Nghien cau & T r a o d o i
NGHIEN CLJU THIET KE. CHE TAP
HE THONG DIEU KHIEN THIET Bl CO KHl THUY CONG CHO CAC NHA MAY THUY DIEN
THS. PHAM VAN DA Vien nghien cdu Co' khi - Bo Cong nghiep
V i e c l a m c h u c o n g nghe va c h u d o n g c u n g cap cac he t h o n g d i e u k h i e n d o n g b o b a n g noi lire hien nay d a n g la m o t y e u cau cap b a c h , n h a m n a n g cao t y t r o n g noi dja hoa cac san p h a m san x u a t trong n u a c . H e t h o n g t h i e t bi co k h i t h u y c o n g c h i e m t y t r o n g t i r 1 0 % d e n 3 0 % gia t r j t h i e t bj t r o n g cac n h a may t h u y d i e n , t u y n h i e n do chua l a m c h u dune c o n g nghe t h i e t k e c h e t a o n e n c h u n g t a van p h u t h u o c n h i e u vao cac san p h a m nhap k h a u he t h o n g t h i e t bj d o n g b o . Bai v i e t nay de cap ve van d e n g h i e n c i n j l a m chii c o n g nghe t h i e t ke che t a o he t h o n g d i e u k h i e n t h i e t bj c a k h i t h u y cong cho cac n h a m a y t h u y d i e n .
Kha! quat vi he thdng thidt b| cti khi
thijycongHe thdng thief bj co khi thuy cdng ludn bao gdm he thdng cae eua nhan nude va he thdng cae eua van cung xa tran. Ngoai ra tuy vao dac diem va quy md eu the etJa mdi cong trinh ed the ed them eac he thdng cua xa sau, he thdng cua van dap dieu hoa, he thdng van cdn xa day ,., He thdng dieu khien phai dam bao dieu khien hoan toan, tin cay mpi hoat ddng cua cae thief bj trong pham vi va he thdng cac thief bj do ludng, canh bao, bao ve he thdng. Trong eac
ndi dung sau day, chiing ta se de cap he thdng ea ban nhat trong he thdng thief bi ea khi thuy cong la cua nhan nudc, cua dap tran va he thdng cae thief bi do ludng.
• Cac cua van cung dap tran cd chue nang tich nude, xa nude va dieu tiet muc nu'dc trong hd chua cho cdng trinh thuy dien, Sd lupng cae cua xa, luu luang xa cung nhu eac thdng sd ve kich thudc mdi cua xa phu thudc vao quy md va cac dieu kien cu the etJa mdi cdng trinh, Mdi cong trinh thuy dien cd the ed fu 2 den 12 cua xa tran, Co the thiet ke cac cua xa tran theo kieu phang hay kieu vdng cung, song vi cae dae tinh chiu luc va dam bao dp ben theo yeu eau ma hau het cac cdng trinh thuy dien trong nude hien nay deu su dung cac eua van xa tran cd dang vdng cung va duac gpi la cac cua van cung, H 1,1 the hien hmh
Hinh 1.1: Vi tri, hinh dang va ket cau cua van cung xa tran
dang, vj tri va ket eau ea khi etJa mpt eua van cung.
• Cac eua nhan nude trong eac cdng trinh thuy dipn thudng cd chieu sau lam vide thap hPn so vdi cua xa tran, ap life nudc tae ddng len cua khi nha may hoat ddng la khdng ed (khi td may phat dien hoat dpng fhi cua nhan nudc phai md de nhan nudc vao dudng dng ap lue). Do dd ke't ca'u ca khi cuavan van hanh eua nhan nudc thudng la dang cua ph§ng.
• De nang, ha cac eua van cung dap tran cung nhu cae eua van phang tai cua nhan nudc ta eo the diing hai dang ket ca'u dieu khien ea ban la diing toi dien de keo va ha eua van hoac diing he thdng xi lanh thuy It/c de nang, ha eua. Vi nhieu ly do nhu dp chinh xac van hanh, lue nang Idn, an toan van hanh, kha nang cho phep dieu khien tap trung cao... ma trong cac cdng trinh thuy dien hien nay su dung la he thdng
42 Automdtion Toddy SO 5 (81) 2007
Nghien ctj'u & T r a o d d i
Hinh 1.2: So do he thong thuy luc nang ha cua van 1KA.\1«1KI K H I i ^ IL \.A
riiiet bi do nun- IHKK
Hinh 1.3: So do tong the he thong dieu khien cua van cung
nang ha bang xi lanh thuy It/c. He thdng nang ha cac cua van bang thuy luc cd the su dung la he thong ed 01 xi lanh hoac 02 xi lanh thuy luc nang ha tuy thudc vao ket cau ea khi eu the eiia cua, H 1,2 la so dd he thdng thuy lue nang ha eua van, ed su dung 02 bd ddng bd thuy luc giua hai xi lanh,
• He thdng dieu khien cac thiet bl CO khi thuy cdng thudng ddi hoi phai cd he thdng dieu khien nhdm va cd cdng truyen thdng cho phep ngudi van hanh cd the kiem tra, dieu khien dupe he thdng tu trung tam dieu khien nha may. Do vay khi xay dung he thdng dieu khien eac cua van ehiing ta phai quan tam khong nhung chi tiet he dieu khien thuy It/c tung cua, ma cdn ca sd cua van trong mdi du an, sd eac tin hieu va phupng thue ddi hdi van hanh tu he thdng dieu khien nhdm.
Thue chat ciia viee xay dting he thdng dieu khien nhdm la viec tieh hop mdt he thdng dieu khien, giam sat va thu thap du lieu (SCADA).
• Viec xay dung he thdng dieu khien eac eua van ngoai viec phai dap ung viec dieu khien theo diem dat ctJa ngudi van hanh, cdn phai giam sat, tinh toan gia trj mue nude trong hd chua va dieu khien ttr ddng nang ha cac eua van mpt each tu dpng theo mpt chu trinh, thuat toan dat san. Trong ehu trinh van hanh tu ddng cua he thdng cac van cung dap tran thudng can eu vao hai sd lieu vao ea ban, mpt la sd khoang chia toan dai van hanh cua van tu 4 den 6 cap tuy theo chieu cao lam vide cua cua van.
Hai la luu luong xa ung vdi cac gia tn muc nude thue te trong hd chua, bang gia trj nay cung do ngudi van hanh nap vao chuang trinh xa tu ddng ctJa cua van. Thuat toan xu ly, tinh toan ra chieu cao xa tai mdt thdi diem nao dd cho moi cua se phu thupc vao too dp tang hoac giam etJa gia trj muc nude trong ho va dieu ehinh do md cua theo cae tham sd dieu khien tu dong cua bo PID, H 1.3 chi ra mot sa dd khai quat cac thiet b| va su lien he eua
SO S (81) 900 TiJ dong hod ngdy nay j ^ j
Nghien cau & T r a o d o i
he thdng dieu khien cua van cung xa tran.
• Cac thiet bj do ludng phuc vu cho viec giam sat va dieu khien cac thiet bi co khi thuy cdng ddng mdt vai trd het sue quan trpng. Viec dam bao su hoat ddng chinh xac, dn djnh ciia ea he thdng dieu khien phu thupc rat nhieu vao su dn djnh va chinh xac eiia eac thiet bi do ludng. Ngoai cae thiet bi giam sat trang thai vj tri dang ON/OFF nhu eac eong tac hanh trinh, cae cdng tac ap suat, eac cdng tac gidi han nhiet dp, eac cdng tac bao mue,,..trong he thdng thiet bj ea khi thuy cdng cdn bao gdm thiet bi do va hien thj lien tuc nhu dp md eua cac cua van va mue nude hd chua.
C0 soitlnh toan, thidt kd
• S a do khoi chLrc nang tram dieu khien tai cho Nhu da phan tich trong mue tren, ehiing ta thay rang trong hau het cae he thdng thiet bi ca khi thuy cdng su dung trong nude hien nay thudng diing he thdng thuy Itic cho dieu khien nang ha cac cua van.
Hinh 2.1 neu sa dd khdi chue nang eua tram dieu
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Hinh 2.1: So do khoi tram dieu khien tai chd cho he thong dieu khien thuy luc nang ha cua van - he thong co khi thuy cdng
khien tai chd.
Trong dd thie't bi chap hanh eiia he thdng bao gom tram thuy It/c, xi lanh thuy lire, cae cua van va cac chd't treo.
- Khdi thiet bj ddng cat va bao ve ngudn ddng luc:
gdm eac thiet bi nhu ap td mat, cdng tae to, role nhiet,... cap ngudn cho eac ddng ca, cac thie't bi dieu khien,,. trong he thdng va dam bao cac chu'c nang bao ve ngan mach, qua tai, qua ap... ctja cae thiet bi.
Khdi nay se nhan cac tin hieu dieu khien tu cae ngucji van hanh qua cac cdng tac van hanh va tu thie't bi dieu khien PLC qua he thdng cac rale dieu khien.
- Khdi cac cdng tac van hanh: bao gdm cac nut an, den tin hieu, cac ddng hd hien thi trang thai etJa ca he thdng. Nd cd chii'c nang nhan cac tin hieu eua ngt/ai van hanh cho dieu khien he thdng va chue nang giao dien ngudi-may.
- Khdi PLC va he thdng dieu khien bao gdm eac bp PLC, chuang trinh dieu khien va cac role dieu khien diing cho viec giao tiep, ket ndi vdi cae thiet bi dieu khien, nhan cae gia trj do ludng va cac tin hieu dieu khien eua ngudi van hanh, Khoi nay cd chue nang dieu khien ttr ddng he thdng theo chuang trinh dat san, bao ve va canh bao, giao tiep truyen thdng vdi he thdng dieu khien tu xa (dieu khien nhom).
- Khdi cau dau ed ehuc nang la cae diem ndi ddng It/c va dieu khien den cac phan ngudn, he thdng thuy li/c, phan dieu khien va phan tram tu xa,
• So do khoi chLrc nang tram dieu khien tir xa
Cac khdi ehuc nang ciia tram dieu khien tu xa (dieu khien nhdm) van phai dam bao eac ehuc nang van hanh va dieu khien nhu tram dieu khien tai chd. Vi vay eac khoi chue nang ea ban ciia nd cung gidng nhu cac khdi ehuc nang ctia tram dieu khien tai chd.
Tuy nhien nd cd khac biet d khdi PLC va dieu khien so vdi tram dieu khien tai cho la ddi vdi tram tai chd thi phan dieu khien va chuang trinh ehi dam bao dieu khien cho mdt he thdng cua van. Cdn trong tram dieu khien tu xa, khdi nay phai dam bao dieu khien cho tat ea cac he thdng cua trong he thdng thie't bj ea khi thuy cdng. Quy mo ctia nd se phu t h u d c v a o quy md va sd luang cua van trong mdi du an. Ngoai ra ddi v(Ji tram dieu khien tu xa cdn cd them khdi tram van hanh tu xa va khdi dieu khien bus truyen thdng, Cae khdi nay dupe chi ra nhu sau:
- Khdi tram van hanh tu xa bao gom cac may tinh PO ed chua cae phan mem giao
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4 4 A u t o m d t i o n Toddy SO S (81) 2007
Nghien ciJu & T r a o d b i
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Hinh 2.2: So dd khoi tram dieu khien tii xa cho he thong dieu khien thuy luc nang ha cua van - he thong co khi thuy cong
Hinh 2.3: Goc dich chuyen va luc tac dung cua he cung
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Hinh 2.4: So do caiu triic dieu khien tieu chuan
dien dieu khien va giam sat toan bd he thdng, Nd ed the gdm mdt hay nhieu may tinh lam giao dien ngudi - may va mpt he thdng phan mem dieu khien, giam sat va thu thap du lieu,
- Khdi dieu khien bus truyen thong thudc tram dieu khien tu xa, nd eho phep ket ndi va truyen du lieu dieu khien cung nhu du lieu do ludng tu cac tram dieu khien tai chd vdi tram dieu khien tu xa va tram van hanh tu xa.
- Ngoai ra trong hau het cac du an deu yeu cau eho phep dieu khien he thdng eac thiet bj co khi thuy cdng tai tram dieu khien trung tam eiia nha may thuy dien, Trong sa dd khdi H 2.2 khdng the hien phan nay, vi tuy theo yeu eau eu the eua tung dti an ma cd the ddi hdi giao thue truyen thdng vdi trung tam dieu khien nha may la Ethernet, hay kieu bus truyen thdng nao dd nhu Modbus, Profibus .,, Nhung ehiing ta van phai quan tam den phan truyen thdng nay khi thuc hien du an.
• Xay dung mo hinh toan hpc va ham truyen he thdng
He thdng dieu khien cae thief bi co khi thuy cong cung nhu cac he thdng dieu khien thief bi khae, khi biet dupc eac thdng sd dpng hpc he thdng, ta cd the xay dting dupe ham truyen eiia he thdng thiet bi, Viec phan tich cae It/c tac ddng nhu chi ra tai hinh 2,3, Trong dd: 0 la true quay cua van cung, 0 ' la true quay ciia xilanh thuy Itie, Lue F tao ra bdi xilanh khi nang eua, G la trpng luc ciJa van cung va 0 la Itic can tao ra khi eua van djch chuyen dupe dac trung bang he sd can o etiia cua, la eac dai lupng veeta ed hudng tae dung nhu tren hinh ve. Gdc 'P\-'Pi la eac gdc djch chuyen ciia eua van va eua xi lanh, Chung fa se tim dupe ham truyen he thdng nhu hinh 2,4,
Vdi: /^ M-^.i^-^-. la eac hang dae trung eho It/e quan tinh ctia xi lanh, eua ddi tupng tdng hop va cua trpng eua (G); '',/. la hang sd thdi gian ctja ddi tuong,
• Xay dung thuat toan dieu khien
Can eu vao cac yeu eau cdng nghe cu the eiia tung du an, ham truyen cu the ctia ddi tuong dieu khien, ta cd the lap chuong trinh dieu khien dupe eho tung he thdng cu the. Ve nguyen tae dieu khien chung, thi chuang trinh dieu khien tai eac tram tai cho cung tuang tu nhu chuang trinh dieu khien tai tram dieu khien tu xa, Tuy vay nhung phan chuong trinh dieu khien tram tu xa cdn phai them eac tinh nang
S O S ( 8 1 ) POO I j dong hod ngdy ridy 45
Nghi(2n ctJ'u & T r a o d b i
SaveDP, DPL Hien thi,tra \t
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Hinh 2.5: So do thuat toan dieu khien thiet bi co khi thu cong
dieu khien lien dpng, tinh toan ra cae gia tri dp md cua van dua vao trang thai van hanh ciia he va kha nang thu thap, luu tru du lieu. Co ban, thuat toan dieu khien cua thiet bj co khi thuy cdng nhu hinh 2.5
Giai nhan cho san xu^t trong nndc
Nhu da phan tich trong cac phan tren thi vide lam chu eong nghe va chtJ ddng trong thiet ke, che tao cae he thdng dieu khien thiet bj co khi thuy cdng la mdt ddi hoi cap bach hien nay, nd vua la ca hdi va cimg la thu thach ddi vdi cac don vj ehe tao trong nude. Mong muon ehe tao dupe tat ea eac thiet bj ddi hoi cdng nghe cao de ngay cang nang cao ty le san xuat trong nudc la nhe tat nhien, nhung vdi trinh dp cdng nghe ehe tao trong nude hien nay chua eho phep chung ta ed the san xuat toan bd cac thiet bj dien, dieu khien nhu PLC, eac thiet bj ddng cat, cae thiet bl do ludng dat tieu chuan qudc te. Do dd viee chpn giai phap thiet ke tieh hap va lap trinh dieu khien de cd the cung cap ra thi trudng nhung he thdng dieu khien ddng bo chat luang cao la giai phap tdt nhat hien nay, Neu chung ta hoan toan lam ehu dupe eac
viec tu thiet ke, tich hpp, lap chuang trinh dieu khien va dua he thdng vao var- hanh dn dinh tren ca sd dap ung day diJ cac yeu cau cdng nghe dat ra thi ty le san xuat trong nudc da co the tinh la tren 50%,
Kdt luan
Nhung npi dung nghien ctiu va thtic hien tren day la ket qua khai quat thue te cua nhieu dt;
an thuy dien trong nudc hien nay nhu Budn-Kudp, A-Vuong, Sesan4, Plei-Krong... do Lien danh nha thau MIE-NARIME- VINAINCON thtic hien. Dac biet da rat nhieu hang mue thiet bj ca khi thuy cdng do Lien danh tht/c hien dupe nghiem thu, dua vao van hanh va sti danh gia cao cua Chu dau tu la eac Ban quan ly dti an thuy dien (ATD3, ATD4, ATD5...). Dieu do da chung minh cho y nghia tht/c tien va kha nang ung dung ctia nhung npi dung nghien cifu neu tren.
Nhu'ng thanh cdng budc dau trong tht/c te san xuat, nghien cuu va ehe tao he thdng dieu khien thiet bi ca khi thuy cong ctia cac ca sd trong nudc se la ddng luc de ehiing ta tien them trong vide lam chu thiet ke ehe tao cac he thdng thiet bi ddng bd mang nhan hieu Viet nam.D
Tai lieu tham khao:
1. Bill Qudc Khanh, Nguyen Van L i l n , Nguyen Thi Hien:
Truyen dong dien - NXB Khoa hoc va ky thuat 1996.
2. Siemens AG: Simatic STEP? User Manual - 2004.
3. Siemens AG: S7-300 Fuzzy control - 2004.
4. Nguyin Duy Thien (2003), Thilt ke va thi cong tram thuy dien nho, Nha xuat ban Xay dung.
5. P Fraenkel, O.Paish, V.Bokalders, A Harvey, A.Brown, R Edwards (1992), "Micro-Hydro Power", A guide for
development workers, Intermediate Technology Publishing.
6. "Engineering and Design Lock And Dam Gate Operating And Control Systems", U.S.Army Corps of Engineers, Washington DC, 2004.
7. "Water Resources Research Laboratory", www.Hydraulic Investigations and Laboratory Group Bureau of Reclamation U_S_ Department of the lnterior.htm
46 Automdtion Toddy S O :> ( 8 1 ) 2 0 0 7
