Tap chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Phgm Van Ngot vd tgk
VAI TRO CUA RlTNG
N G A PMAN VEN BIEN VIET NAM
• • •
PHAM V A N N G Q T * , Q U A C H V A N T O A N E M " , N G U Y E N KIM H Q N G " * , T R A N T H | T U Y ^ T NHUNG*"*
TOM TAT
Rimg ngdp man la h^ sinh thdi chuyen tiep giiea mdi trudng bien vd mdi trudng nudc nggt, cd vai trd to ldn ve kinh te vd sinh thdi - mdi trudng nhung do nhieu nguyen nhdn nhu: phd rieng de ldm ddm nudi tdm, sdn xudt ndng nghidp, dong mudi, do dd thi hda, khai thde qud muc... dien tich vd chdt lugng rieng nggp mgn nudc ta ngdy cdng gidm sut. Qua bdi bdo ndy, giup nhdn thiec day du ve vai trd cua rieng ngdp man ven bien nudc ta.
Tir khda: rimg ngdp mdn Vift Nam, vai trd rimg ngdp mdn Vift Nam, rimg ven bien Viet Nam, he sinh thdi rimg ngdp m ^ .
ABSTRACT
The role of Mangroves in Viet Nam coast
The Mangroves found in tropical and subtropical tidal areas include estuaries and marine shorelines play very important role in economic and ecological environment; but due to many reasons, these have been destroyed for: firewood, shrimp pond, agricultural production,- salt pan, urbanization, over exploitation,... so the area and quality of mangroves in Viet Nam lower day by day. This article is about rising awareness of people on the role of mangroves in Viet Nam coast.
Keywords: Mangroves, the role of mangroves in Vietnam, the forest in Vietaam coast. Mangroves ecosystem.
1. Md" dau
Rimg ngdp mdn (RNM) la loai rimg phdn bd d vimg eua sdng, ven biln nhift ddi va can nhift ddi, noi cd thiiy trieu ra vdo hdng ngdy.
Vift Nam cd difn tich ddt liln: 331 698km^ tir 8° 10 tdi 23°24 vT Bdc, bd biln ddi 3260km, khi hdu nhift ddi gid miia, nhift do trung binh ndm Id 27°C d miln Nam, 2I°C d miln Bdc; lugng mua trung binh 2000mm/ndm vdi ede hf thdng sdng ldm: sdng Hdng, sdng Ddng Nai - Vdm Cd, sdng Cim Long da hinh thdnh nen thdm thue vdt RNM ven biln xanh tdt tir Qudng Ninh din Hd Tien.
2. Thdi gian, dia diem va phvo^ng phap nghien cihi 2.1. Th&i gian: ndm 2010 din ndm 2011
2.2. Phuang phdp nghien cuu
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"JJ^S, Trudyng Ogi hpc Su pham TPHCM
*** PGS TS, Trudng Ogi hpc Su pham TPHCM
**** HVCH, Trudyng Ogi hpc Su phgm TPHCM
Tap chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM S6 33 ndm 2012
2.2.1. Nghien ciru tdi li?u
Thu thap cdc tdi lifu ed lien quan nhu bdn do hifn tr^ng, bdn do dja hinh, thd nhudng, dja chat, khi hdu, thuy vdn, thyc v^t, dilu kifn kinh tl - xd hgi eua khu vyc nghien eim,... dl ed mgt cdi nhin tdng qudt ban dau ve noi khdo sdt; biet dugc nhiing van dl gl dd nghien ciru, nbOmg v4n de gl sir dyng dugc, ngi dung ndo can tiep tyc nghien eim,...
2.2.2. Thuc dia
Khdo sdt vd thu mau duge tiln hdnh d mgt so rimg ngdp m^n eua cdc tinh ven biln Nam Bg nhu Can Gid TPHCM, Th?inh Phu - Bdn Tre, Cii lao Dung Sdc Trdng, Vinh Hdu - B^e Lieu, Vudn Quoc gia Dat Mui - Cd Mau, Bd Ria - Vung Tdu; vdi 3 dgt thye dja:
Dgt 1: tir ngdy 05 din ngdy 12 thdng 6 ndm 2010 , Dgt 2: tir ngdy 15 din ngdy 20 thdng 12 ndm 2010, Dgt 3: tir ngdy 25 thdng 4 din ngdy 3 thdng 5 ndm 2011.
3. Difn tich vd phan bo rirng ng^p mdn ven bien nydrc ta
Theo Bg Ndng nghifp & Phdt triln Ndng thdn (2008), hifn nay ed nuoc chi cdn khodng tren 209 741 ha t^p trung chu ylu d viing ven biln Nam Bg (128 537ha).
Phan Nguyen Hong (1993) dd chia RNM nude ta thdnh 4 khu vyc, hinh I:
- Khu vuc I: Ven bien Ddng Bdc, tit mui Nggc (Mdng Cdi) den mQi Dd San;
Khu vyc cd ddo ehe chdn, ede sdng ed dg ddc cao, ddng chdy manh, dem phii sa ra tan biln, edn dgc ede triln sdng rdt it bdi lay (sdng Bdc Giang, sdng Bdc Khe, sdng Ddng Ddng); do mdn dn dinh 26 27,5%o; miia ddng 1 ^ 15 - 19°C, vi thi RNM d day kem phdt trien, cdy eao 8 - 10m.
Khu vuc II: Ven bien dong bdng Bdc Bg, tit miii Dd San den mui Lgch Trudng (Thanh Hda);
Vimg boi ty ciia hf thong sdng Hong cd nhieu phii sa, bdi bdi rgng; cd nhieu sdng gid, khdng ed ddo ehe chdn; dg m$n thay ddi nhilu, vdo miia mua: 5 - 0,5%o, vdo mua khd 23 24%o. Hifn nay khu vyc ndy cd hom 8000ha RNM, chu ylu Id rimg trdng dl bdo vf de bien trong nhiing ndm gan ddy.
Khu vuc III: Ven bien Trung Bg, tie mui Lgch Trucmg Dd Scm den miii VUng Tau;
Viing boi ty eiia hf thong sdng ngdn, ddc; ba biln ddc, it phii sa; vimg nhieu gio bdo; ed it RNM trong ede eira sdng, trong cdc ddm phd gdm nhihig cay gd, cay byi nhd.
- Khu vuc IV: Ven bien Nam Bd, tit mui Viing Tdu den mui Ndi (Hd Tien).
Vimg boi ty eiia hf thdng sdng Ddng Nai, sdng Guru Long, gidu phu sa, bai bdi rgng, it gid bdo; RNM phdt triln tot, cdy eao 20 - 30m.
4. Vai tro rimg ngap mdn ven bien Vift Nam
RNM nude ta ed vai trd quan trgng trong vifc bdo ve bd biln, ngan chan gid bao, han cbl xdi Id, md rdng difn tich ddt liln vd dieu hda khi h$u.
Tgp chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Phgm Vdn Nggt vd tgk
RNM khdng nhirng cung cdp cac lam san ed gia trj nhu gd, ciii, than, tanin ma cdn la ngudn cung cap thiic an cho cac loai thuy san, la noi cu tni va lam td cua nhieu loai chim, ddng vat d nudc, thu quy hiem.
4.1. Rieng nggp man Id nai luu trir, cung cdp ngudn tdi nguyen dgng thuc vgt 4.1.1. Sdn phdm ldm nghiep
RNM nuoc ta cd nhieu loai cay ngap man cd nhQ'ng cdng dung sau:
- 30 loai cdy eho gd, than, ciii;
24 loai cdy lam phan xanh, eai tao dat, giir dat;
21 lodi cay dimg lam thudc;
21 lodi cay cho mat nudi ong;
14 loai cdy cho tanin;
9 loai cdy ehu thd cdnh kien dd;
1 lodi cdy eho nhya sdn xudt nudc gidi khdt, dudng, edn.
Ngodi ra, mdt sd lodi eay diing trong cdng nghifp: libe lam nut chai, cho sgi, lam gidy, van ep... {Phan Nguyen Hdng vd Hodng Thi Sdn, 1984, 1993).
Hifn nay, eac khu rimg ngdp man ven biln nudc ta thude loai rimg ddc dyng (28 31 Ilia) vd rimg phdng hd (118 715ha) cdn duoc bdo vf nghiem ngdt, khdng duge khai thde gd, than, ciii, tanin (hinh 1).
Hinh 1. Khai thac gd Dudc tie rimg sdn xudt
4.1.2. Rimg ngdp man Id nai cung cdp thiec dn cho cdc lodi ddng vdt, ddc biet cho cdc lodi thuy sdn
Vat ryng (Id, cdnh, ehdi, hoa, qud) eua cdy RNM duge cdc vi sinh vdt phdn buy thdnh mim ba huu eo Id nguon thuc dn eho ede lodi thuy sdn. Trong qua trinh phan buy, lugng dam tren ede mdu la tang 2 - 3 ldn so vdi ban ddu (Kaushik vd Hynes, 1971).
Tap chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM So 33 ndm 2012
Rims
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//i/iA 2. f^dr r««g ciia RNM Id thuc dn cua cdc lodi thuy sdn
Rimg dude Ca Mau cung cdp mgt lugng rai 9,75 tdn/ha/ndm; trong do lugng roi eua Id chilm 79,71% (Nguydn Hodng Tri, 1986). Rimg dudc 12 tudi trdng d Can Gid eung cap lugng roi trung binh 8,47 tan/ha/ndm; trong dd Id chiem 75,42% (Vien Ngoc Nam vd cs, 1996)
Theo Klaus Schmitt (2009) eo van trudng Dy dn GTZ CZM - Bdo tdn rimg ngdp man Sdc Trdng, eii moi hecta RNM eho 3,6 tan mim bd him co/ndm, ddy Id ngudn thiic dn eua nhieu lodi ed bien (hinh 2).
4.1.3. Rimg ngdp man la nai cu trii, nudi dudng cdc lodi dgng vdt. cdc lodi thuy sdn RNM khdng nhumg Id ngudn eung cdp thiire dn md edn Id noi eu tni, nudi dudmg con non eua nhilu lodi thuy sdn ed gid tri, ddc bift Id cdc lodi tdm su, tdm biln xudt khdu.
Trong vdng ddi eiia mgt sd ldm cdc lodi cd, tdm, eua... ed mgt hodc nhilu giai doan bdt huge phdi sdng trong cae viing nude ndng, eiia sdng ed RNM.
Loai tdm the {Penaeus merguiensis) ed tap tinh de d biln, cdch xa bd chimg 12km (Ong vd cs., 1980), do tdc ddng eua ddng nude vd thay ddi cua nuac ft-ilu, sau khi tning thy tinh, du triing chuyin vdo viing nude ven bdr, bai ddn vdo cira sdng theo nude trilu len, thudng tim nhumg vimg nuoc ndng cd gid bdm nhu bui cd, rd cdy..., sau dd di sdu vdo kenh rach RNM. Chiing sinh trudng vd phdt triln a dd eho tori khi thdnh
Tap chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Phgm Vdn Nggt vd tgk
thuc, thudng tir 3 - 4 thang. Q giai doan trudmg thanh thi chiing lai bat dau di cu ra bien de de. RNM d day vira la noi bdo vf vira la nai nudi duong con non.
Cd Ddi {Mugil cephalus) eung cd tap tinh de ngodi bien, sau dd con non theo nudc trilu di vdo kenh rach RNM, thuc dn chu ylu la miin ba hiiu co phan buy tir cay RNM. Ngudi ta thudng gdp timg ddn ca Dpi, cd khi vdi sd lugng rat ldn trong cdc kenh rach RNM.
Hinh 3. Tdm the Hinh 4. Cd Ddi
4.1.4. Rimg ngdp man gdp phdn duy tri ben virng ndng sudt thuy sdn ven bd
Hf sinh thdi RNM dugc coi Id hf sinh thdi ed ndng sudt sinh hoc rdt eao, ddc bift la ngudn lgi thuy sdn. Ude tinh tren moi hecta RNM ndng sudt hdng ndm la 91kg thuy san (Snedaker, 1975).
Binh qudn tren mdi hecta ddm lay RNM eho ndng suit hang nam la 160kg tdm xudt khdu (Chan, 1986). Mdt ki-ld-met vudng rimg ngdp man cd the cung cdp lugng danh bdt khodng 450kg hdi sdn d ddng bdng sdng Curu Long (Trung tdm Bdo tdn Sinh vat biln vd Phdt triln Cdng ddng (MCD), 2008). Moi hee-ta RNM bi tan phd ldm mat moi ndm 1,08 tdn cd (Klaus Schmitt, 2009).
RNM bdo vf rdt ed hifu qud eac dam nudi tdm, eua. Thdng 8 ndm 1996, khi com bao sd 2 dd bd vdo Thdi Binh, cdc ddm tdm, dam eua eiia Thyy Hdi, Thyy Xudn vd Thuy Trudng dugc bdo vf tdt nhd ed RNM, trong luc hdu hit cdc ddm d Nam Phii, Nam Thjnh, Nam Hung thudc huyf n Tiln Hdi diu bi sat Id bd, ed mdt sd ddm vo bd vd ngudi nudi tdm mdt hit vdn do RNM bi pha,... Nghien eim eiia Mazda vd cdng sy (1997) d xd Thyy Hdi, buyfn Thdi Thyy, tinh Thdi Binh ehi rd vai trd eua RNM ldm giam do eao eiia sdng biln, bdo vf ede bd ddm nudi thuy sdn. Vdi ddi rirng Trang {Kandeiia obvata) trdng 6 ndm tudi rdng 1,5km da gidm do eao eua sdng bien tir Im xudng edn 0,05m khi vdo bd ddm nudi Cua vd bd ddm nguyen ven; trdi lai noi khdng cd RNM sdng biln vdo din bd eao 0,75m vd bd ddm xdi Id.
Tap chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM So 33 nam 2011
Hinh 5. Cdc hogt dgng ddnh bat thuy sdn a RNM
Tap chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Phgm Vdn Nggt vd tgk
Co [•ii'n<7 n g a p ni.iii
KlioiiiT CO rii'iip n g a p m a n
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Hmh 6. RNM bdo ve cdc ddm nudi thuy sdn
(Ngudn: Mazda vd cdng su, 1994) 4.1.5. Rimg nggp man la nod cu tru nhieu lodi ddng vdt tren cgn
RNM nude ta Id noi luu tni nhieu lodi ddng vat quy hilm nhu: Cd sdu nude Ig, cdc lodi chim nude, Khi dudi ddi... RNM edn Id noi dimg chdn cua nhilu lodi chim di cu tir phuang Bdc, tao nen nhung sdn chim ed nhieu lodi quy hiem nhu: Cd md thia, Bd ndng, Giang sen...
4.2. Rimg nggp man cd vai tro sinh thdi - mdi tru&ng vd ciing to l&n 4.2.1. Rimg ngdp man la Id phdi xanh
y p
RNM dieu hda khi hdu trong viing, ldm khi hdu diu mdt hom, gidm nhift do tdi da va bien do nhift, giiip ban cbl sy bdc hai nude viing ddt RNM, giir dn djnh do man Idp ddt mat, ban cbl sy xdm nhdp mdn vdo ddt liln. RNM hdp thy CO2, thdi ra O2 ldm khdng khi trong Idnh, gidm hifu iimg nhd kinh. Rimg ngdp man 1 ndm tudi cd the hdp thu 8 tan C02/hee ta/ndm vd khd ndng hdp thy eua khi CO2 tdng theo do tudi eiia cdy rung (Nguyin Thj Hdng Hanh, 2010). Vdi difn tich gdn 27 500 ha, mdi nam rimg ngdp man d Cdn Gid hdp thu duoc hom 9,5 trifu tdn CO2 (Vien Nggc Nam, 2011).
4.2.2. Rimg ngdp man la qud than xanh
Cdc ddng chdy tir ndi dia - noi cd nhiing khu cdng nghifp, khu ddn eu ddng diic - mang theo nhilu chdt thdi trong sinh boat, y tl, cdng nghifp, ndng nghifp eiing vdi ede hda chdt du thira khi qua viing RNM ven biln duge hf rl eay ngdp man ed rat nhilu vi sinh vdt phdn hiiy, biln chiing thdnh thiie dn eho hf sinh vat d ddy, lam trong sach nude
Tap chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM S6 33 ndm 2012
bien. Chinh vi thd ngudi ta da vi RNM la qua than khdng Id Igc ede chat thai cho mdi trudng viing ven bicn.
4.2.3. Rirng ngdp man Id hire tirdng xanh virng chdc
Cac boat ddng ciia con ngudi trong san xuat cdng nghifp, trong giao thdng van tai, do pha rirng da lam cho lugng khi thai gay hieu irng nha kinh trong khi quyen ngay cang tang eao, lam bien doi khi hau. Trudc thdi ki each mang cdng nghifp ndm 1750, lugng CO: on djnh d mirc 0,028% nhung hifn nay lugng CO: dd len den 0,0386% lam cho nhiet do Irai Ddt am dan len. Tir nam 1870 2004, mue nude bien dd tdng 19,5cm;
vdi tdc do tang dac bift nhanh trong vdng 50 ndm gan day. Uy ban lien Chinh phu ve Bien ddi Khi hau (The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)) eua Lien Hgp Quoc da canh bao myc nudc bien tren toan cdu dang tdng nhanh \a cd the tdng them 34cm lrong the ki nay. Iheo bao cao ciia Bg Tai nguyen Mdi trudmg ngay 20-8- 2009, 50 ndm qua, nhiet dg trung binh d Vift Nam da tdng khodng 0,5 0,7'^C, muc nudc bien da dang khoang 20cm.
Bien ddi khi hau lam tdng cudmg do, tan sd bao \ a lu lut. Mdi ndm trung binh co khoang 6 com bao dd bd vdo viing bien Vift Nam. Trong giai doan gdn ddy vdi sy bien ddi eua khi hdu ndi chung va trong boat ddng ciia bao ndi rieng eho thdy bdo vd dp thap nhift ddi xudt hifn trong khu vuc Vift Nam ed xu the tdng len va djch chuyen ddn tir Bdc vdo Nam theo thdi gian vd gay ra nhieu tac hai:
Bao sd 5 - Linda (ngdy 02-11-1997) quet qua viing ven bien Nam Bg vd dd bo vdo Cd Mau - Kien Giang vdi sire gid manh cap 9, cdp 10, lam gdn 3000 ngudi chet va mat tich, hang chuc ngdn tau thuyen bj ddm;
- Bao so 9 Durian (ngdy 05-12-2006) chay dgc bo biln Nam Trung Bd, phd tan hoang cac thj tran, ldng mac ven bien Binh Thudn, Ninh Thudn rdi bdt thdn dp vdo Ba Rja Vung Tau, sau dd, tilp tyc "cdn quet'" cae tinh Bin Tre, Tiln Giang, Cdn Tho...
da lam 50 ngudi chit, 55 ngudi mdt tich. 409 ngudi bj thucmg (164 ngudri bj thucmg ndng); cd 119 314 nhd bj sap, dd, tdc mdi. 888 tdu thuyin bj chim.
- Nhimg trdn lu Ijch sir dd tan pha cac tinh miln Trung nudc ta (Nghf An, Hd TTnh, Thira Thien Hul, Qudng Nam, Quang Ngai, Phu Yen, Binh T h u ^ ...) vdo nam 2010.
Khi nhung com bao \ov\ do bg vdo nude ta, noi ndo RNM duge trdng vd bdo vf tot thi cdc de biln vimg dd van vumg vdng trudc sdng to gid ldm, dii Id de biln duoc ddp tir ddt nf n; trong khi nhimg tuyln de biln duge xdy dung kien cd bdng be tdng bode ke da nhung RNM bj ch|t phd dl chuyin sang nudi tdm nhu d Cdt Hdi (Hdi Phdng), Hdu Lpc (Thanh Hda) thi van bj phd tan vd.
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Vdn de sdng than dd va dang de dga nhilu qudc gia d vimg Nam A. Dgt sdng than khung khilp ngdy 26-12-2004 da tdn phd ndng nl d ede vimg ven biln cua Indonesia, An Do, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thdi Lan... idm eho 226 000 ngudi chit. Ngay 25-10-2010, mdt tran sdng thdn xuat hifn d Indonesia khiin hom 700 nguai chit vd mdt tich. Ngudi ta nhdn thay noi ndo cd thdm xanh cua rimg phi lao vd RNM thi tdc hai cua song than duge gidm thilu ddng kl. Nhimg thdn ldng d phia sau RNM vai bang rimg rdng gdn nhu edn nguyen ven vi ndng lugng sdng dd duge gidm tir 50% din 90%, nen
Tap chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Phgm Vdn Nggt vd tgk
thift hai vl ngudi rdt thap, giam 50% 80% hoae khdng bi tdn thdt so vdi noi khdng cd RNM.
O nudc ta, dau chua ed bdng chimg xac dang ve sdng thdn xay ra trong qua khir, tuy nhien cae nha khoa hgc cho biit eung khdng thd chu quan vdi hilm hpa nay. Vift Nam nam a vj tri cd xdc suat xay ra sdng than nhd nhung d viing Biln Ddng phia tay Philippines ed mgt dirt gay cd the gay ra ddng dat cap 9 va sdng than. Chi trong vdng 2 3 tieng, song thdn cd the dp den Vift Nam va viing bien mien Trung cd nguy co bi tan pha ndng ne nhdt.
Rd rdng, vdnh dai xanh RNM nudc ta la "biic tudng xanh" vimg chdc bao vf eu dan viing ven bien, han cbl tac hai cua gid bao va sdng than khi chung xudt hifn.
4.2.4. Ma rdng dien tich ddt bdi, hgn che xdi la
Sy phdt trien ciia RNM vd md rdng difn tich dat bdi la hai qua trinh ludn di kem nhau. O nhiing viing ddt mdi bdi cd dg man cao cd cac thyc vat tien phong la loai Mam trdng, Bdn ddng; vimg cira sdng vdi do man thap hom cd Ban chua. Mam trang. Re cdy ngdp man, dac bift la qudn the thuc vat tien phong moc day ddc cd tac dung lam cho tram tich bdi ty nhanh hom, vira ngan chdn tac ddng cua sdng bien, gidm tdc do gid, vira lam vdt cdn cho trdm tich Idng dgng. RNM cdn cd tac dung ban che xdi Id vd cdc qua trinh xdm thue bd bien.
Hinh 7. Mam trdng tien phong tren bdi bdi miii Cd Mau
5. Ket luan va kien nghi .f.
5.7. Ket luan
RNM ed vai trd to ldm vl kinh tl vd sinh thdi - mdi trudng nhung do nhilu nguyen nhdn nhu: phd rimg dl ldm ddm nudi tdm, ldy ddt sdn xudt ndng nghifp; ldm ddng muoi, do dd thi hda, khai thde qud mire... difn tich vd chdt lugng RNM nude ta ngdy cdng gidm siit.
Tap chl KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM So 33 ndm 2012
5.2. Kien nghj
Nhan thirc day du vai trd cua hf sinh thdi ndy chiing ta cdn phdi bdt tay hdnh ddng:
Bdo vf nghiem ngdt nbOmg khu RNM hifn nay dang ed. Bdo vf da dang sinh hpc cua hf sinh thai RNM.
- Cdn quy hoach hgp li nha:ng viing nudi tdm. Nai ndo RNM qua mdng, vimg dat ngdp mdn khdng ed rimg edn trdng lai RNM, dam bao dg day edn thilt de phdng chong gid bdo, sdng thdn.
Cdn ddy manh cdng tdc tuyen truyin gido dye de ndng eao nhdn thirc cua cpng ddng trong cdng tdc qudn li bdo vf rimg. Cdn nghien eiiu xdy dung ede md hinh sinh ke ben vumg cho ngudi ddn viing RNM.
Cdn ddu tu xdy dyng kit edu ha tang (giao thdng, difn, nude sinh boat...), cdc cdng trinh phiic Igi xa hgi nhdm gdp phdn cdi thif n vd ndng eao ddri sdng vdt chat va tinh than nhdn ddn.
Thudng xuyen rd sodt ede vdn ban quy pham phdp ludt de de xudt ehinh sira, bd sung cho phii hgp vdi thue tien eiing nhu ddc diem rieng timg viing.
TAI Lif U THAM KHAO
1. Bd Ndng nghifp yd Phdt trien Ndng thdn (2008), De dn Phuc hdi vd phdt trien rimg ngdp man ven bien giai dogn 2008 - 2015, 51 tr.
2. Phan Nguyen Hdng, Le Xudn Tudn, Vu Thuc Hiin (2007), Vai trd cua h$ sinh thdi rimg ngdp man vd rgn san hd trong vi^c gidm nhe thien tai vd cdi thi^n cudc sdng ven bien, Nxb Ndng nghifp Hd Ngi.
3. http://dubaobien.vn/dhkhtn/
A. http://www. mabvietnam. net/Vn/MERDl -vn. htm
(Ngiy Ida so^n nhin dirge bii: 13-9-2011; ngiy chip nhin ding: 27-9-2011)
