieu thu san phaim cho ngudi san xuat mot each ben vung trong co che canh tranh
thi trudng . . .
3.1.3. Thj truomg Hoa qud tho/tuoi:
Hien tai hoa qua cd 2 giai doan ban phd bien la ban trudc thu hoach (ban theo hoa, ban ca vudn, ban theo cay...) va ban sau thu hoach (hai rdi ban) tuy thudc vao dieu kien, thdi quen cua timg hd. Ti le so hd ban sau thu hoach cao hon nhieu .so vdi ban trudc thu hoach nhu Hdng 10,8%
so vdi 1,2%, Nhan 15,2% so vdi 2.9%, Qua cd miii 13,8% so vdi 7,3%, Vai 73,3% so vdi 25%.
Trong dd viii dugc ban d giai doan sau thu hoach nhieu nhat so vdi cac loai qua khac chung td viec trong vai da gan dat cua san xuat hang hoa
Hoa qud Che hien
Gia vai khd trong vu cudi 1999, dau 2000 dang bi mat gia (tir 38 000-40 000 d/kg xudng 20 600 d/kg), dac biet gia thap nhat la Thi xa Sdng Cdng (11 000 d/kg) va Dinh Hoa (10 000 d/kg) do thj trudng Trung Qudc ddi hdi chat lugng cao hon ma vai khd trong cac dia phuong nay chua dap ung dugc ve chat lugng, nhat la do am vai say: mat khac do lucmg cung, cau vai khd tren thi trudng cd xu the thira ciu nen gia re. Trung binh gia thanh vai say la 17 500 d/kg (1999) chua ke khau hao, lai suat ngan hang, hau nhu chua tinh cdng lao ddng va ban dugc vdi gia 20 600 d/kg, dac biet TX Sdng Cdng va Dinh Hoa ban vdi gia thap hon chi phi say (11.000 va 10.000 d/kg) la khdng cd Igi nhieu cho ba con ndng dan.
3.1.4. Tin dung va dau tu ,^,,,- a) Tin dung cho sdn xuat
Hau het sd hd cd nguyen vgng mudn vay de san xuat nhung vi nhieu ly do khac nhau (Chu quan va khach quan) ma ti le sd hd dugc vay cdn thap (36,55% sd hd dugc vay tir ngan hang).
Cac ngudn vay khac tir cac hdi, ban be, ngudi than la khdng on dinh ( 9,9%; sd hd vay tir cac nguon khac). Thdi han vay trung binh 29,7 thang chua dap ung du cho mot chu katsanr xuat cay an qua ke tir khi trong vi den giai doan bdi la 3-4 nam (Loai trir cay dira). Sd lugng tien dugc vay cung rat khiem tdn (1 068 000 d/hd), trong dd Idn nhat la huyen Ddng Hy (3 695 000 d/hd), nhd nhat la Thanh phd Thai Nguyen (200 000,5 d/hd). Lai suat tien vay trung han tuong ddi cao (0,73%/thang) so vdi thdi gia nam dd (6-77o/nam diiu tu bang von uu dai), do vay khd cd the mang hieu qua san xuat cho ngudi ndng dan.
b) Tin dung cho che bien
Chi cd 3 huyen dugc vay cho say vai tir ngan hang la Ddng Hy. Sdng Cdng \a Pho Yen. sd huyen cdn lai chua dugc vay hoac chua cd nguyen vgng vay. Sd tien dugc vay trung binh cho che bien la tuong ddi cao (7 433 333 d/lid) so vdi vay cho san xuat (1 068 ()()() d/lid) vdi chu kv vay (28 thang) gan gidng nhu vay cho san xuai la rat thuan loi nhung vay cho die bien vdi li le lai II
suat (0,95%/thang), dac biet vdi lai suat rat cao la Thj xa Sdng Cdng (1,15%/thang) la cao hem so vdi vay cho san xuat (0,73%/thang)
3.1.5. Lgi nhuan a) Loi nhuqn SX
Theo nhan xet, danh gia cua cac hd gia dinh thi mire lgi nhuan khi san xuat 5 loai qua chinh khac nhau la khac nhau, d cac huyen, xa khac nhau thi cung khac nhau tuy thudc vao chii quan ciia hd ve quan niem, su hieu biet nhin nhan ve ban than gia dinh va nhu cau tieu dung cho ddi sdng cua timg hd, viing.
Loi nhuqn trong vdi: Ty le hd cd mire lgi nhuan tdt va trung binh trong tinh nam sau cao hon nam trudc la 3,3%s trong dd TP Thai Nguyen tang trucmg ve lgi nhuan cao nhat (25% sd hd), tiep den Pho Yen (7,7%) sd hd). Tuy vay vSn cd cac huyen cd mii-c lgi nhuan giam so vdi nam trudc, huyen giam nhiC-u nhat la Phii Binh (-17,8% sd hd), TX Sdng Cdng (-10% sd hd), Dai Tir (- 8,3% sd hd) va Ddng Hy (-2,5% sd hd) vdi 4 nguyen nhan khac nhau dugc de cap d bang 26 tuy timg huyen. Sd cdn lai la mire lgi nhuan kem khdng dang ke.
Loi nhuqn trong nhan: Trong 4 huyen cd sd lieu thi E>dng Hy va TX Sdng Cdng cd ty le hd cd mire lgi nhuan tdt nam 2000 tang hon so vdi nam 1999, trong khi hai huyen Pho Yen va Dinh Hoa bj giam Theo nhan xet cua hd gia dinh va chuyen gia, cd 4 nguyen nhan chinh dSn den tang giam mire lgi nhuan SX qua, trong dd anh hudng nhidu nhat la do tang chi phi dau vao nhu gidng, phan bdn, thudc sau (37,61% sd hd), nguyen nhan cdn lai do tang giam gia ban (17,56% so hd) va do tang giam san lugng (16,27% so hd).Viec tang giam san lugng chii yeu do tang giam nang suat ma khdng phai do tang giam dien tich. Tang giam nang suat |::hii yeV do thdi tiet chir chua phai la do yeu td ky thuat canh tac. , ^ . . . , , . , , ,
b) Loi nhuqn say vdi
Cac nguyen nhan thay doi lgi nhuan trong say viii qua 2 nam la: Tu thuong thu mua vai say ep gia (Dai Tir, Phii Luong, Ddng Hy) dan den giam gia ban vai say; Cung cau trdn thi trudng thay ddi (TP Thai Nguyen, Sdng Cdng, Phd Yen, Phu Binh) dan de'n tang, giam gia ban trong cue bg viing lanh thd.
3.1.6. Danh gia uu nhugc cac qui trinh sau thu hoach tirng loai qua " " • '' '*' ^ **' ' *•
a) Vdi -
Uu diem: Vai dugc say ngay tai nha sau khi luu trir, tranh tdn that sd lugng, chat luong trong cac cdng doan tiep theo, say den khd hoan toan rdi ddng bao de dd chi phi va chat lugng vai say cao hon do khdng bi bep; Chi can phan loai mot Ian, Han che ton that do bdt dugc mot so cdng doan tie'p theo.
Nhuoc diem: Say chua khd han do thie'u ky thuat va bao dam nang suat cao liic dinh vu nen phai phoi them den khd lam giam chat lugng vai do bi bep nhieu va tang chi phi phoi; Phai van chuyen vai qua di say lam tang ton that do dap nat, vd, tang chi phi van chuyen; Phai phan loai them mot Ian ntra gay it nhieu ton that do dap nat, tang chi phi, can phai phan loai dung ngay tir Ian dau va chi can phan loai 1 kin.
b)Nhdn
Uu diem: Ban budn tai nhii ddi vdi nhan qua nhanh hdng la hinh thirc phii hop nhat hien nay.
Tuy khdng dugc gia nhu ban ngoai chg nhung trong dieu kien chua phat trien cac cdng nghe bao gdi, van chuyen... se tranh dugc cac ton that do hao, hdng vat ly bdi bao bi va van chuyen trong thdi gian nhat djnh. Tien hanh say ngay nhan loai 2 tai nha se mang lai hieu qua cao hon bdi tac
ddng cua che bien se tang gia trj cua nhan. Vi nhan loai 3 khdng nhieu, nen cd the diing an tuoi ngay trong gia dinh la tdt nhat de cai thien phan nao ve dinh dudng trong khau phan an hang ngay.
Nhuoc diem: Trong dieu kien chua phat trien cdng nghe bao gdi, van chuyen qui md gia dinh thi viec van chuyen ciia gia dinh gap cac khd khan se dan den hao, hdng vat ly do dac tinh qua nhan la nhanh hdng. Hon ntra ngudi mua budn se phai phan loai lai de' dinh gia mua lam giam lgi ich cua ngudi ndng dan nhat la ddi vdi nhan loai 2; Khdng nen SX/say long tet vi gia tri cua long tet rat thap (long tet gia tri chi bang 1/5-6 long xoay).
c) Qud CO mui
Uu diem: Do qua cd miii cd dac tinh lau hdng hon vai, nhan va vdi sd lugng nhd nen cd the ddng sgt, van chuyen, ban budn, le tai chg se dugc gia hon. Do loai 2 ban re nen cd the sir dung de' an, bie'u ndi bg gdp phan cai thien khau phan an hang ngay trong gia dinh la rat tdt.
Nhuoc diem: Vi sd lugng nhd, nen danh de an trong gia dinh, ban le tai nha qua loai 2 cho hang xdm la rat re va de lau ngay trong nha se bi tdn that cao.
d) Hong
Uu diem: Vi lugng hdng cd trong mdi hd rat nhd nen thuc hien theo cac so do tren la hgp ly.
Viec giam hdng chin sir dung phuong phap cd truyen lii rai tren la chudi khd hoac ram ra de d gdc trong budng nha 2-3 ngay la phii hgp khi sd lugng khdng Idn va thdi gian ngan.
Nhuqc diem: Chua phat hien cac nhugc diem cua so dd tren e) Dua V. ••. ^^,^f\ i-'Vi ' =.s ••, •• •
Uu diem: Vi so lugng nhd nen cd the ban ngay, tang thu nhap hoac an de' cai thien khau phan an la rat tdt.
Nhuoc diem: Cd chi phi van chuydn cao vi chua be hoa.
3.2. Phat hien vain de
3.2.1. Nhom cac san phiiim co ton t h a t sau thu hoach cao (vai, nhan, cam...)
Cdng nghe sau thu hoach hoa qua hien nay d tinh Thai Nguyen tuu trung vao 4 nhom van de Idn nhu da de cap d tren nhu sau:
1. Ton that sau thu hoach hoa qua cao tap trung chu yeu ddi vdi vai, nhan, cam...
2. Gia tri san pham rat thap tap trung chii yeu la dira, budi, chanh...
3. Hieu suat, chat lugng san phaim che bien, bao quan rat thap va khdng on dinh tap chung chii yeu la vai say...
4. Thiet hai dang ke ve gia tri san pham tap trung chii yeu la vai, nhan, hdng... do cac thach thirc cua co che' thi trudng.
3.3. Du doan d u bao den n a m 2010
Sd lieu du bao dan sd cho thay, den nam 2005 dan sd Tinh Thai Nguyen la 1,2 trieu ngudi.
Mac dii td'c do tang dan sd cd gang kiem soat d mire 1,2% thi den nam 2010 dan sd van xap xi 1,3 trieu va sd lao ddng la 862.000 ngudi. De' dam bao cudc sdng cho ngirdi dan va giai quyet viec lam cho sd lao ddng nay, ngoai phat triein san xuat ndng nghiep. Thai Nguyen phai md rdng cac nganh nghe, dich vii khac, trong dd quan tigng la md rdng bao quan che bien ndng san phuc vu xuat khau ma mui nhgn la xuat khau qua, dap ung dugc chien luge chuyen dich co cau trong nen kinh te va chien luge tang vdn dau tu. Theo chien luge nay, ty le dich vu nam 2005 se la 33%
va nam 2010 la 3 5 % (so vdi 28% nam 1995); Vdn dau tu tang nhanh trong thdi gian tdi: giai
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doan 2006-2010 tang gap ddi so vdi giai doan 1996-2000 ve vdn cho dich vu va tang gap 3 l^n ve vdn cho san xuat ndng lam ngu nghiep.
Tuy nhien de dat mire do tang trumig theo phuong an nay, ddi hdi phai cd nd lire ddng gdp eiia hoa qua xuat khau, chuyen dich co cau kinh te trong dd dau tu vao hoa quii ndi rieng ngang vdi tarn gia tri cua nd. Trong dau tu thi ngudn dau tu tir ndi bg nen kinh te chi dap ung mire xap xi 46% tinh chung cho cac nganh (Sd ke hoach va dau tir-1997), nghia la hon mot nira dau tu phai thu hut tir ben ngoai.
3.3.1. Dir bao thi trudng ndng san noi chung, hoa qua noi rieng va hieu qua kinh te xa hoi Mac dii ty trong xuat khriu chua km, kha nang canh tranh chua dugc cao, thj trudng chua on dinh nhung tiem nang xuat khau hoa qua ciia Viet Nam trong dd cd su ddng gdp ciia tinh Thai Nguyen trong tinh hinh nay trong nhung nam tdi la khdng nhd, dac biet la thi trudng Trung Qudc. Nhat, EC va ca thi trudng My. Hang nam san phaim che bien mdi chi dat 1% san lugng rau qua siin xuat ra. Hien tai the manh ve rau qua ciia Viet Nam chua the hien rd, nhung tiem nang cLia nganh san xuat nay la kha rd nhd lgi the tu nhien ve dat dai, khi hau, thdi tiet va lao ddng ndng thdn ddi dao, can cii chiu khd. Ben canh dd, nhu c i u cua thi trudng tieu thu rau qua trong nude la rat Idn. Trude mat nganh rau qua cd it Igi the trong viec canh tranh de xuat khau nhung cd tac dung tao viec lam va gdp phiin tang thu nhap cho ndng dan.
3.3.2. Du bdo ndng sucit, sdn luong hoa qud '--••••
Ndng suat:
Den nam 2010, Do cd nhihig thanh tuu cdng nghe, quan ly ciing trinh do kien thuc cua ngudi san xuat hoa qua, nang suat cac loai hoa qua cd the dat nhu sau (De an phat trien rau hoa qud cay (dull 2010): ; Vai: 10 tan/ha; Nhan: 4 tan/ha, san lugng tang 2,7 lan so vdi nam 1999; Qua cd mui: 15 tan/ha; Dira: 40 tan/ha
Sdn luong:
Can cir vao sd lieu da cd vti su bien ddi san \\smg hoa qua cua cac nam tir 1995 den 1999, vdi cac tiem nang nhu phan phan tich tinh hinh. Ket qua la da tim ra md hinh thich hgp la ham sd tuye'n tinh y=ax+b, trong dd y la san lugng qua nam thir A, va dii xac dinh dugc cac he sd a, b ddi vdi timg loai qua. Tir dd, cd thti du bao dugc san lugng ciia cac loai qua trdn theo nam. Ke't qua du bao dugc chi ra d Bang 46. . , ,
Bang 4 . Du bao san lugng hoa qua tinh Thai Nguyen den nam 2005
TT 1 2 3 6 11
Nam 2000 2001 2002 2005 2010
San lugng hoa qua (tan/nam) Cam. Quyt, Budi
335,7 367,2 398,7 493,2 650,7
Dira 1416,24 1651,42 1886,6 2592,14 3768,04
Nhan, Vai 6245,1 7229,1 8213,1 11165,1 16085,1
3.4. De xuait phuong an dau tu phat trien cong nghiep bao quan, che bien
De xuat ra 4 muc tieu phat trien trong nhirng nam ketie'p la; 1- Giam tdn tha't .sau thu hoach;
2- Nang cao gia tri san phaim hoa qua xap xi so vdi ciing loai d dia phuong khac; 3- Nang cao
hieu suat, chat lugng va on dinh san pham bao quan, che' bien; 4 - Han che thua thiet gia tri san pham do ep cap, ep gia trong co che thi trudng. De xuat 12 ndi dung boat ddng chinh, 19 ndi dung boat ddng nhanh de dat dugc cac muc tieu dd. Ciing cac de xuat 4 md hinh co cau, 3 md hinh sau thu hoach, 6 cdng nghe tdng hgp che' bien, bao quan phii hgp va 8 so do qui trinh rieng, 3 kha nang qui md va cac giai phap tai chi'nh khac cd the ap dung dugc ngay tai dja phuong ma dSu tu nhd, phii hgp trinh do ngudi dan nhung hieu qua rat cao ma nhieu co quan nghien cihi, quan ly trong va ngoai nude da danh gia (PHTI, IFPRI, CIAT, CIRAT, WB, 1995-2000).
De mang tinh ben vCmg ciia cac cdng nghe bao quan, che' bien da dugc chgn thi da de xuat 4 ndi dung nguyen tac Idn ddi vdi cac co quan quan ly Nha nude, 7 ndi dung ddi vdi ngudi thuc hien, ndng dan va 8 ndi dung ddi vdi td chuc, ca nhan tai trg, dau tu. Ciing hanh ddng trong phat trien thi mdi dat muc tieu de ra trong nhimg nam trudc mat de sir ddng gdp cua cdng nghe sau thu hoach ngang tam vdi ban than nd cd nhu tren the' gidi va nude ta da cdng nhan.
Vdi cac ke't qua tren, cd the' sir dung lam can cir cho viec lap ke hoach va bd sung hoan thien chinh sach cho phat trien che' bien cdng nghiep hoa qua tinh Thai Nguyen vdi do tin cay cao trong tuong lai. Viec lira chgn cac co cau, cdng nghe va qui md san xuat nhu da de xuat tren can dugc cu the hoa bang cac nghien curu kha thi trudc khi dau tu la rat can thiet.
VLKETLUAN
De tai da tien hanh dieu tra nghien ciru hien trang san xuat 5 loai qua tinh Thai Nguyen la vai, nhan, dira, hdng, va nhdm qua cd miii trong chu ky san xuat mot nam tit thang 4/2000- 3/2001 va da phat hien ra 4 van de chinh dang can trd sir phat trien hoa qua tinh Thai Nguyen la:
Tdn that sau thu hoach cao dac biet la vai (14,9-25%), nhan (11,4-20,1 %) Gia tri san pham thap (dira, budi, chanh....)
Hieu suat, chat lugng khdng cao va khdng on dinh (vai say...) Thua thiet ve gia tri hang hoa do ep cap, ep gia (vai, nhan, hdng...)
Cac nguyen nhan ciia cac van de dd da dugc phan tich danh gia tir dd da dan tdi he qua la kinh te' xa hdi cham phat trien. Du doan, du bao phat tridn den nam 2010 theo phuong an phat trien nhanh la tich cue nhat, da dugc de cap toan dien cac mat nhu dan sd lao ddng, ti le phat trien. Chuydn dich co cau, thi trudng, khoa hgc cdng nghe che bien bao quan hoa qua... lam co sd cho viec lua chgn san phaim, qui md phat trien cdng nghiep che bien hoa qua trong tinh.
De xuat 4 muc tieu phat trien trong nhirng nam ke tiep la:
Giam tdn that sau thu hoach
Nang cao gia tri san phaim hoa qua xap xi so vdi cimg loai d dia phuong khac Han che' thua thiet san pham do ep cap, ep gia trong co che thi trudng
De xuat 12 ndi dung boat ddng chinh va cac ndi dung boat ddng nhanh. De xuat 4 md hinh CO cau san xuat, che bie'n va kinh doanh, 3 qui md dau tu, 6 cdng nghe san xuat thich hgp, tien tie'n, cd the ap dung dugc ngay tai dia phucmg ma dau tu nhd, phii hgp vdi trinh do ngudi dan nhung hieu qua cao da dugc nhieu co quan nghien ciai, quan ly trong vii ngoai nude diinh gia (PHTI, ll'PRl, CIAT', CIRAT, WB, 1995-2000)
Vdi cac ke't qua tren, cd the sir dung lam can cir cho viec lap ke hoach va bd sung, hoan thien chinh sach cho phat tridn cdng tac bao quan che bien cdng nghiep hoa qua tinh Thai Nguyen trong tucmg lai. Viec lira chgn cac co cau, cdng nghe va qui md san xuai nhu da dc xuat tren can dugc cu the hoa bang cac nghien ciru kha thi trudc khi dau tu la can lliiel.
: ' • > ! ; , ; ; ; ; • ; : : • / • ; . ; / • • ; -•
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TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bd Ndng nghiep va PTNT, Cue Che Bie'n Ndng Lam San va nganh nghe Ndng thdn - Nganh nghe Ndng thdn Viet Nam 1997, Nha xuat ban Ndng nghiep. Ha Ndi, 1998.
2. Nien giam thdng ke tinh Thai Nguyen 1996-1999-Nha xuat ban thd'ng ke - Ha Ndi 2000 3. Nien giam thdng ke nam 2000 - Nha xuat ban thd'ng ke - Ha Ndi, 2000.
4. Cue thd'ng ke tinh Thai Nguyen - Tinh hinh thuc hien cac muc tieu kinh te, xa hdi chu ye'u tir khi tai lap tinh Thai Nguyen den nay (1997-2000) - Thai Nguyen, 6/2000.
5. Cue Thd'ng ke tinh Thai Nguyen - Tdng hgp cac ngudn lire chii yeu tren dia ban tinh Thai Nguyen - Thai Nguyen, 7/2000.
6. Sd Ke hoach dau tu tinh Thai Nguyen - Qui hoach tdng the phat trien kinh te xa hdi den nam 2010 - Thai Nguyen, 10/1997.
7. Tinh uy va UBND tinh Thai Nguyen - Cac bao cao va tham luan Hdi thao khoa hgc va cdng nghe ddng gdp vao cdng cudc phat trien kinh te xa hdi cua tinh Thai Nguyen (26- 27/3/2001) - Ky yeu hdi thao. Thai Nguyen 2001. • . , ,^
8. Hdi Ndng dan tinh Thai Nguyen - Ket qua dieu tra tuyen chgn nhung hd cd cay vai dau ddng va hdi thi chat lugng qua vai tren dia ban tinh Thai Nguyen - Thai Nguyen, 6/1999.
9. Nguyen Thi Ngii - Dieu tra danh gia cay vai, tuyen chgn cay dau ddng de phuc vu nhan gidng va phat trien cay an qua tren dia ban tinh Thai Nguyen - Thai Nguyen, 11/2000.
10. Bd Ndng nghiep va PTNT - De an phat trien rau, qua va hoa, cay canh thdi ky 1999- 2010-Ha Ndi, 8/1999. , ' , ^ ,,;,*«
11. Cue Che bien ndng lam san va NNNT, Du an tang cudng kha nang tu van ca'p bd (MP) - Bao quan va che bien ndng siin qui md nhd ndng thdn midn niii - NXB Ndng nghiep, Ha Ndi 2000.
12. Vien Cdng nghe sau thu hoach - Ket qua nghien ciru trien khai khoa hgc cdng nghe sau thu hoach (1998-2000) - Trung tam thdng tin Npng nghiep va PTNT, Ha Ndi 2000.
13. Nguyen Kim Vu - Ke't qua nghien ciru de tai cap Nha nude KHCN 08-11 giai doan 1996-2000 - Vien cdng nghe sau thu hoach, 2000.
14. Cao van Hiing, Tran Tuan Quynh - Ket qua dieu tra nghien ciru danh gia thuc trang ve cdng nghe sau thu hoach va de xuat cdng nghe bao quan, che' bie'n cac san pham ndng nghiep huyen Tuyen Hoa, Minh Hoa tinh Quang Binh - Du an An ninh luong thuc Quang Binh, 2001.
15. ADB va FAO, Du an Khuyen khich da dang hoa cay trdng va Khuyen khich xuat khau, Bao cao sd 98/05 ADB-VIE.
INVESTIGATION OF RAW MATERIAL SOURCES AND PLANNING INVESTMENT FOR FRUIT PROCESSING INDUSTRY OF THAINGUYEN PROVINCE
Cao Van Hung, Nguyen Cong Hoan, Nguyen Thi Khoa, Dang Xuan Mai, '*' Nguy6n Tii Quynh, Nguyin Thu Trang, Dang Thanh Quyen -!« "
Preservation Division. Posthan'est Technology Institute li-ri This investigation of fruits is carried out at nine districts of Thai Nguyen Province with
production period of I year (from Apr. 2000 to Mar. 2001).
In recent years, though life standard is much higher than that of previous years, famers still live in dificult conditions. One of the reasons is that it has not receive support of post harvest technology agro-products. These results in 4 major problems; very high rate of post harvest
losses, specially of littchi (14,9-25%), longan (11,4-20,1%) harvested in June-Aug.; Bad value of products (Pineapple, Citrus); Low and non-consistent of poductivity and quality (Dried littchi and longan); high products value loss by illegal force on level/degree and price of products (littchi, logan, orange, fersimmon).
Defining advantages and disadvantages of fruits preservation and processing is the first method to resolve these problems. Advantages are a few, but they are the main factors.
Disadvantages are various, but they are subordinate factors that need to be overcome to receive expected results.
Analysing benefit and loss of economic, environmetal factors as well as other factors help us to be aware of avoided problems. Generally, in the developing stage, loss is higher than benefit, but facing the loss to overcome will be the big success.
Proposing 4 development objectives; To reduce post harvest losses; To increase agro- products value to meet value standards of other regions; To raise productivity, quality and consistence of preservated and processed products; To limit the unreal reduced value or to avoid value loss of products in the market mechanism. Proposing 12 major activities and 19 sub- activities to success those objectives. Proposing 4 institutions models, 3 general post harvest model, 6 general preservation and processing technology models, 8 technical lines, 3 scale models and funding solutions that will be able to apply instantly to the region. These technologies with small invested capital and easy to use will correspond to hold-farmers and bring about high benefit.
Finally, to maintain the consistence of the preservative technologies and processing technologies selected, to propose 4 principal principles for government management units, 7 principal principles for farmer and 8 principal principles for invester/donnor. With the goal that post harvest technology in country will receive much more aUention and success as that of the world, we are encouraged to start our acting in general development.
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