Xay dung Cpng dong ASEAN theo Hien chuang
m mm vm THAIW c m c DONG vAi^ HOA xA HOI ASEAN
K
hu vyc Ddng Nam A tu nhigu thap nign gan day da trd thanh tam digm chu y cua cdc nha nghien cuu trgn thg gidi bdi vi the ddc biet cua nd trong thg gidi hien dai. La khu vuc lich sfl van hod rieng ddng thdi cung la khu vuc chign luge, phdt trign nang ddng. Thyc tign cua Ddng Nam A da phdn dnh nhumg bien chuyen ldm cua the gidi. Vi vay, dg cd dugc sy hod hgp cua cdc quoc gia Ddng Nam A bat chap nhumg khdc biet ve che do chinh tri, trinh do phdt trign thi can phdi xem xet sy phdt trign vd gdn ket cua Ddng Nam A xet dudi gde do van hod vdi tu each Id nhirng gid tri vat chat, tinh than do con ngudi tao ra trong lich sfl. Dg thdy dugc rd net hom vg sy hinh thdnh, phdt trign cua vdn hod Ddng Nam A chung ta cd the nhin nhan thdng qua cac giai doan sau:- Giai doan dnh hudng bdi cdc qude gia phuang Ddng: Trong thdi gian ddi cfla lich sfl, cdc nudc Ddng Nam A da tigp nhan van hod cua An Do, Trung Qude, Arap kit hgp vdi van hod ban dia cua chinh minh dk xay dung nen nhumg ngn van hod mang tinh qude gia dan tdc trung dai. Day la thdi ki dot biln van hod thfl nhdt cua Ddng Nam A. Mdi giao luu van hod trong thdi ki nay chu ylu la giua timg nudc Ddng Nam A vdi cdc nudc cd nin vdn hod phdt trign hom ma nd da chiu dnh hudng. Cd trudng hgp mdi giao luu van hod diln ra gidn tigp chu ygu qua nhumg cugc di dan, bang tdn gido hoac hdn nhan hoac bdng
ThS. CHU MANH HONG * chien tranh xam luge, dp ddt, ddng hod. Dkn khi dd, gifla mdt sd nudc trong khu vuc ciing da xudt hien nhirng giao luu vdn hod nhdt dinh dign hinh nhu gifla nhumg nudc cung theo Phdt gido Theravada vd theo Islam. Day Id nhflmg mdi giao luu van hod ddu tien mang tinh khu vuc trudc khi ngudi Ddng Nam A cd y thflc vg khu vuc cua minh. Npi dung van hod thai ki ndy chu ygu d gde dp tdn gido vd trgn co sd tdn gido.
- Giai doan dnh hudng bdi cdc qude gia phuang Tay: Cdc nudc Ddng Nam A bi cac nudc tu bdn phuomg Tdy xam chigm vd cimg vdi quan ddi, bd mdy cai tri, phuomg tien may mdc, van hod phuong Tay da du nhdp d at vdo Ddng Nam A. Nhirng bien ddng ldn lao, sau xa da dua Ddng Nam A dgn vdi thg gidi hien dai trong khi bdn than Ddng Nam A vln dang tdn tai chg do phong kign. Sy tigp xuc vdi sue manh vat chdt, vdi nhihig ngn vdn hoa xa la tfl chd bi ddng rdi dgn chap nhdn bdi sue ep cua chfl nghTa tu bdn phuong Tay.
Ddng Nam A dflng trudc vdn de ddn tgc mdi me, khdng chi bdo ve md cdn phdi cdi tao vd xdy dyng. Khdng thi bdo v? dugc ddn tgc neu chi dya vdo vdn lieng cua qud khfl ma thdi.
Chinh van menh ddn tgc lai ddi hdi Ddng Nam A phdi nhanh chdng ehilm ITnh lay nhiing dinh cao mdi cua the gidi, ddc bi?t la vdn hod, khoa hge kT thudt cua phuong Tay
Giang vien Khoa ludt qu6c ti Trudng D^i hpc LuSt Ha N^i
34 TAP CHi LUAT H O C S6 9/2008
thi mdi cd thi bdo tdn dugc dan tgc. Ddy Id thdi ki dgt biln ldn thfl hai d Ddng Nam A.
Mdi giao luu vdn hod d thdi ki ndy chu ylu dien ra gifla cdc nudc Ddng Nam A vd cdc nudc phuong Tdy. Xet rigng vg van hod, quan he giao luu dd md rdng hom trudc cd ve khdng gian lln ndi dung. Thdri lp trudc, sy giao luu vdn hod mdi chi dien ra gifla cdc nudc phuang Ddng thi giai doan ndy da md rdng sang chdu Au, chau MT vd cd thi gidi tuy d mfle dg thdp, cd gidi ban vd mang tinh le thugc. Vg ndi dung, thai ki trudc giao luu van hod chi gidi ban d ITnh vuc tdn gido thi nay da md rdng ra hdu hgt cdc ITnh vuc cfla vdn hod, ddc biet Id cd khoa hge, kl thuat. Trong thdi ki ndy, tuy theo quan he chinh tri, vdn hod da hinh thdnh nhflmg cym qude gia tuomg doi gdn gui nhau. Mdc du chua hinh thdnh khu vuc Ddng Nam A thyc sy nhung mdi quan he gifla nhiing nudc trong khu vyc dd cd nhflmg thay ddi quan trgng. Mdi higm khich xung dot vd nhflng hdnh ddng chiln tranh xdm ehilm gifla cdc nudc trong khu vyc vdi nhau hdu nhu khdng cdn nfla, m$c du trong qud trinh xam luge cdc nudc tu bdn da dg lai nhumg hdu qud ndng ne d noi ndy, noi khdc nhung nhin chung bdn do quoc gia hien dai da dugc xde dinh. Cdc nudc trong khu vyc thi chi cd nhihig giao luu vdn hod gidn tiep qua nhflmg qu6c gia phuang Tdy vd ngdn ngfl phuang Tdy. Do sy so sdnh dinh vi trgn thg gidi, gifla hg dd ndy nd y thflc vl mdi quan he ldng gilng. Do cflng bi cdc nudc phuong Tdy xdm ehilm (trfl Thai Lan) gifla hg ciing cd nhiing m6i d6ng edm vl thdn phdn cua nhumg ngudi ddn thugc dia nhung y thflc vg mdi quan he khu vyc van chua dugc hinh thdnh.
Tfl thi ki thfl III trudc cdng nguygn da
xudt hien viec di lai qua vimg Ddng Nam A cfla cdc thuygn budn cdc nudc dg mua huong lieu, gia vi. Vdo thdi ki dd "mgc du gidi hgn dia li vd vi tri ciia nd cdn lu md, Ddng Nam A duac nhin nhan Id mdt viing thdn bi, nai sdn xudt huang lieu, gia vi vd nhiing sdn phdm ki lg khdc, cdn sinh sdng a day Id
nhimg con ngudi di bien thdnh thgo vd can ddm ".^'^ Khi nhumg con dudng budn bdn trgn ddt lien tfl Trung Qude qua Trung A dgn chau Au dugc thdng sudt thi viec budn bdn bdng dudng bien qua Ddng Nam A bi suy gidm. Ngugc lai, khi nhumg con dudng budn bdn trgn ddt lign bi tdc nghen thi giao luu kinh tg d Ddng Nam A lai hung thinh Ign vi khu vyc ndy kigm sodt con dudng bign quan trgng tfl A sang Au. Chinh vi nhdn thdy vi tri quan trgng cfla Ddng Nam A ngn ngudi chdu Au da xdm chigm khu vyc ndy nhdm tryc tilp kigm sodt Ddng Nam A, ndm ddc quygn con dudng budn bdn qude tg.
Khu vyc ndy hinh thdnh rd ret khi ngudi Anh lap ra Bg chi huy qudn sy Ddng Nam A trong thdi ki Chign tranh thg gidi thfl II nhdm hgp nhdt cdc nudc thudc dia tdch biet cfla cdc dg qude Anh, Hd Lan, Phdp, MT thdnh khu vuc chung. Tfl sy xudt hien khdi ni?m vg khu vyc Ddng Nam A nhu dd ngu thi cd thg thdy rang nhdn thflc vg tinh khu vuc cfla Ddng Nam A bdt ngudn tfl bgn ngodi Ddng Nam A.
Digu ndy phan ndo gidi thich ve sy cham tre cua mdi quan he giao luu gifla cdc nudc trong khu vyc vdi nhau. Cdc nudc ldn, ddc biet Id cdc cudng qude coi cdc nudc d Ddng Nam A trong sy phdn biet tryc tigp vdi Ddng A vd Nam A thudc mdt khu vyc dia li - Chinh tri - qudn sy rigng trong khi dinh doat nhumg chinh sdch chign luge chung todn cdu. Trong
TAP CHi LUAT HOC S 6 9/2008 35
Xay dung Cpng ddng ASEAN theo Hien chuang
khi dd chinh cdc nudc Ddng Nam A lai chua cd nhdn thflc rd ret vd ddy dfl vg tinh khu vuc cua minh. Viec nghign cuu vg Ddng Nam A cung bdt dau vd phdt trign manh d ngoai khu vyc nhu d Nhdt Ban, MT...
Sau Chiln tranh thi gidi thfl II vd thdi ki dau tranh gidnh ddc lap dan tdc, Ddng Nam A mdi xuat hien trgn bdn do chinh tri thg gidi nhu khu vyc chinh tri cd nhumg net tuong ddng rd ret. Tinh khu vyc cua Ddng Nam A luc ndy dugc xem xet trong mdi tuong quan vdi nhirng khu vyc dia li chinh tri khdc trgn thg gidi. Ddng Nam A dugc nhin nhdn nhu khu vyc khi nd bdt ddu cd vi tri nhat dinh trong ddi sdng chinh tri the gidi vd sdu xa hom nd cdn the hien tinh khu vyc vg van hod.
Trudc khi tigp xuc vdi An Do vd Trung Qude, cu dan Ddng Nam A dd cd ddi sdng vdn hod khd cao. Thdnh tyu rd nhat Id viec tao ra ngn ndng nghiep lua nudc. Ddng Nam A Id mdt trong ndm trung tdm xudt hien cdc cay trdng trgn thg gidi, thdm chi nhd bdc bgc MT CO. Sauer cdn cho rang trung tam cd nhdt cua ndng nghiep thg gidi Id vimg Ddng Nam A.*^^ Viec cdc cu dan Ddng Nam A trong thdi cd dai da tu minh phdt minh vd phdt trign ngn ndng nghigp lua nudc Id thyc tg lich sfl. Cay Ilia trd thdnh cdy luang thyc dign hinh cho phan ldn cdc dan tdc Nam A, Ddng Nam A, Ddng A vd ldm ndn dac trung van hod vat chdt cua hg. Trudc khi tigp xflc vdi vdn hod An Do, Trung Quoc, nguoL Ddng Nam A sdng trong ngn vdn hod Ddng Son cua minh.
Dd Id thdi ki vdn minh ddng thau d Ddng Nam A. Chigc trdng ddng phd bien rdng rai d Ddng Nam A la hien vat tieu bigu cua van hod khu vuc. Nghg luyen kun ciing da dugc phdt minh d Ddng Nam A, kT nghe due dong
da cho ra ddi nhiing sdn phdm vfla Id cdng cu lao ddng vua thi hien tinh vdn hod vd cd dnh hudmg ldn trong viec phdt trien xa hdi, kinh tl cua cdc nuoc Ddng Nam A. Mdt sd nudc dd mau chdng budc qua giai doan cudi cflng cua chg do thi tdc dat tdi trinh do mdt xd hgi phat trien hinh thdnh nhd nuoc, qude gia. Vg quan he gia dinh, ddng hg, chi do mau he Id net dac trung co bdn cua xa hdi cd truyen Ddng Nam A. Sau dd chuygn dan sang che do phu he do dnh hudmg cua Trung Qude, An Dp, Arap. Tuy vdy, trong xa hdi Ddng Nam A nhirng tdn du mau he van cdn khd dam nhu ngudi Cham, Jarai, Edg, Minangkabau... Td chflc xa hdi co bdn cfla Ddng Nam A Id ldng.
Khi mdri xuat hien, Idng Id don vi cu tru cua ngudi ddng tdc, khep kin, tdch biet, ty cuiig ty cdp vd mang tinh phdng ngy. Cd thg noi ldng Id td chflc ddc lap trong cdu true cua qude gia vd Id net ddc trung co bdn cua to chflc xa hdi cd truygn cua Ddng Nam A. '
Tfl nhirng ddc diem dd neu cua vdn hod Ddng Nam A cflng vdi ngdn ngfl, huygn thoai, tin nguong, phong tuc tap qudn... cua cdc cu ddn vd tdc ngudi d Ddng Nam A cd the nhin nhdn Ddng Nam A Id khu vyc dia li-vdn hod trudc khi trd thdnh khu vyc dia li - chinh tri.
Vdi cugc dot bien lan thfl nhat, Ddng Nam A budc vdo thdi ki phdt trign vdn hod rye ro. Cdc tdn gido hinh thdnh, cdc nen vdn hod qude gia dan tdc ciing xuat hien vd phdt trign. Tai ddy da xudt hien nhumg cdng tiinh nghe thudt ddc sdc dat den trinh dg cao nbu Angkor d Campuchia, Pagan d Myanmar, Borobudur d Indonesia. Vdri cugc dot biln vdn hod ldn thfl hai, Ddng Nam A budc vao thdi ki phat trign vdn hod mdi. Trong thdi ki ndy, nen vdn hod dan tdc dugc mo rdng ca ve
36 TAP CHi LUAT HOC S 6 9/2008
n^i dung vd hmh thflc. Net ddc trung cua van hod Ddng Nam A thdi ki ndy Id nd trd ngn hien dai hom vd qude tl hon trong khi van gifl gin vd phdt trign tinh truyin thdng dan tdc.
Sy giao luu vdn hod trong cd hai thdi ki dd chfl ygu mang tinh hudng ngoai: Thai ki thu nhdt Id nhumg ngn vdn hod cd dai phuang Ddng; thdi ki thfl hai Id ngn van hod cua cdc quoc gia tu bdn phuang Tdy.
- Giai doan de cao y thflc dan tdc vd tinh khu vuc: Ngdy nay, Ddng Nam A dflng trudc cugc ddt bign van hod ldn thfl ba. Ygu cau mdi cua thdi ki ndy Id xdy dyng ddt nudc thdnh nhflmg xd hdi phdt trign todn dien, trong dd sy phdt trign vg kinh tg vd van hod Id quan trpng hdng ddu. Tdt cd cdc qude gia dgu da gidnh dugc ddc lap vd vdi khung cdnh chinh tri mdi, y thflc dan tgc manh me Id net ndi bat trong tdt cd cdc nudc d Ddng Nam A. Cdc qude gia cd gdng tim lai sflc manh cua minh trong truygn thdng, lich sfl vd vdn hod ddn tgc. Vdn hod ddn tdc trong sy phdt trien ben vflng Id net ddc trung cfla cdc qude gia Ddng Nam A ngdy nay. Mat khdc, thdi ki ndy sy ndy nd rd ret y thflc vl tinh khu vyc tfl bgn trong cdc qude gia Ddng Nam A Id digm nhdn mdu chdt. Cdc nudc thdnh vign ASEAN bdt dau nh$n thflc vg mdi quan he vd le thudc lan nhau trong khu vyc dg dua dgn mdt sd chinh sdch chung chu ygu ddi vdi cdc nudc phdt trien vd cho phep ASEAN cd tigng ndi quan trpng hon trudc kia trgn trudng qude tg. Mdi quan h? khu vyc tao ndn sflc manh mdi cho ASEAN vd sy nhdn thflc vg mdi quan he dd Id ty gidc tu bgn trong bdn thdn cdc quoc gia Ddng Nam A. Trong thdi dai ngdy nay, quoc gia ddn tgc, khu vyc vd thi gidi Id ba pham tru quan trgng cd tdc dgng tuong ho vdi nhau.
Viec kit hgp kheo leo cdc pham tru trgn se tao ngn sflc manh tdng hgp de phdt trien. Vdi Ddng Nam A, hdi nhdp khu vyc dang Id ygu cdu khdch quan. Dg thflc ddy qua trinh ndy, viec ddy manh giao luu van hod trong khu vuc cd y nghia hgt sflc quan trgng. Myc dich cua viec giao luu van hod ndy Id vi hod binh vd phdt trign trong khu vyc.
Nhiing ndm gdn ddy, hien tugng li khai d mdt sd nudc Ddng Nam A cd chigu hudmg troi day: Indonesia thdnh cdng trong viec xdy dyng "quoc gia da dang trong sy thdng nhdt" ldm khudn mdu cho "Ddng Nam A da dang trong sy thdng nhdt" nay cung dumg trudc nhigu nguy co bi phd vd sy thdng nhdt bdi vdn dg d tinh Aceh-tinh gidu cd vd cd lich su gdn bd Idu ddi vdi Indonesia;
Philippine ddi phd vdi phong trdo Hdi gido li khai d Mindanao; Thdi Lan dang phdi ddnh nhigu cdng sflc de dn dinh 4 tinh phia Nam cua hg, noi sinh sdng cua nhflmg ngudi Muslim... Ldn sdng li khai gia tdng se dnh hudmg tdi an ninh khu vyc. Tinh hinh trgn xudt phdt tfl nhflmg bdt dn chinh tri cua cdc qude gia md ngudn gde sdu xa la do mau thuan ddn tdc, xung dot tdn gido vd cd tdc ddng khdng tdt tdi viec xdy dyng Ddng Nam A vdi tu cdch Id cdng ddng lign kgt cdc qude gia trong dd cd cdng ddng vdn hod.
D I duy tri an ninh vd tao ra sy hdi nhdp khu vyc, sy giao luu vdn hod trong dd cd viec nghign cflu khu vyc, tim higu van hod, cdn di trudc mdt budc dg md dudng vd chudn bi cho qud trinh ndy. Dd la Ddng Nam A hod binh vd phdt trien vd cung Id nhflmg vdn dg ddt ra cho cdc nudc vd khu vyc Ddng Nam A dflng nhu Tam nhin ASEAN 2020 dd nhdn manh: Xay dyng nhdm hdi hod cac
TAP CHi L U A T H O C S 6 9/2008 37
Xay dung Cpng ddng ASEAN theo Hien chuang
qude gia Ddng Nam A, hudmg ra bdn ngodi, song trong hod binh, dn dinh vd thinh vugng, gdn bd vdi nhau bang quan he ddi tdc trong phdt trign nang ddng vd trong cdng ddng cdc xa hdi dum bgc lan nhau.
Vdi nhan thflc vg mdi lign kgt khu vuc, cac quoc gia thdnh vign ASEAN da nhdt tri thdng qua bdn Hign chuang ASEAN dg thanh lap Cdng ddng ASEAN vdo nam 2015 trong dd cd Cdng ddng van hod-xd hdi. Cdng ddng ndy ddng vai trd Id mdt trong ba try cdt hgp tdc cua ASEAN trong hien tai vd tuong lai, cy thg la:
Thif nhdt: Cdng ddng van hod-xd hdi Id hien thyc hod Tdm nhin ASEAN 2020 vl hdi nhdp khu vyc nhdm hinh thdnh khu vyc ASEAN hod binh, dn dinh, higu bigt lan nhau, kinh tg-xa hdi phdt trign ddng ddu, gidm bdrt khodng cdch gidu - ngheo vd chgnh lech kinh tg.
Thii: hai: Cdng ddng van hod-xd hdi dya trgn sy hdi ty Igi ich cua cdc qude gia thdnh vign nhdm thuc ddy cdc nd luc ldm sdu sdc hom hdi nhdp vd Id tien dg dg md rdng lien ket trong cdc ITnh vyc khdc ddc biet Id trong ITnh vuc kinh te de dua ASEAN trd thdnh khu vuc cd khd nang canh tranh vg cdng nghe, cd ngudn nhan lye dugc ddo tao, cd mang ludi cdc vien nghign cflu khoa bgc vd cdng nghe.
Thie ba: Cdng ddng vdn hod-xd hdi se tao CO chg vumg chdc cho sy phdt trign bgn vumg, bdo ve mdi trudng vd cdc ngudn tdi nguyen thign nhign ciing nhu ndng cao chat lugmg cugc sdng cua nhdn ddn. Tao ra cdc quy tac flng xfl vd nhflmg bien phdp hgp tdc dg ddi phd vd gidi quygt d cap do khu vuc van dg ma tuy, budn ban phy nfl vd tre em, tdi pham xuygn qude gia.
Thu tu: Cdng ddng vdn hoa-xa hdi se tao
ra CO chi quan li vdi sy tham gia rdng rai cua nhdn dan, trong dd nhan pham cua con nguoi vd Igi ich cua cgng ddng dugc tdn trgng.
Thif ndm: Cdng ddng vdn hod-xd hdi la sy rdng md nhdt qudn ddc diem cua mdi dan tdc, la sy hdi hod gifla vdn hod khu vuc va vdn hod thg gidri vdri nhirng ygu cdu mang tinh khdch quan ciing nhu nhumg nhu cdu ndi tai cua chinh cac qude gia thdnh vien trong dd mgi ngudi dugc tiep can mdt cdch cdng bdng cac co hdi de phat trien khdng phdn biet gidi tinh, sdc tdc, tdn gido, ngdn ngii hoac ngudn gde van hod-xd hdi.
Thif sdu: Cdng ddng vdn hod-xd hdi coi gia dinh viing manh Id don vi co bdn cua xd hdi trong dd tre em, phy nfl, ngudi cao tudi, ngudi tdn tat dugc ddc biet quan tdm.
Nhu vay viec thdnh lap Cdng ddng ASEAN ndi chung vd Cdng ddng vdn hod-xd hdi ndi rigng Id mdt thich ung cua ASEAN trudc tinh hinh qude te cd nhigu bign ddng, dd Id viec lam cy thg dg hien thyc hod Tdm nhin ASEAN 2020. Khdng nhumg vay vi?c hinh thdnh Cdng ddng van hod-xd hpi ASEAN cdn bdt ngudn tfl chinh nhu cdu npi tai cfla cdc nudc ASEAN bdi moi nudc ngodi nhiing dac digm van hod, xd hdi mang tinh truygn thdng cdn bi dnh hudng vd bi chi phdi bdi cdc ylu td ben ngodi cd nguon goc van hod. Giao luu van hod dien ra ngdy cdng manh me ddi hdi ASEAN hon luc ndo het can phdi khdng dinh bdn sac cfla rieng minh trong thg gidi da dang vd ludn bign ddi./.
(1). Donald G.Mc. Cloud, System and Process in Southeast Asia, Westwie Press, USA, 1986, P. 10 (2).Xem: GS. Nguyen T^n DSc, Vdn hoa Dong Nam A, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hdi, Ha Ndi, 2003, tr.332..
38 TAP CHi LUAT H O C S 6 9/2008
