TAP c i i CONB THUdNG
MOT SO KIEN NGHI
NHAM HOAN THIEN CAC QUY DINH CUA LUAT THI HANH AN DAN Si/ VIET NAM
• TRAN CONG THINH
TOM TAT:
Lual Thi hdnh dn ddn .sff 2008, su'a doi bd' sung 2014 dffdc ban hanh da gdp phan Idm cho cdng Idc thi hdnh dn ddn stf cd nhffng chuyen bie'n tich cffe, bao dam thtfc hien dtfdc muc dich xet xtf ciia Tda dn, bao ve dtfdc ldi ich ciia Nba ntfdc, bao ve dtfpc cdc quyen, ldi ich hdp phdp ciia cdc to chffc kinb le. td' chtfc xd hdi va cdng dan. Tuy nhi8n, thtfc tidn eiing ehi ra r^ng, nhieu quy pham phdp ludt da bpe Id nhffng bat cap, can tie'p tuc dtfdc hodn thien. Bdi vie't de xua't mpt sdkien nghi nhdm hoan thien cdc quy djnh cua Ludt Thi hdnh dn dan stf Vipt Nam.
Tff khda: Thi hdnh dn dan stf, cha'p nhdn vien. vd ttf, khach quan, ngtfdi thdn thich.
I. D^t vd'nde
Luat Thi hanh dn ddn stf (THADS) 2008 cd hieu Itfc Iff ngdy 01/7/2009 (va dtfpc su'a ddi bo sung nipt sddieu ndm 2014. cd hieu Itfcke tff ngay 01/07/2015) Id mdt cd sd phdp ly quan trpng. lao dieu kien thuan ldi cho viec id chtfc THADS. Viec ban hdnh Ludt THADS \'di cdc quy pham phdp ludt difdc sii'a doi. bo sung kip thdi vd dtfdc dp dung Irong thtfc tien dd gdp phan lam cho cdng tde THADS cd nhtfng chuyen bie'n tich ctfc. bao dam Ihffc hien dtfdc muc dich xet xtf cua Tda dn, bdo \ e dtfdc ldi ich ciia Nha ntfdc. bao \ e dtfdc cdc quyen.
ldi ich hdp phdp cua cac to' chtfc kmh le'. to chtfc xa hdi \ ii cdng dan; cung cd' hieu Itfc ciia phdp ludt.
tang ctfdng phap che' \d hpi chu nghTa. gdp phan ndng cao vi the. uy tin cua cdc cdquan b a o \ e phdp ludt ndi chung va cd quan THADS ndi rieng. Tu>
nhien. thtfc tien cung chi ra rdng. nhieu quy pham phdp ludt da bdc Id nhtfng ba't edp. can tie'p tuc dtfdc nghien ctfu. stfa dd'i. bd' sung vd htfdng dan dp dung dc nana cao hdn nffa hieu qua cdng tde
THADS, bao dam nhanh chdng, kip thdi va chinh
\ac quyen vd ldi ich chinh ddng cua cdc chi5 the khi tham gia quan he phdp luat THADS. Trong pham VI bdi vie't ndy, Idc gia phdn tich vd de xuat hoan Ihien mdt sd'quy pham phap Luat THADS.
2. Npi dung
2.1. Vc nhiing viec Chd'p hdnh vien (CHV) khdng diiifc ldm
Nhdm ddm bdo stf liem chinh, khdch quan, vo ttf cua CHV trong qud trinh Ihi hanh ban dn, quyel dinh da cd hieu Itfc phap luat cua Tda dn cflng nhif cua cdc cd quan cd tham quyen, Dieu 21 Luat THADS quy djnh CHV khdng dtfdc lam nhffng viec sau day:
1. Nhffng viec ma phdp lual quy dinh cdng chtfc khdng dtfdc lam.
2 Ttf va'n cho dtfdngstf. n^.' cd quyen ldi, nghia vu lien quan dan dC-n ;0c THA trdi phap luat.
3. Can thiep trai phap ludt \,M. ,^, gtdi quyet vu \iec thi hanh an hodc ldi dyu- anh I. ,'.>ng cua
54 So 9 - T h a n g 5/2020
LUAT
minh lac ddng de'n ngtfdi cd trdch nhiem THA.
4. Sd dung trdi phdp vai chtfng. lien, tdi san THA.
5. Thtfc hien viec THA lien quan de'n quyen, ldi ich ciia ban than vd nhtfng ngtfdi sau ddy:
a) Vd, chong, con d5, con nudi;
b) Cha de. me de, cha nudi, me nudi, dng npi, ba npi. dng ngoai, ba ngoai, bdc, chti, cau, cd, di \ a anh, chi, em rupt cua CHV, cua vd hodc chong cua CHV;
c) Chdu rupt ma CHV Id dng, ba, bdc, chu, cau, cd. di.
6. Su'dung the CHV, trang phue, phu hieu THA, cdng ctJ hd trd de lam nhffng viec khdng ihudc nhiem vu, quyen ban dtfdc giao.
7. Sdch nhilu, gdy phien hd cho cd nhan, cd quan, to chffc trong qua trinh Ihtfc hien nhiem vu THA.
8. Co' y thi hdnh trdi ndi dung ban dn, quye't djnh; tri hodn hodc keo dai thdi gian giai quye't viec THA dtfdc giao khdng cd can cff phdp luat.
- Trong cdc quy dinh neu tren, tde gia cho rdng.
quy dinh tai khoan 2 {CHV khdng dtfdc ttf van cho du'dng stf, cho ngtfdi cd quyen ldi, nghTa vu lidn quan dan de'n viec THA trdi phap luat) la chtfa hdp ly. can dtfdc su'a ddi, bd' sung.
Trtfdc he't, can phai khdng dmh viec quy dinh CHV khdng dtfdc ttf va'n cho dtfdng stf, cho ngtfdi cd quyen Idi. nghTa vu lien quan dan de'n viec THA trdi phap luat Id rd't can thie't. Cd the tha'y. trong qud Irinh Ihtfc thi nhiem vu, quyen han cua minh. CHV chinh la ngtfdi thtfdng xuyen phai ddng cham [1]
de'n ddi sd'ng kmh te', vdt cha't vd tinh dian cua ngtfdi phdi THA va quyen Idi hdp phdp cua ngtfdi dtfdc THA, do vay nhd't thie't CHV phd i khdch quan vd ttf, phdi dam bdo stf cdng bdng, binh dang dd'i vdi cac ben dtfdng stf. Thtfc lien cho thd'y, cd nhffng CHV vi vu ldi hodc vi cd md'i quan he cd nhdn, dnh cam nen dd ttf vd'n cd ldi cho mpt trong cdc ben dffdng stf ddn de'n \ iec THA trai phdp luat: nhieu CHV dd bi k\ luat, tham chi phai chiu trdch nhiem hinh stf ve hdnh vi ttf va'n trdi phdp iuat cho dtfdng stf.
Vi du: Bi cao Vdn Cdng Mdi (nguyen Chi cue trtfdng Chi cue THADS Huyen My Tu) vd Nguydn Vdn Ludn (nguyen cdn bp Chi cue THADS Huyen My Tu) da cd nhieu sai pbam. cd hanh vi ttf vd'n cho dtfdng stf ddn den % iec THA trdi phdp ludt vd
vao ngay 22/8/2018, TAXD Tinh Sdc Trdng da dtfa ra xet xu' sd tham vu an hinh stf dd'i vdi 02 bi cdo nay, ciing bi truy to' \ e tdi "Ldi dung chffc vu quyen han trong khi lhi hdnh cdng vu" [21: Hav gan day. tai Binh Dinh. ba Phan Thi Chijc, Chap hdnh vien. Chi cue THA huyen Hoai Nhdn bj dng Nguyen Thanh Hiing. ngtfdi dtfdc THA (d thdn Thien Dtfc Ddng. .xd Hoai Htfdng. huydn Hoai Nhdn, Binh Dinh) td'cdo la da nhieu lan da "hie'n ke" cho ngtfdi phai THA tim cdch tau tdn tai sdn d^
•'ne"THA[31.
- Tuy nhien, dieu tde gia bdn khodn d ddy la pham vi ngtfdi ma CHV khdng dtfdc ttf vd'n d ddy cd qud hep hay khdng. Luat chi quy djnh CHV khdng dtfdc Itf van cho dUdiig stf, ngddi cd quyen lifi, nghia vu lien quan dan de'n viec THA trdi phdp ludt. Vdy cdn dd'i vdi nhtfng ngtfdi khac, gia stf nhtf la vd hodc chong cua dtfdng stf; hodc la ngtfdi thdn thich khac cua dtfdng stf (nhtf eha me cua dtfdng stf, con cua dtfdng stf, anh chi em rudt cua du'dng stf) thi CHV cd dtfdc ttf van cho nhffng ngtfdi ndy ddn de'n viec THA trdi phdp luat hay khdng'? Ddt gid thie't trong qua trinh to chtfc THA, quyel dinh cua Tda dn, A Id dtfdng stf. A khdng trtfc tie'p gdp mat X (CHV) nhffng lai de cho vd minh Id B di quan be. gap gd. nhd \a X. sau dd X dd Itf vd'n cho B de sau dd chdng B Id A ihtfc hien viec tau ldn tai san, ne Irdnh viec thi hanh nghia vu cua minh thi cd vi pham phdp lual \ e THADS hay khdng? Va trong trtfdng hdp nay ne'u C (dtfdng sff cdn lai) bie't dtfdc viec nay thi C cd quyen yeu cau Thu trtfdng cd quan THADS ra quye't dinh thay ddi CHV X hay khdng? Ne'u cdn ctf vao quy dinh tai Dieu 10, Nghi dmh so 62/2015/ND-CP ngay 18/7/2015 quy dmh chi tie't vd htfdng ddn thi hanh mdl sddieu cua Luat THADS Ihl ddy khdng phai la cdn ctf de' dtfdng stf cd quyen \eu cau thay ddi CHV:
Difffng Slf CO quyen yeu cdu thay ddi CHV trong IrUdng hcfp sau day[4]:
a) Thugc tnfdng hcfp quy dinh lai Khodn 5 Dieu 21 Lugt THADS:
b) CHV dd tham gia vdi tU cdch ngifdi bdo ve quyen vd lai ich hgp phdp cita difcfng sif, ngUc'fi ldm chdng Irong cung vu dn do:
c) CHV chgm tre gidi quye't viec THA:
d) Co cdn cd khde cho rdng CHV khong vo tu trong khi lam nhiem vu.
So 9-Thdng 5/2020 55
tAP Cll CONG THUONG
Ha\ chung la cd ihe ly giai ia viec Itf van trdi phap luat cho nhtfng ngtfdi than thich ciia A neu tren thupc \ e cdn ctf iai diem d: "Cd cdn ctf khde cho rdng CHV khdng vd ttf trong khi Idm nhiem vu."? hodc can ctf vdo diem g khoan 1 Dieu 7.
diem e khodn I Dieu 7a Luat THADS ve quyen.
nghia \ u cua ngtfdi dtfdc THA. ngtfdi phai THA da quy dinh quyen dtfdc yeu cau thay ddi CHV trong trtfdng hdp cd can cff cho rdng CHV khdng vd Itf khi ldm nhiem vu. Theo tde gia su> luan nhtf vay ciJng chtfa hdp ly vl tren thtfc te. Ludt THADS \a eac Nghi dinh htfdng ddn thi hdnh khdng cd qu\
dinh ndo giai thich hieu the' ndo la cd cdn ctf hodc cd cdn ctf khac cho rdng CHV khdng vd ttf trong khi ldm nhiem vu. Chinh \1 sir ihie'u sdt ndy dan de'n Ihtfc Irang cd quan THADS "lu\ nghi" chap Ihuan yeu cdu cua dtfdng stf. ttfc Id ciing mdt stf viec hay eung mdt hanh vi. khi dtfdng stf cd ddn yeu cdu thay ddi CHV. cd liic cd quan THADS chd'p nhan yeu cau cua dtfdng stf, nhuYig cung cd trtfdng hdp cd quan THADS cbo rdng khdng cd can ctf nen khdng chap nhdn.
- Ttf nhtfng phdn tich neu tren. tac gia dd xua't stfa ddi, bd sung khoan 2 Dieu 21 Ludt THADS theo hffdng ddn: "CHV khdng difcfc ttf vdn cho difcfng stf. ngudi thdn thich ciia diiffng stf, ngudi cd t/uyen Un, nglua vu lien quan ddn de'n viec THA trdi phdp lugl".
2.2. Ve thcfi hieu yeu cdu THADS Khoan I Dieu 30 Luat THADS quy dinh:
"Trong thcfi hgn 05 nam. ke tif ngdy bdn dn, quvet dinh cd hicu life phdp lugl, ngifdi difcfc THA. ngifdi phdi THA cd quyen yeu cdu ccf quan THADS cd llidin ipcyt'n ra quye'l djnh THA. ". Trtfdc da\. Phap lenh THADS nam 1993 chtfa quy dinh quyen \eu can THADS cua ngtfdi phai THADS, nhtfng xud't phdt Iff thtfc tidn dii hanh Phdp lenh THADS ndm 1993. trong nhieu irtfdng hpp vl nhieu Iy do khac nhau, ngifdi dtfdc THA khdng ldm ddn yeu cau THA nga\ sau khi cd ban dn. quye'l dinh cua Tda dn cd hieu Itfc phap ludt; Irong khi dd. ngtfdi phai THA da cd dieu kien thi hanh. hdn the', mong mudn nhanh chdng thtfc hien xong nghia vu cua minh. VI \ a \ . Phap lenh THADS nam 2004 da dtfdc bd sung quy dinh ngtfdi phai THA cung cd quyen lam ddn >eu cdu THA \a de'n nay Luai THADS nam 2008 van duy tri quy dinh nay. Muc
dich cua viec bd sung qu> dmli !>•'> I*' iihain khuye'n khich y thtfc ttf gidc chJii hanh phdp ludi cua ngtfdi phai THA cung nhtfdc dam bao quyen ldi cua hp trong trtfdng hdp can ihiet (vi du: Neu Uii hanh an xong thi hp se dtfdc vac nhan \ a dam bdo thu tuc xud't nhdp canh, hodc dd lam dieu kien \ei giam dn phat tii,...).
Tuy nhien, cau hdi dat ra la cd nen gidi ban didi hieu \eu cau THA ddi vdi ngtfdi phai TH.A hay khdng? Thtfc tien dp dung cho thd'y cd nhffng trtfdng hdp ngtfdi phai THA vi nhieu ly do khdch quan vd chu quan hp dd khdng hoae khdng the yeu cau THA trong thdi ban luat dinh, sau thdi han 05 ndm hp mdi lam ddn yeu can THA Ihi cd quan THADS cd chap nhdn va giai quye't hay khdng?
Chung la ciing xem xet trtfdng hdp sau:
Ban dn hinh stf sd thd'm sd 169/HSST ngdy 31/5/2006 ciia Tda dn nhdn ddn tinh Ngh6 An tuyen phat bi cdo Ho Nguyen Htfng hinh phal chung than do bi cdo Htfng dd thtfc hien hdnh vi giet ngtfdi, ctfdp tdi san dd'i vdi nan nhdn la chj Hodng Thi Tinh; Tda cQng budc bi cao Htfng phdi boi Ihffdng cho gia dinh nan nhan do dng Hodng Xuan Tdi dai dien .so' lien 96.400.000 d. He't thdi ban khdng cdo, khdng nghj theo ludt dinh, ban dn, quyet dinh cua Tda dn sd tha'm cd hieu Itfc phdp luat. Trong sud't 05 nam ke ttf ngay ban dn, quyel dinh cd hieu Itfc phap luat, khdng cd ben dtfdng sU nao lam ddn yen cau THA dd'i vdi khodn tien boi ditfdng 96.400.000d.
Cho de'n ngay 22/8/2019, ba Tran Thi Phan la me de cua Ho Nguyen Htfng dtfdc uy quyen mdi den cd quan THADS xin dtfdc ttf nguyen THA khoan tien 96.400.000d theo ban dn. Cdn ctf theo quy dinh cua Luai THADS, thdi hieu yeu cau THA da he't ttf lau. Ngtfdi yeu cau THA la ba Tran Thj Phdn dtfdc stf uy quyen hdp le theo quy dinh cua phap luat dan stf. Xet ve ddngcd thtfc te cua vi^c ba Tran Thi Pha'n yeu cau dtfdc THA thay cho con.
la de Ho Nguyen Htfng dtfdc htfdng them tinh tiet xet giam dn theo quy dinh cua Luat THAHS vd Ludt Ddc xd. Dd'i vdi ngtfdi dtfdc THA la dng Hoang Xudn Tdi, dng Tdi irlnh hay ly do da khdng yeu cau THA dd'i vdi khoan ;idn bdi Ihtfdng 96.400.000d Id vl Ho Nguyen iLrn^ da bi tuyen phat chung thdn; mdi kbdc ban iinm Hd Nguyen Htfng cung khdng cd tai san, dicLi i i, ^ (je bdi
56 Sd 9 - Thdng 5/2020
IUAT
thtfdng nen gia dinh dng chtfa ldm ddn de nghi;
them vao dd dng Tdi cung trinh bdy la do khdng bie't den quy dinh phap iuat ve thdi bieu yeu can THA nen da khdng thtfc hien quyen ldi cua cho gia dinh minh.
Cdu hoi ddt ra la Irong trtfdng hdp ndy la cd quan THADS se lam gi? se giai thich cho dffdng stf Id da he't thdi hieu yeu cau THA va khdng nhdn ddn yeu cau THA [5] hay se chap nbdn ddn yeu cau THA cua bd Tran Tht Pha'n?
Theo quan diem cua idc gia, mac dii thdi hieu yeu cau THA da he't ttf lau; tuy nhien, nguyen td'c ciia phdp luat THA la ludn khuye'n khich cac dtfdng stf ttf nguyen THA. Trong trtfdng hdp ndy lai la stf ttf nguyen cua gia dinh ngtfdi phdi THA cd stf uy quyen cua ngtfdi phai THA xin dtfdc nop tien de' THA, vl vdy. can ghi nhan stf Itf nguyen nay de' chd'p nhan yeu cau THA. Va ne'u dtfdc chap thudn viec nop khoan tien bdi thtfdng de' THA thi Ho Nguyen Htfng cd cd hdi dtfdc xem xel mien giam thdi han chd'p hdnh hinh phal iCi Iheo quy dinh tai khodn 1 Dieu 11 Luat Ddc xd 2018[6]. Viec cha'p thuan nay khdng chi c6 ldi cho ngtfdi dtfdc THA.
ngtfdi phai THA ma cdn thu them mdt khoan phi THA nop vdo ngdn sdch nha ntfdc, ddng thdi ban dn dtfdc thi hdnh mdt cdch triet de'.
Quy dinh ve thdi hieu yeu cau THADS la can thie't, tuy nhiSn, thdi hieu nay chi nen dp dung dd'i vdi ngffdi dtfdc THA, cdn dd'i vdi ngudi phai THA lhi khdng nen quy dinh thdi hieu. Nhtf vay, ngtfdi phai THA cung nhtf gia dinh ciia hp khdng bi gidi han thdi gian khi mud'n thtfc hien trdch nhiem cua minh khi cd dieu kien THA bdng hinh thtfc tich ctfc lao ddng san xud't, kinh doanh de' tie't kidm mot khoan tien THA. Viec khdng quy dinh thdi hieu yeu cau THADS dd'i vdi ngtfdi phai THA se tao dieu kien cho hp cd them cd hdi de thtfc hien nghia, vu trdch nhiem cua minh (vd cung de tao dieu kien cho ngtfdi phai THA hinh stf dtfdc htfdng chinh sdch khoan hdng cua Dang va Nha ntfdc trong cac ddt xet giam an binh stf).
Tff nhffng phdn tich neu tren. tac gia de xua't nen stfa ddi khoan 1 Dieu 30 Ludt THADS theo htfdng tach neng thdi hieu yeu can THADS ciia ngtfdi dtfdc THA vd thdi hieu yeu cau THADS cua ngffdi phdi THA. cu die nhtf sau:
+ Thdi hieu yeu cdu THADS eiia ngUcfi difac ihi
hdnh dn Id 5 nam ke lif ngdy ban dn, quyet dinh co hieu life phdp ludt.
-I- Khdng quy dinh thdi hieu yeu cdu THADS ddi v(^i ngudi phdi THA ke tCf ngdy bdn dn, quye't dinh cd bieu life phdp ludi. Tnfdng hcfp ngtfdi phdi THADS tu nguyen THA ma ngifdi ducfc THA khong nhgn thi sdtien (tdi sdn) do se di/cfc sung cdng quv Nhd nUdc.
2.3. Ve hinh thdc ngp dffn yen cdu THADS Khoan 1 Dieu 31 Ludt THADS 2008. sffa ddi bd sung 2014 quy dinh \ e hinh thtfc nop ddn yeu cau THADS nhtf sau: "Difcfng su lif minh hocjc it}
quyen cho ngudi khde yeu cdu thi hdnh dn bdng hinh thdc irifc tiep nop dcfn bode tnnh bdy bang ldi ndi hogc gdi dcfn qua bifu dien. NgUcfi yeu cdu phdi nop bdn dn, quyet djnh, tdi lieu khde cd Uen quan:
Ngd} yeu cau lhi hdnh dn dugc linh lif ngdy ngUdi yeu cdu nop dcfn hogc trinh bdy trifc liep hogc ngdv cd ddu bifu dien ncfi gift. "
Nhtf vdy, theo quy dinh tai khoan I Dieu 31 Luat THADS Ihl dtfdng stf cd 02 cdch ihtfc de' nop ddn yeu cdu thi hanh dn. dd la trffc tie'p nop (hodc trtfc tie'p trinh bdy tai cd quan thi hanh an) hoae gffi ddn qua con dtfdng btm dien. Tuy nhien, khi so sdnh vdi viec gifi ddn khdi kien cua dtfdng stf trong vu an dan stf [7] va cila ngtfdi khdi kien irong vu dn hdnh chinh [8| Ihl cd the tha'y cdnh thtfc nop ddn yeu cau THADS trong Ludt THADS "vffa thieu lai vffa yen".
Bd Luat TTDS 2015 vd Luat TTHC 2015 quy dinh each thtfc nop ddn rdng hdn (3 litnh ihdc: nop dcfn trifc liep: gift dcfn qua dich vu bUu chinh; gi2i dcfn tnfc luyen qua Cong thong lin dien td). Dieu nay ciing phu hdp vdi thtfc tien ddi sd'ng, bdi Ie trong nhtfng ndm gan d a \ . dich vu nhan, gffi, chuyen phdt thtf tin, tdi lieu, hang hda ngay cang phat trien ca ve quy md. sd Itfdng va chat Itfdng.
Ne'u nhtf trtfdc day, btfu dien gan nhtf la ddn viduy nhd't thtfc hien chtfc nang chuyen phdt Ihi trong khoang hdn 10 ndm trd lai day. ra'l nhieu cac ca nhan, cd quan, id chtfc cijng dtfdc phep iham gia boat ddng trong ITnh vtfc nay. Hieu theo each khac, dich vu giao nhdn. chu\ en phdt thtf tin, tdi lieu, hang hda da dtfdc xa hpi hda (dich vu btfu ehinh) vdi stf tham gia boat ddng clia ddng dao cdc ddn vi, td chtfc cua Iff nhan cung nhtf cua Nha nffdc. Dieu nay tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho cac chu the khi So 9 - Thdng 5/2020 57
TAP CHI CONG THtfdNG
Iham gia \aomoi mat cua ddi sd'ng kinh le - \a hdi ndi chung. cung nhtf tao thuan ldi cho cdc chu the ciia cac quan he phdp luat td'tung ddn stf. td'tung hanh chinh ndi rieng khi hp mud'n khdi kien. yeu cau Tda dn cd tham qu\en giai quye't cac mau thuan, Iranh chd'p nhdm bao ve kjp thdi quyen va ldi ich chinh ddng cua minh. Ben canh dd, viec quy dinh hinh thtfc gffi ddn trtfc tuye'n qua cdng thdng tin dien tff trong Bd ludt TTDS cung nhtf Luat TTHC cung tao dieu kien thuan ldi hdn cho cac dtfdng stf hodc ngffdi khdi kien trong \ iec yeu cau Tda an kip thdi tiep nhan vd xtf \< cdc yeu cau hdp phdp. chinh dang cua mmh; dieu nay cung phii hdp vdi xu hffdng phdt trien \ e khoa hpc ky thuat. ve ha tang cdng nghe thdng tin cua da't ntfdc ta trong nhtfng ndm gan day.
Do vdy, de' tao dieu kien thudn ldi cho cde dffdng sff trong THADS. cung nhtf de Ufdng thich vdi cdc quy dmh ciia phdp ludt td' tung ndi chung.
nhd't la id' lung ddn stf ndi rieng (phdp luat id' tung ddn stf \a phdp ludt THADS cd stf gan ke't vdi nhau. trong nhieu trtfdng hdp ed the coi THADS la mpt giai doan ke'tie'p cua id'tung dan stf). tac gia de xua'l khodn 1 Dieu 31 Ludt THADS can dtfdc stfa ddi. bd sung nhtf sau:
Difcmg stf ttf minh hogc iiy quyen cho ngUdi kbdc yeu cdu THA bung mot trong cdc phifcfng ihifc:
1. Ncjp dcfn true lie'p hodc trinh bdy infc tiep tgi ccf quan THADS:
2. Glii dcfn difn ccf quan THADS theo difcfng dich vu bifu chinh:
3. Gdi tnfc luyen qua Ccmg llwng dn dien lif cua ccf quan THADS (ne'u cd).
Ngdv veu cdu THA dUtfc linh lif ngdy ngudi yeu cdu nop dcfn lgi ccf quan THA hogc ngdy duoc ghi tren dd'u ciia td chifc djch vu bUu chinh ncfi gdi.
TrUdng hcfp ngUdi yeu cdu gdi dcfn bdng phifcfng Ihifc glii true tuyen quan cdng thong lin dien lif lhi ngdy yeu cdu Id ngdy gift dcfn.
2.4. Ve bi^n phdp bdo ddm phong toa tdi khodn, tdi sdn d ndi giii git?
Bien phdp bao dam phong toa tai khoan, tdi san d ndi gffi gitf Id mdt trong ba bien phdp bao dam THADS. Bien phdp bao dam THADS la bien phdp phdp ly dat tdi san cila ngtfdi phai THA trong linh trang bi han che hodc cam sff dung.
dmh doat nhdm ngan chdn viec ngtfdi phai THA tau ldn. hiiy hoai tdi san. trd'n tranh viec THA va
ddn dd'c hp ttf nguyen Ihtfc hien nt:hi.i \u THA cua minh do CHV dp dung trtfdc khi ap dung bien phdp ctfdng che'THADS.
Bien phdp bao dam phong tda tai khodn, iai sjn d ndi gtfi giff dtfdc quy dinh iai Dieu 67 Lual THADS. cu the' nhtf sau:
••/. Viec phong Ida tdi khodn. ldi sdn d mfi g^i gii? dugc thuc hien irong infcfng hcfp ngudi phdi lhi hdnh dn cd Idi khodn, tdi sdn gdi gid.
2. Quyel dinh phong too tai khoan. tdi .\dn dnoi gdi gii? phdi .xdc djnh ro sd tien. tdi sdn bi phong tda. CHV phdi giao quye'l dinh phong tda cho ccf quan. id chifc, cd nhdn dang qudn ly ldi khodn, ldi sdn cua ngUdi phdi THA.
Trudng hop cdn phong toa ngay tdt khodn. lai sdn cua ngUcfi phdi THA 3 ncfi gdi gid tnd chUa ban hdnh quyel dinh phong toa tlu CHV Uip bien ban yeu cdu CCI quan, id chifc. cd nhdn dang qudn ly led khodn, lai sdn ciia ngUdi phdi THA phong toa tdi khodn. ldi sdn do. Trong thdi hgn 24 gid ke fit khi lap bien bdn, CHV phdi ra quyel dinh phong loa tai khodn, Idi .idn.
Ccf quan, to chdc, cd nhdn dang qudn lv tai khodn, ldi sdn phdi thifc hihi ngay yeu cau cia CHV ve phong loa tdi khodn, ldi san. Bien bdn, quyel dinh phong toa Idi khodn. lut sdn trong IrUdng hop ndy phdi dUcfc gifi ngay cho Vien kiem sdt nhdn ddn cung cap.
3. Trong ihdi hgn 10 ngdy, ke id ngdy ra quy^t dinh phong loa Idi khodn, idi sdn d nai gdi g'lS, CVH phdi dp dting biin phdp cudng che hodc ra quyet dinh chdm ddt viec phong loa theo quy dinh ciia Lugt ndy."
Co hai vd'n de can ban d ddy, thtf nhd't: hidu th^
ndo la phong tda tai khoan va Ihtf hai: viec CHV phai ap dung bien phap ctfdng che hoae ra quyet dinh cha'm dtft viec phong tda tdi khoan trong thdi han 10 ngdy, ke ttf ngdy ra quye't dinh phong toa tdi khoan la cd hdp ly hay khdng?
-i- Thd nhdt: bieu the ndo Id phong Ida tdi khodn.
Ludt THADS cung nhtf cac van ban htfdng dan deu khdng giai Ihich hie'u the ndo Id phong tda t&i khoan, la phong tda chieu vdo? phong tda chieu ra? hay la cd hai? Chinh dieu ndy da gay khong it khd khdn cho CHV trong qua trinh ra quyet dinh dp dung bidn phdp bao dam na\.
Gia stf B la ngtfdi phai Tij • phj, thi hanh nghia vu tra tien cho A (ngtfdi difdL THA) vdi so
58 So 9-Thdng 5/2020
LUAT
uen la 20(1 trieu ddng; sau khi nhan dtfdc ddn \eu cdu THA ctia A. CHV tie'n hanh xdc minh bie't dtfdc hien B dang cd iai kboan tai ngdn hang X vdi so dtf la 100 trieu ddng, sau dd CHV ra quye't dinh phong ida tai khoan ciia B. Vay quye'l dinh phong Ida nay dtfdc hieu nhtf the nao? Phong tda chidu ra (khdng cho phep B ihtfc hien ba't ky giao djch ndo dd'i vdi sd'tien 100 tneu dong Irong tdi khoan)? hay phong tda chieu vao (cung khdng cho phdp bd't ky mdl ngudn tien nao dtfdc chuyen vdo tdi khoan cua B)? hay phong l6a ca hai chieu? Theo Idc gia, phong tda tai khoan chi nen dtfdc hieu la phong tda chieu ra, chtf khdng nen hieu la phong tda chieu vao hoaccd hai. Trong \i du cu the neu tren, viec chi phong tda chieu ra dd'i vdi tdi khoan cua B chff khdng phong Ida chieu vdo cang cd y nghia vl tai Ihdi CHV xdc minh tdi san cua B va ra quye't dinh phong tda, sd'tien cd trong lai khoan cua B nhd hdn so vdi nghia vu B phai thi hiinh. Ve mat ly Ihuye't. irong Ihdi gian 10 ngay ke ttf ngdy bi phong tda, cd lhe cd ngtfdi ihtf ba se chuyen mdt khodn lien nha't dinh vao lai khoan ciia B vd luc dd sd'tien trong lai khoan cua B se du de B lhi hdnh ngliTa vu tra lien dd'i vdi A. Nhff vdy. Irong Irtfdng hdp nay.
ngffdi dtfdc htfdng ldi khdng chi la B md cdn la chinh A. Trong ihtfc li§n dp dung hien nay. nhieu CHV cung ddng tinh va thtfc hien viec phong tda lai khoan cua ngtfdi phai THA theo htfdng chi phong Ida chieu ra. Tuy nhien, de cd can cff phdp ly, tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho CHV trong qud Irinh Ihtfc Ihi nhiem vu, quyen han cua minh cung nhtf bao dam quyen va Idi ich chinh dang cua cdc dtfdng SLf Ihl Luat THADS vd cdc van ban phdp ludtcd lien quan nen cd quy dinh hodc giai thich Cll the, rd rang ve quye'tdinh phong tda tai khoan cua ngtfdi phai THA.
+ Thif hai: viec CHV phdi dp dung bicn phdp cudng che hogc ra quyet dinh chdm ddt vice phong Ida tdi khodn irong thdi hgn Wngay, ke lif ngdy ra cpiyc't djnh phong tem ldi khodn Id khong hap lv.
Viec khoan 3 Dieu 67 Luat THADS quy dmh Irong thdi han 10 ngdy. ke Itf ngdy ra quye'l dinh phong Ida tdi khoan. ldi san d ndi gdi gitf. CHV phai dp dung bien phdp ctfdng che' bode ra quye't dinh cha'm dfft viec phong Ida se chi hieu qua khi sd tien trong tdi khodn cua ngffdi phai THA Idn hdn hoae ufdng ffng vdi nghia vu trd lien; cdn trong
trtfdng hdp sdtien trong tai khoan cua ngtfdi phdi THA nho hdn nghia vu tra lien, diam chi cdn rd't it hodc chi du de duy tri tdi khoan thi quy dinh neu tren lai khdng hdp ly. gay lung tung. khd khan cho CHV trong viec dp dung phdp luat. Vidu dffdi ddy se giiip chung ta hieu rd dieu bd't edp nay.
VD: X id ngtfdi dtfdc THA. Y la ngtfdi phai THA. Theo ban an.quveidjnhdd cd hieu Itfc phap ludi cua Tda an thi Y phai trd X sdtien \ay la 150 tneu ddng. Sau khi xac mmh. CHV bie't dtfdc trong tai khoan cua Y chi cdn 8 trieu ddng. ngoai ra Y khdng cd bd'tky tai san ndo khac de'dam bao THA (vd chdng Y cd 02 con nhd. Y lai dang tha't nghiep, gia dinh Y \an dang di thue tro,.,). Cdu hdi ddt ra la CHV cd dp dung bien phap bao dam Id phong Ida tdi khoan dd'i vdi Y hay khdng? Ne'u cd ihi sau khi ra quyet dinh phong toa tai khoan cua Y md bet thdi han 10 ngdy, ke' tff ngay ra quye't dinh phong tda tdi khoan nhffng trong tai khoan vdn chi cd 8 trieu dong thi CHV se xff ly nhff the ndo?
Theo quy dinh tai K3 Dieu 67. "Tivng thcfi hgn 10 ngdy, ke id ngdy ra quyet djnh phong Ida ldi khodn, lai sdn diufi gid giii, CHV phdi dp dung bi^n phdp ctfdng die hogc ra quyet dinh chdm ddt viec phong Ida theo quy dinh cita Lugl ndy".Tuy nhien, CHV khdng the' dp dung bien phdp ctfdng che'kha'u trff lien Irong tdi khoan \1 de'n thdi diem ndy Irong Idi khoan van chi cd 8 trieu dong (chi dii de trd lien trp va duy tri cudc sd'ng d mtfc td'i Ihieu cua gia dinh Y trong 01 thang). ma CHVcungkhdng the ra quye't dinh chd'm dfft viec phong tda vl irong cdc can ctf de ra quyet dinh cha'm dtfl phong tda tdi khodn lai Dieu 77 Ludt THADS 19] Ihl viec tai khoan cua ngtfdi phai THA khdng cd lien hoae cd rat it chi du dap tfng nhu cau cudc sd'ng td'i Ihieu khdng phai la can ctf de ra quye'l dinh cha'm dtft phong Ida.
Tff nhffng phan dch neu tren, Idc gia de xud't Dieu 67 Ludt THADS can dtfdc stfa ddi theo htfdng qu\ dinh rd rang hdn \ e viec phong tda tdi khoan.
Ngodi ra. trong trtfdng hdp sau khi xdc minh, tha'y rdng sd'tien trong ldi khoan cua ngtfdi phai THA cd ra'l it (chi du de ddp ffng nhu cau sinh hoat td'i thieu) hodc chi cdn du de duy tri tai khoan Ihl CHV khdng nen ra quye'l dinh dp dung bien phap phong tda ldi khoan (ne'u ra quye't dinh thi Iai mdu thudn vdi khoan 1 Dieu 77 Ludt THADS nhtf da dtfdc Id'y vi du \'d phdn tich d tren) •
So 9-Thdng 5/2020 59
TAP CHl CONG THIIONe
T A I I l l I THVMKHAO;
1. Hoing Th:l() Hu (2019). Nghe Chap hanh vien. <lmps://tltads.iitoj.gov.vn/qiiangninliyn:'u.Mig/ttntuc/Iisls/
ngliienciiutraodoi/vie\vdelail.asp.x?itetnid=40>
2. Bach Di/dng (2018). Sau loat bai dieu tra ciia Diin iri. nsu\en Chi cue tnrdng thi hiinli dn chuiin bi hiiu toa!.
<hltpi://danIri.coinAn/ban-doc/sau-loat-bai-dieu-tra-cua-dan'[ri-hai-iigiiyen-eaii-bo-lhi-liiinh-ail-chlian-bi-liau- toa-2UIS0S060SII4l529.litiii>
3. Doan Cong (2016). Binh Dinh: Can bti thi hanh an bi to "hie'n ke" de bi ddn tau tdn tiii san!.
<https://daiilii.coin.vn/ban-doc/binh-diith-cati-bo-lhi-hiinh-an-bi-to-hien-ke-de-bi-don-lau-lan-lai-san- 20l6060S0S12ISS09.htiii>
4. Chinh phii Nudc CHXHCN Viet Nam(2015). Nghi dinh so62/20l5/ND-CP ngdy 18/7/2015. Khodn I Bieu 10.
5. Chinh phi Nudc CHXHCN Vict Nam (2009). Nglii dinh sd5S/2009/NB-CP. Bieu 30 Ludt THADS ra Bieu 2 6 Quoc hoi NUdc CHXHCN Viet Nam (2018), Luat Bdc .vd 20IS. Khoan I Bieu IL
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Ngay nhSn bai: 9/4/2020
Ngay phan bi^n danh gia va su'a chffa: 19/4/2020 Ngay chap nhSn ding bai: 29/4/2020 Tht'mg tin luc gtd •
ThS, NCS, TRAN CONG THINH Khoa LuSt - D^i hpc Quo'c gia Ha NOi
SOME RECOMMENDATIONS TO PERFECT REGULATIONS UNDER THE LAW ON ENFORCEMENT
OF CIVIL JUDGEMENT OF VIETNAM
• Ph'D. Student. TRAN CONG THINH Faculty of Law, Vietnam National University - Hanoi ABSTRACT:
The Law on Enforcement of Civil Judgments 2(X)8 (amended in 2014) has made positive changes in civil judgment execution, ensuring the implementation of the Court's trial purposes, protecting the interests of the State, and protecting the legitimate rights and interests i ,t economic organizations, social organizations and citizens. However, the implementation of this law also reveals shortcomings which need to be further improved.
Keywords: Ci\ il judgments e.xccution, enforcers, objective, impartial, relative^
60 So 9 - T t i a n g 5/2020
